@article{mendesAgroextractivismMeetsToxic2026,
	title = {\textit{“{Agroextractivism} meets {Toxic} {Coloniality}”}: {EU} pesticide exports and soy-driven pollution in the {Amazon}},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {2214-790X},
	shorttitle = {\textit{“{Agroextractivism} meets {Toxic} {Coloniality}”}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214790X26001048},
	doi = {10.1016/j.exis.2026.101955},
	abstract = {Pesticide pollution is a rising problem for forests, rivers, biodiversity and local populations in the Amazon. Soy value chains are linked to the trade of pesticides between the European Union (EU) and Brazil, resulting in pollution in recent agricultural frontiers in the Brazilian Amazon. However, little is known about the underlying causes and social-environmental consequences of soy agroextractivism and pesticide pollution in the region. This article assesses the situation of the Santarém region, where soy production has drastically increased since 2000. With soy, the region has been facing pesticide contamination. The study is based on four months of ethnographic fieldwork between 2024 and 2025, observations and visits to local communities, as well as semi-structured interviews with stakeholders in Santarém and in Europe. The concepts of “agroextractivism” and “toxic coloniality” are combined in a theoretical framework that offers an analytical lens to investigate how geoeconomic interdependencies (e.g., soy and pesticide trade between the EU and Brazil) are linked to social environmental injustices between distant regions. The article shows that social-environmental injustices materialize in Santarém not only through unequal regimes of extraction (e.g., the use of local land, water and ecosystems to produce soybeans to supply international markets) but also toxic coloniality (e.g., pesticides are left as a poisonous subproduct of soy agroextractivism). Therefore, Santarém has become a “sacrifice zone” in the international circuits for the production and trade of soybeans and pesticides. Brazil-EU soy value chains are sustained by social-environmental injustices that disproportionately affect Amazonian racialised populations and the environment. Consequences include health issues (e.g., cancer, respiratory diseases), food insecurity, and threats to livelihoods. Biodiversity loss was also identified, including decline in bee population and the emergence of invasive species. Broadly, the article corroborates the need to reconsider the development model grounded in the agro-extractivist export regime.},
	urldate = {2026-05-27},
	journal = {The Extractive Industries and Society},
	author = {Mendes, Vinícius},
	month = sep,
	year = {2026},
	keywords = {Agroextractivism, Amazon, Biodiversity, Brazil-EU trade relations, Pesticide pollution, Soy value chains, Toxic coloniality},
	pages = {101955},
}

Pesticide pollution is a rising problem for forests, rivers, biodiversity and local populations in the Amazon. Soy value chains are linked to the trade of pesticides between the European Union (EU) and Brazil, resulting in pollution in recent agricultural frontiers in the Brazilian Amazon. However, little is known about the underlying causes and social-environmental consequences of soy agroextractivism and pesticide pollution in the region. This article assesses the situation of the Santarém region, where soy production has drastically increased since 2000. With soy, the region has been facing pesticide contamination. The study is based on four months of ethnographic fieldwork between 2024 and 2025, observations and visits to local communities, as well as semi-structured interviews with stakeholders in Santarém and in Europe. The concepts of “agroextractivism” and “toxic coloniality” are combined in a theoretical framework that offers an analytical lens to investigate how geoeconomic interdependencies (e.g., soy and pesticide trade between the EU and Brazil) are linked to social environmental injustices between distant regions. The article shows that social-environmental injustices materialize in Santarém not only through unequal regimes of extraction (e.g., the use of local land, water and ecosystems to produce soybeans to supply international markets) but also toxic coloniality (e.g., pesticides are left as a poisonous subproduct of soy agroextractivism). Therefore, Santarém has become a “sacrifice zone” in the international circuits for the production and trade of soybeans and pesticides. Brazil-EU soy value chains are sustained by social-environmental injustices that disproportionately affect Amazonian racialised populations and the environment. Consequences include health issues (e.g., cancer, respiratory diseases), food insecurity, and threats to livelihoods. Biodiversity loss was also identified, including decline in bee population and the emergence of invasive species. Broadly, the article corroborates the need to reconsider the development model grounded in the agro-extractivist export regime.

@article{martinStrategiesLindustriePesticides2026,
	title = {Les stratégies de l’industrie des pesticides de devant la {Cour} de justice de l’{Union} {Européenne}},
	volume = {1},
	journal = {Revue du droit de l’Union européenne},
	author = {Martin, Annie},
	year = {2026},
}

@article{asaiSynthesizingScientificLiterature2026,
	title = {Synthesizing scientific literature with retrieval-augmented language models},
	copyright = {2026 The Author(s)},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-10072-4},
	doi = {10.1038/s41586-025-10072-4},
	abstract = {Scientific progress depends on the ability of researchers to synthesize the growing body of literature. Can large language models (LLMs) assist scientists in this task? Here we introduce OpenScholar, a specialized retrieval-augmented language model (LM)1 that answers scientific queries by identifying relevant passages from 45 million open-access papers and synthesizing citation-backed responses. To evaluate OpenScholar, we develop ScholarQABench, the first large-scale multi-domain benchmark for literature search, comprising 2,967 expert-written queries and 208 long-form answers across computer science, physics, neuroscience and biomedicine. Despite being a smaller open model, OpenScholar-8B outperforms GPT-4o by 6.1\% and PaperQA2 by 5.5\% in correctness on a challenging multi-paper synthesis task from the new ScholarQABench. Although GPT-4o hallucinates citations 78–90\% of the time, OpenScholar achieves citation accuracy on par with human experts. OpenScholar’s data store, retriever and self-feedback inference loop improve off-the-shelf LMs: for instance, OpenScholar-GPT-4o improves the correctness of GPT-4o by 12\%. In human evaluations, experts preferred OpenScholar-8B and OpenScholar-GPT-4o responses over expert-written ones 51\% and 70\% of the time, respectively, compared with 32\% for GPT-4o. We open-source all artefacts, including our code, models, data store, datasets and a public demo.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-02-06},
	journal = {Nature},
	publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
	author = {Asai, Akari and He, Jacqueline and Shao, Rulin and Shi, Weijia and Singh, Amanpreet and Chang, Joseph Chee and Lo, Kyle and Soldaini, Luca and Feldman, Sergey and D’Arcy, Mike and Wadden, David and Latzke, Matt and Sparks, Jenna and Hwang, Jena D. and Kishore, Varsha and Tian, Minyang and Ji, Pan and Liu, Shengyan and Tong, Hao and Wu, Bohao and Xiong, Yanyu and Zettlemoyer, Luke and Neubig, Graham and Weld, Daniel S. and Downey, Doug and Yih, Wen-tau and Koh, Pang Wei and Hajishirzi, Hannaneh},
	month = feb,
	year = {2026},
	keywords = {Computer science, Information technology},
	pages = {1--7},
}

Scientific progress depends on the ability of researchers to synthesize the growing body of literature. Can large language models (LLMs) assist scientists in this task? Here we introduce OpenScholar, a specialized retrieval-augmented language model (LM)1 that answers scientific queries by identifying relevant passages from 45 million open-access papers and synthesizing citation-backed responses. To evaluate OpenScholar, we develop ScholarQABench, the first large-scale multi-domain benchmark for literature search, comprising 2,967 expert-written queries and 208 long-form answers across computer science, physics, neuroscience and biomedicine. Despite being a smaller open model, OpenScholar-8B outperforms GPT-4o by 6.1% and PaperQA2 by 5.5% in correctness on a challenging multi-paper synthesis task from the new ScholarQABench. Although GPT-4o hallucinates citations 78–90% of the time, OpenScholar achieves citation accuracy on par with human experts. OpenScholar’s data store, retriever and self-feedback inference loop improve off-the-shelf LMs: for instance, OpenScholar-GPT-4o improves the correctness of GPT-4o by 12%. In human evaluations, experts preferred OpenScholar-8B and OpenScholar-GPT-4o responses over expert-written ones 51% and 70% of the time, respectively, compared with 32% for GPT-4o. We open-source all artefacts, including our code, models, data store, datasets and a public demo.

@inproceedings{lassalleTechnoSolutionismSustainableDevelopment2025,
	address = {Singapore},
	title = {Techno-{Solutionism} and {Sustainable} {Development}: {The} {Activity} {Analysis} as a {Way} of {Reintroducing} the {Primacy} of the “{Living}” {Over} {Technology}},
	isbn = {978-981-95-0211-0},
	abstract = {This contribution challenges the techno-solutionism that dominates public policies for sustainable development. A cross-discussion of two sectors studied in the field of constructive ergonomics provides a better understanding of the - non-automatic - link between technological solutions, appropriation process and the transformation of activities to make them more sustainable.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 22nd {Congress} of the {International} {Ergonomics} {Association}, {Volume} 1},
	publisher = {Springer Nature Singapore},
	author = {Lassalle, Julie and Goutille, Fabienne and Boudra, Leila},
	editor = {Jin, Sangeun and Kim, Jeong Ho and Kong, Yong-Ku and Park, Jaehyun and Yun, Myung Hwan},
	year = {2025},
	pages = {324--329},
}

This contribution challenges the techno-solutionism that dominates public policies for sustainable development. A cross-discussion of two sectors studied in the field of constructive ergonomics provides a better understanding of the - non-automatic - link between technological solutions, appropriation process and the transformation of activities to make them more sustainable.

@misc{goutillePesticidesQuandEquipements2025,
	title = {Pesticides : quand les équipements censés protéger exposent davantage},
	shorttitle = {Pesticides},
	url = {https://theconversation.com/pesticides-quand-les-equipements-censes-proteger-exposent-davantage-268958},
	doi = {10.64628/AAK.g4vqus9hx},
	urldate = {2026-06-07},
	author = {Goutille, Fabienne and Garrigou, Alain and Maréchaux, Gabrielle},
	month = nov,
	year = {2025},
}

@article{goutilleOnlineCollaborativeResearch2025,
	title = {Online collaborative research on seasonal work: {Collective} capabilities to resist on precarious work and living conditions},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {1051-9815, 1875-9270},
	shorttitle = {Online collaborative research on seasonal work},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10519815251320014},
	doi = {10.1177/10519815251320014},
	abstract = {Background
              The number of seasonal workers in the agricultural sector in France is increasing and their working conditions are difficult and disgraceful. While they have been shown in various studies to be subject to processes that result in them being unable to act on occupational health, some of them, mobilized online, have formed a collective whose is permitted them to develop collective actions.
            
            
              Objectives
              Our article aims to describe this online collective and how the power to act emerged from the discussions. The purpose it's also to determine how the functioning of these groups fosters the expression of a collective point of view and the achievement of goals that is not attained elsewhere.
            
            
              Methods
              We carried out a collaborative research online with a collective of seasonal workers, which consisted in following and taking part in discussions about conditions at work and outside of work, using an instant messaging tool. The results of this collaborative research, included testimonies registration and co-produced with seasonal workers, has been analyzed mobilizing A. Sen's capabilities approach.
            
            
              Results
              During their online discussions, the seasonal workers allow themselves to share the situations of injustice they are subject to with the other members. Here, we present their output and collective actions which were made possible by the mobilization of the resources of some of their members or by collaborating with other actors.
            
            
              Conclusions
              In spite of the remarkable conversion factors made available through this collective action online, certain “failures” show that in order for these workers to have better access to their rights, effective support by public policy is indispensable.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2026-05-29},
	journal = {WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment \& Rehabilitation},
	author = {Goutille, Fabienne and Degbelo, Agossè Nadège and Calleja, Cecilia and Garrigou, Alain and Candau, Jacqueline},
	month = mar,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {1428--1442},
}

Background The number of seasonal workers in the agricultural sector in France is increasing and their working conditions are difficult and disgraceful. While they have been shown in various studies to be subject to processes that result in them being unable to act on occupational health, some of them, mobilized online, have formed a collective whose is permitted them to develop collective actions. Objectives Our article aims to describe this online collective and how the power to act emerged from the discussions. The purpose it's also to determine how the functioning of these groups fosters the expression of a collective point of view and the achievement of goals that is not attained elsewhere. Methods We carried out a collaborative research online with a collective of seasonal workers, which consisted in following and taking part in discussions about conditions at work and outside of work, using an instant messaging tool. The results of this collaborative research, included testimonies registration and co-produced with seasonal workers, has been analyzed mobilizing A. Sen's capabilities approach. Results During their online discussions, the seasonal workers allow themselves to share the situations of injustice they are subject to with the other members. Here, we present their output and collective actions which were made possible by the mobilization of the resources of some of their members or by collaborating with other actors. Conclusions In spite of the remarkable conversion factors made available through this collective action online, certain “failures” show that in order for these workers to have better access to their rights, effective support by public policy is indispensable.

@incollection{fabienneEmpoweringFarmersErgonomics2025,
	address = {Singapore},
	title = {Empowering {Farmers}: {Ergonomics} in {Pesticide} {Risks} {Prevention} and {Health} at {Work}},
	volume = {39},
	isbn = {9789819502103 9789819502110},
	shorttitle = {Empowering {Farmers}},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-95-0211-0_25},
	doi = {10.1007/978-981-95-0211-0_25},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-05-29},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 22nd {Congress} of the {International} {Ergonomics} {Association}, {Volume} 1},
	publisher = {Springer Nature Singapore},
	author = {Fabienne, Goutille},
	editor = {Jin, Sangeun and Kim, Jeong Ho and Kong, Yong-Ku and Park, Jaehyun and Yun, Myung Hwan},
	year = {2025},
	note = {Series Title: Springer Series in Design and Innovation},
	pages = {165--168},
}

@article{goutilleDimensionsSensiblesLactivite2025,
	address = {Paris cedex 14},
	title = {Des dimensions sensibles de l’activité essentielles en prévention : corps et désaccords des agriculteurs.},
	volume = {Vol. 88},
	issn = {9782130877561},
	url = {https://shs.cairn.info/revue-le-travail-humain-2025-1-page-55?lang=fr},
	doi = {10.3917/th.881.0055},
	language = {fr},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Le travail humain},
	publisher = {Presses Universitaires de France},
	author = {Goutille, Fabienne and Baudin, Carole and Garrigou, Alain},
	year = {2025},
	pages = {55--90},
}

@article{smithSettlingGlyphosateAgrochemical2025,
	title = {Settling (for) glyphosate: {Agrochemical} worlding in {Argentina}'s {GM} soy belt},
	issn = {2514-8486},
	shorttitle = {Settling (for) glyphosate},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/25148486251335502},
	doi = {10.1177/25148486251335502},
	abstract = {Since Argentina became the world's largest consumer of glyphosate, Argentine producers’ lives, livelihoods, and landscapes have become intimately entwined with agrochemicals. This article follows a range of settler-farmers making “common sense” decisions about how to live and farm with agrochemicals in Argentina's genetically modified (GM) soy belt. In a process I call agrochemical worlding, settler-farmers perspectives about agrochemical safety are informed by long-standing arrangements about who determines how to use Argentine land, thereby shaping how settler-farmers move through a landscape saturated with agrochemicals. Using a progression of ethnographic encounters, I situate and then dislodge a sense of agrochemical safety by attending to enactments of different agrochemical ontologies. Attention to worlding practices at the intersection of settler common sense and toxicity both situates GM farming in Argentina as a form of settler agriculture, and agrochemical use as a contemporary technique of settler colonialism.},
	language = {EN},
	urldate = {2025-04-24},
	journal = {Environment and Planning E},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd STM},
	author = {Smith, Geneva M.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2025},
	keywords = {Argentina, Chemical geographies, Farmers, Glyphosate, colonialism, livelihoods},
	pages = {25148486251335502},
}

Since Argentina became the world's largest consumer of glyphosate, Argentine producers’ lives, livelihoods, and landscapes have become intimately entwined with agrochemicals. This article follows a range of settler-farmers making “common sense” decisions about how to live and farm with agrochemicals in Argentina's genetically modified (GM) soy belt. In a process I call agrochemical worlding, settler-farmers perspectives about agrochemical safety are informed by long-standing arrangements about who determines how to use Argentine land, thereby shaping how settler-farmers move through a landscape saturated with agrochemicals. Using a progression of ethnographic encounters, I situate and then dislodge a sense of agrochemical safety by attending to enactments of different agrochemical ontologies. Attention to worlding practices at the intersection of settler common sense and toxicity both situates GM farming in Argentina as a form of settler agriculture, and agrochemical use as a contemporary technique of settler colonialism.

@article{somcastellanoIfFeelAm2025,
	title = {“{If} {I} feel like {I} am in danger, {I} leave”: pesticide exposure, agentic strategies, and gender among {Latine} farmworkers in {Idaho}},
	issn = {1572-8366},
	shorttitle = {“{If} {I} feel like {I} am in danger, {I} leave”},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-025-10748-7},
	doi = {10.1007/s10460-025-10748-7},
	abstract = {Pesticide exposure is a common occupational hazard for Latine farmworkers laboring in the United States, causing harm to farmworkers’ wellbeing and the wellbeing of their families and communities. While existing scholarly literature documents various issues related to occupational pesticide exposure for farmworkers, limited research has centered on farmworkers’ voices to understand their views on pesticides, including the degree to which they express or experience a sense of agency in managing pesticide exposure. This paper outlines key findings from mixed methods research conducted throughout 2022 focused on pesticide beliefs and exposure among Latine farmworkers in Southwestern Idaho. Drawing from survey and interview data, we focus on findings related to the following questions: Do farmworkers believe they have agency in protecting themselves from pesticides? What strategies do farmworkers use to protect themselves from pesticides in their agricultural work? What factors limit or facilitate farmworkers engaging in agentic acts as they work to protect themselves from pesticides? We further consider these questions through a lens of gender, utilizing concepts of carework, hegemonic masculinity, and familism to frame how gender and intersectional factors may shape the degree to which and the ways in which agency is expressed and enacted by farmworkers in their agricultural labor.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-05-24},
	journal = {Agriculture and Human Values},
	author = {Som Castellano, Rebecca L. and Meierotto, Lisa and Hyland, Carly and Curl, Cynthia},
	month = may,
	year = {2025},
	keywords = {Agency, Agricultural Ethics, Carework, Farmworkers, Gender, Labor, Labor Movements, Latino and Latina Sociology, Social Work, Social Work and Gender, Sociology of Work},
}

Pesticide exposure is a common occupational hazard for Latine farmworkers laboring in the United States, causing harm to farmworkers’ wellbeing and the wellbeing of their families and communities. While existing scholarly literature documents various issues related to occupational pesticide exposure for farmworkers, limited research has centered on farmworkers’ voices to understand their views on pesticides, including the degree to which they express or experience a sense of agency in managing pesticide exposure. This paper outlines key findings from mixed methods research conducted throughout 2022 focused on pesticide beliefs and exposure among Latine farmworkers in Southwestern Idaho. Drawing from survey and interview data, we focus on findings related to the following questions: Do farmworkers believe they have agency in protecting themselves from pesticides? What strategies do farmworkers use to protect themselves from pesticides in their agricultural work? What factors limit or facilitate farmworkers engaging in agentic acts as they work to protect themselves from pesticides? We further consider these questions through a lens of gender, utilizing concepts of carework, hegemonic masculinity, and familism to frame how gender and intersectional factors may shape the degree to which and the ways in which agency is expressed and enacted by farmworkers in their agricultural labor.

@article{yeTooMuchGood2025,
	title = {Too much of a good thing: {Lessons} from compromised rootworm {Bt} maize in the {US} {Corn} {Belt}},
	volume = {387},
	shorttitle = {Too much of a good thing},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adm7634},
	doi = {10.1126/science.adm7634},
	abstract = {Widespread use of genetically engineered maize targeting the corn rootworm complex (Diabrotica species) has raised concerns about insect resistance. Twelve years of university field trial and farm survey data from 10 US Corn Belt states indicate that maize hybrids expressing toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt maize) exhibited declining protection from rootworm feeding with increased planting while pest pressures simultaneously decreased. The analysis revealed a tendency to overplant Bt maize, leading to substantial economic losses; this was particularly striking in eastern Corn Belt states. Our findings highlight the need to go beyond the “tragedy of the commons” perspective to protect sustainable use of Bt and other crop biotechnology resources. We propose moving toward a more diversified and transparent seed supply.},
	number = {6737},
	urldate = {2025-03-04},
	journal = {Science},
	publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	author = {Ye, Ziwei and DiFonzo, Christina and Hennessy, David A. and Zhao, Jinhua and Wu, Felicia and Conley, Shawn P. and Gassmann, Aaron J. and Hodgson, Erin W. and Jensen, Bryan and Knodel, Janet J. and McManus, Bradley and Meinke, Lance J. and Michel, Andrew and Potter, Bruce and Seiter, Nicholas J. and Smith, Jocelyn L. and Spencer, Joseph L. and Tilmon, Kelley J. and Wright, Robert J. and Krupke, Christian H.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {984--989},
}

Widespread use of genetically engineered maize targeting the corn rootworm complex (Diabrotica species) has raised concerns about insect resistance. Twelve years of university field trial and farm survey data from 10 US Corn Belt states indicate that maize hybrids expressing toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt maize) exhibited declining protection from rootworm feeding with increased planting while pest pressures simultaneously decreased. The analysis revealed a tendency to overplant Bt maize, leading to substantial economic losses; this was particularly striking in eastern Corn Belt states. Our findings highlight the need to go beyond the “tragedy of the commons” perspective to protect sustainable use of Bt and other crop biotechnology resources. We propose moving toward a more diversified and transparent seed supply.

@article{carolebarthelemyLesperienzaReteFrancese2025,
	title = {L'esperienza della rete francese "{SHS} {Pesticides}" e il contributo della ricerca qualitativa. {Intervista} di {Laura} {Centemeri}, {Davide} {Olori}, {Domenico} {Perrotta}},
	issn = {1973-3194},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3240/117998},
	doi = {10.3240/117998},
	language = {ita},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2025-09-19},
	journal = {Etnografia e ricerca qualitativa},
	author = {{Carole Barthélémy} and {Ève Bureau-Point}},
	year = {2025},
	pages = {379--390},
}

@techreport{templeVerrousLeviersInstitutionnels2025,
	title = {Verrous et leviers institutionnels de réduction de pesticides dans l'agriculture tropicale - {Un} éclairage par l'{Afrique} de l'{Ouest} et du {Centre}},
	copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0 International},
	url = {https://agritrop.cirad.fr/id/eprint/612298},
	doi = {10.18167/AGRITROP/00839},
	abstract = {Dans un contexte marqué par la connaissance croissante des effets délétères des pesticides sur la santé humaine et la biodiversité, leurs usages sont en forte augmentation dans les agricultures tropicales. Ce paradoxe soulève la question de la connaissance des verrous et leviers institutionnels à la réduction d'usages, dont les alternatives relevant de l'agroécologie. Nos résultats montrent que, malgré de nouvelles régulations à l'échelle internationale, les politiques de soutien aux pesticides ne faiblissent pas. Ces soutiens engendrent des distorsions de compétitivité technologique au détriment de la réduction d'usage. Des leviers institutionnels potentiels d'une réduction ont été identifiés. Ils proposent notamment de mieux renseigner le poids du coûts des pesticides dans les budgets publics et les investissements nécessaires dans les innovations portées par l'agroécologie.},
	language = {fr},
	urldate = {2025-09-14},
	institution = {PRETAG; CIRAD},
	author = {Temple, Ludovic and Jas, Nathalie and Di Roberto, Hadrien and Brunelle, Thierry and Bayiha, Gérard De La Paix},
	year = {2025},
	pages = {4 p.},
}

Dans un contexte marqué par la connaissance croissante des effets délétères des pesticides sur la santé humaine et la biodiversité, leurs usages sont en forte augmentation dans les agricultures tropicales. Ce paradoxe soulève la question de la connaissance des verrous et leviers institutionnels à la réduction d'usages, dont les alternatives relevant de l'agroécologie. Nos résultats montrent que, malgré de nouvelles régulations à l'échelle internationale, les politiques de soutien aux pesticides ne faiblissent pas. Ces soutiens engendrent des distorsions de compétitivité technologique au détriment de la réduction d'usage. Des leviers institutionnels potentiels d'une réduction ont été identifiés. Ils proposent notamment de mieux renseigner le poids du coûts des pesticides dans les budgets publics et les investissements nécessaires dans les innovations portées par l'agroécologie.

@article{riveraamarilloOneGlyphosateToxic2025,
	title = {One glyphosate: {Toxic} dispossession and the agri-military regime in {Colombia}},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {0962-6298},
	shorttitle = {One glyphosate},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0962629825000204},
	doi = {10.1016/j.polgeo.2025.103288},
	abstract = {Glyphosate is the most widely used non-selective herbicide globally in terms of volume and land area. In Colombia, its use for military purposes within the so-called War on Drugs has been a contentious issue in political debate and social mobilization since the late 1990s, culminating in the suspension of aerial spraying in 2015 and its ban in 2022. Despite decades of evidence and denunciations from communities, organizations, and scientists regarding glyphosate's harmful effects on human health and ecological systems, its widespread use in both small- and large-scale agriculture has been largely overlooked in public debates and government policies. In this article, we identify and analyze how the convergence between military and agricultural uses of glyphosate has resulted in the toxic dispossession of rural communities in Colombia as part of a violent anti-campesino policy. We argue that this convergence has shaped an agri-military regime requiring critical examination and public discussion. Drawing on interviews with social leaders and scholars, as well as an analysis of legal, public policy, and media documents, we demonstrate how glyphosate has articulated a strategy of dispossession and violence targeting campesino, Black, and Indigenous communities in Colombia's recent history.},
	urldate = {2025-07-14},
	journal = {Political Geography},
	author = {Rivera Amarillo, Claudia and Arias-Solano, Lorena and Ojeda, Diana and Serna Botero, Sonia},
	month = apr,
	year = {2025},
	keywords = {Agri-military regime, Colombia, Glyphosate, PRN pub, Rural communities, Toxic dispossession, Violence, critical political ecology},
	pages = {103288},
}

Glyphosate is the most widely used non-selective herbicide globally in terms of volume and land area. In Colombia, its use for military purposes within the so-called War on Drugs has been a contentious issue in political debate and social mobilization since the late 1990s, culminating in the suspension of aerial spraying in 2015 and its ban in 2022. Despite decades of evidence and denunciations from communities, organizations, and scientists regarding glyphosate's harmful effects on human health and ecological systems, its widespread use in both small- and large-scale agriculture has been largely overlooked in public debates and government policies. In this article, we identify and analyze how the convergence between military and agricultural uses of glyphosate has resulted in the toxic dispossession of rural communities in Colombia as part of a violent anti-campesino policy. We argue that this convergence has shaped an agri-military regime requiring critical examination and public discussion. Drawing on interviews with social leaders and scholars, as well as an analysis of legal, public policy, and media documents, we demonstrate how glyphosate has articulated a strategy of dispossession and violence targeting campesino, Black, and Indigenous communities in Colombia's recent history.

@article{drechselFeasibilityAgriculturalRevolution2025,
	title = {On the feasibility of an agricultural revolution: {Sri} {Lanka}’s ban of chemical fertilizers in 2021},
	copyright = {2025 The Author(s)},
	issn = {1876-4525},
	shorttitle = {On the feasibility of an agricultural revolution},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12571-025-01528-6},
	doi = {10.1007/s12571-025-01528-6},
	abstract = {Sri Lanka Government’s ambitious decision to ban synthetic agrochemicals, including chemical fertilizers (and pesticides), in April 2021 made it the first nation in the world to embark on a full-scale transition to – as the Government called it—organic farming, and address concerns about human health and the environment. Previous policies had envisioned a gradual shift, but the sudden ban caught agriculture off guard. Declining foreign exchange reserves to import chemical fertilizers and coinciding peak fertilizer prices appeared to support the timing of the move. However, the ensuing rush for organic fertilizers failed to meet the national demand, resulting in severe losses in rice and export-oriented plantation crops. Facing decreasing yields and food insecurity, the government lifted the ban in November 2021. The events raised critical questions about the necessity and feasibility of such a drastic transition and alternative ways. To explore the general feasibility of transitioning toward organic fertilizers, this study considered the actual and potential availability of biomass to “replace” chemical fertilizers at the national scale as was envisioned by the Government. The analysis focused on the four main national crops and showed that in none of the selected scenarios, Sri Lanka’s actual and potentially available organic fertilizer could supply rice- and plantation-based agrosystems with sufficient nitrogen, not to mention other crops or nutrients. The Government will in every scenario, including one that assumes a stepwise transition, remain compelled to spend significantly on importing organic fertilizer to maintain the required crop yields, which would cost the Government more foreign currency than purchasing chemical fertilizer. Even more costly is purchasing rice to close the national production gap, as Sri Lanka eventually did at the end of its nationwide experiment, which resulted in major food security concerns.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-05-14},
	journal = {Food Security},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	author = {Drechsel, Pay and Madhuwanthi, Piumi and Nisansala, Duleesha and Ramamoorthi, Dushiya and Bandara, Thilini},
	month = apr,
	year = {2025},
	note = {Company: Springer
Distributor: Springer
Institution: Springer
Label: Springer},
	keywords = {Ban, Fertilizer, Organic agriculture, Sri Lanka},
	pages = {1--18},
}

Sri Lanka Government’s ambitious decision to ban synthetic agrochemicals, including chemical fertilizers (and pesticides), in April 2021 made it the first nation in the world to embark on a full-scale transition to – as the Government called it—organic farming, and address concerns about human health and the environment. Previous policies had envisioned a gradual shift, but the sudden ban caught agriculture off guard. Declining foreign exchange reserves to import chemical fertilizers and coinciding peak fertilizer prices appeared to support the timing of the move. However, the ensuing rush for organic fertilizers failed to meet the national demand, resulting in severe losses in rice and export-oriented plantation crops. Facing decreasing yields and food insecurity, the government lifted the ban in November 2021. The events raised critical questions about the necessity and feasibility of such a drastic transition and alternative ways. To explore the general feasibility of transitioning toward organic fertilizers, this study considered the actual and potential availability of biomass to “replace” chemical fertilizers at the national scale as was envisioned by the Government. The analysis focused on the four main national crops and showed that in none of the selected scenarios, Sri Lanka’s actual and potentially available organic fertilizer could supply rice- and plantation-based agrosystems with sufficient nitrogen, not to mention other crops or nutrients. The Government will in every scenario, including one that assumes a stepwise transition, remain compelled to spend significantly on importing organic fertilizer to maintain the required crop yields, which would cost the Government more foreign currency than purchasing chemical fertilizer. Even more costly is purchasing rice to close the national production gap, as Sri Lanka eventually did at the end of its nationwide experiment, which resulted in major food security concerns.

@article{avadiEnvironmentalSocioeconomicAnalysis2025,
	title = {Environmental and socio-economic analysis of the {Ivorian} market vegetables suburban systems in the context of an agroecological transition},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0948-3349, 1614-7502},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11367-025-02502-2},
	doi = {10.1007/s11367-025-02502-2},
	abstract = {Abstract 
             
              Purpose 
              The challenges facing market vegetable production in Côte d’Ivoire, which have resulted in the use of high doses of phytosanitary products and a decrease in soil fertility, have also encouraged the adoption of agroecological practices. The aim of this study is to identify the environmental impacts of market vegetables production systems and determine farmers’ motivations for adopting agroecological practices in different production contexts, by means of combined environmental and economic analyses. 
             
             
              Material and methods 
              The environmental analysis was based on LCA of individual technical itineraries (ITKs). Comparisons of ITKs’ impact scores, across different groupings and classifications of ITKs, were tested for significance using statistical methods such as ANOVA. Correlation among yield, gross margin, and the phytosanitary use intensity gradient was also tested. The econometric analysis used a multinomial logistic regression to estimate the effect of the different socio-economic factors on Ivorian producers. 
             
             
              Result and discussion 
              For all crops confounded, only the phytosanitary use class was associated with barely significantly different impact scores, while the city of origin was almost significant and seasonality was not significant. Correlations were found between the decision to adopt various practices and explanatory variables such as level of instruction, national origin, age, and gender. Further factors, such as technical and financial support from external actors, may explain farmers’ decision to adopt more than six agroecological practices. 
             
             
              Conclusions 
              Environmental impacts of market vegetable crop production in Côte d’Ivoire appear to be determined, to a certain extent, by the intensity of phytosanitary inputs and the geographical location (city). The (self-declared) level of adoption of practices considered as agroecological is not a good predictor of environmental impacts but seems to be correlated with yield. The rationales of adoption of agroecological practices, as well as the associated human health and environmental benefits, should be further explored.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2025-09-24},
	journal = {The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
	author = {Avadí, Angel and Dosso, Moussa and Ouedraogo, Rahim},
	month = aug,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {1789--1805},
}

Abstract Purpose The challenges facing market vegetable production in Côte d’Ivoire, which have resulted in the use of high doses of phytosanitary products and a decrease in soil fertility, have also encouraged the adoption of agroecological practices. The aim of this study is to identify the environmental impacts of market vegetables production systems and determine farmers’ motivations for adopting agroecological practices in different production contexts, by means of combined environmental and economic analyses. Material and methods The environmental analysis was based on LCA of individual technical itineraries (ITKs). Comparisons of ITKs’ impact scores, across different groupings and classifications of ITKs, were tested for significance using statistical methods such as ANOVA. Correlation among yield, gross margin, and the phytosanitary use intensity gradient was also tested. The econometric analysis used a multinomial logistic regression to estimate the effect of the different socio-economic factors on Ivorian producers. Result and discussion For all crops confounded, only the phytosanitary use class was associated with barely significantly different impact scores, while the city of origin was almost significant and seasonality was not significant. Correlations were found between the decision to adopt various practices and explanatory variables such as level of instruction, national origin, age, and gender. Further factors, such as technical and financial support from external actors, may explain farmers’ decision to adopt more than six agroecological practices. Conclusions Environmental impacts of market vegetable crop production in Côte d’Ivoire appear to be determined, to a certain extent, by the intensity of phytosanitary inputs and the geographical location (city). The (self-declared) level of adoption of practices considered as agroecological is not a good predictor of environmental impacts but seems to be correlated with yield. The rationales of adoption of agroecological practices, as well as the associated human health and environmental benefits, should be further explored.

@article{ouedraogoConsumersWillingnessPay2025,
	title = {Consumers’ willingness to pay for organic vegetables in {Ivory} {Coast}},
	issn = {0567-7572, 2406-6168},
	url = {https://www.actahort.org/books/1422/1422_14.htm},
	doi = {10.17660/ActaHortic.2025.1422.14},
	number = {1422},
	urldate = {2025-09-24},
	journal = {Acta Horticulturae},
	author = {Ouedraogo, R. and Bamba, Y. and Angbo-Kouakou, E. and Martin, T. and Wane, A.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {107--114},
}

@article{ouedraogoReconnaissanceInstitutionnelleSystemes2025,
	title = {La reconnaissance institutionnelle des systèmes participatifs de garantie d’{Afrique} de l’{Ouest} et du {Centre} comme levier de réduction de l’usage des produits phytopharmaceutiques de synthèse},
	volume = {34},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0},
	issn = {1166-7699, 1777-5949},
	url = {https://www.cahiersagricultures.fr/10.1051/cagri/2025016},
	doi = {10.1051/cagri/2025016},
	abstract = {Les systèmes participatifs de garantie (SPG) sont des systèmes d’assurance de qualité biologique orientés localement et basés sur la participation active des acteurs. Ils permettent aux différents acteurs de valoriser économiquement leurs produits issus de pratiques agricoles durables, mais aussi de bénéficier de conseils et de solutions techniques pour une amélioration continue de leurs systèmes de production, de transformation et de commercialisation. De ce fait, les SPG peuvent être pensés comme de véritables leviers de réduction de l’utilisation des produits phytopharmaceutiques de synthèse. Pour assurer leur pérennité, la question de la reconnaissance institutionnelle des SPG par les pouvoirs publics est au cœur de nombreux débats. Cet article se propose d’analyser les freins et leviers à une reconnaissance institutionnelle des SPG en Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre, ainsi que les perceptions des acteurs sur les avantages et les inconvénients de leur harmonisation. Pour ce faire, nous avons organisé le premier atelier régional des SPG d’Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre, réunissant 31 participants dont des acteurs issus de13 SPG de 10 pays différents. Les résultats de l’atelier montrent que les acteurs ont des perceptions mitigées, mais convergentes. Si la reconnaissance institutionnelle est perçue comme un facteur important, les acteurs craignent une fragilisation des acquis collectifs et des modes d’auto-organisation de ces initiatives, dans le cas d’une forte implication de l’État. Ainsi, ils aspirent à une gouvernance en co-gestion, avec des responsabilités partagées entre les institutions étatiques et les acteurs locaux. Cela vise à éviter une verticalité dans la gestion des SPG et à permettre une adaptation des différentes règles aux contextes et réalités propres à chaque SPG. Cet article contribue ainsi à mieux éclairer le choix des pouvoirs publics, afin que leur implication dans les SPG soit un levier de réduction des produits phytopharmaceutiques de synthèse en Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre. 
          ,  
            Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS) are locally-oriented organic quality assurance systems based on the active participation of stakeholders. PGS enable stakeholders to enhance the economic value of their products derived from sustainable agricultural practices, and also to benefit from advice and technical solutions for the continuous improvement of their production, processing and marketing systems. As a result, PGS can be seen as genuine levers for reducing the use of chemicals. To ensure their sustainability, the question of institutional recognition of PGS by public authorities is at the heart of many debates. The aim of this article is to analyze the obstacles and levers to institutional recognition of PGS in West and Central Africa, as well as stakeholders’ perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of harmonizing them. To this end, we organized the first regional workshop of PGS in West and Central Africa, bringing together 31 participants from 13 PGS in 10 different countries. The results of the workshop multiple discussion sessions show that actors’ perceptions are mixed, but convergent. While institutional recognition is seen as an important factor, stakeholders fear that the collective achievements and self-organization of these initiatives will be undermined by a heavy involvement of public authorities. Therefore, they aspire to co-management governance, with responsibilities shared between governments and local actors. This aims to avoid verticality in the management of PGS, and to enable the different rules to be adapted to the specific contexts and realities of each PGS. This article thus contributes to better informing the choice of public authorities, so that their involvement in PGS can be a lever for reducing the use of chemicals in West and Central Africa.},
	urldate = {2025-09-24},
	journal = {Cahiers Agricultures},
	author = {Ouedraogo, Rahim and Lemeilleur, Sylvaine and Loconto, Allison and Emmenegger, René and Abdou, Oum Koulthoum and Martin, Thibaud and Le Bellec, Fabrice},
	year = {2025},
	pages = {17},
}

Les systèmes participatifs de garantie (SPG) sont des systèmes d’assurance de qualité biologique orientés localement et basés sur la participation active des acteurs. Ils permettent aux différents acteurs de valoriser économiquement leurs produits issus de pratiques agricoles durables, mais aussi de bénéficier de conseils et de solutions techniques pour une amélioration continue de leurs systèmes de production, de transformation et de commercialisation. De ce fait, les SPG peuvent être pensés comme de véritables leviers de réduction de l’utilisation des produits phytopharmaceutiques de synthèse. Pour assurer leur pérennité, la question de la reconnaissance institutionnelle des SPG par les pouvoirs publics est au cœur de nombreux débats. Cet article se propose d’analyser les freins et leviers à une reconnaissance institutionnelle des SPG en Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre, ainsi que les perceptions des acteurs sur les avantages et les inconvénients de leur harmonisation. Pour ce faire, nous avons organisé le premier atelier régional des SPG d’Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre, réunissant 31 participants dont des acteurs issus de13 SPG de 10 pays différents. Les résultats de l’atelier montrent que les acteurs ont des perceptions mitigées, mais convergentes. Si la reconnaissance institutionnelle est perçue comme un facteur important, les acteurs craignent une fragilisation des acquis collectifs et des modes d’auto-organisation de ces initiatives, dans le cas d’une forte implication de l’État. Ainsi, ils aspirent à une gouvernance en co-gestion, avec des responsabilités partagées entre les institutions étatiques et les acteurs locaux. Cela vise à éviter une verticalité dans la gestion des SPG et à permettre une adaptation des différentes règles aux contextes et réalités propres à chaque SPG. Cet article contribue ainsi à mieux éclairer le choix des pouvoirs publics, afin que leur implication dans les SPG soit un levier de réduction des produits phytopharmaceutiques de synthèse en Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre. , Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS) are locally-oriented organic quality assurance systems based on the active participation of stakeholders. PGS enable stakeholders to enhance the economic value of their products derived from sustainable agricultural practices, and also to benefit from advice and technical solutions for the continuous improvement of their production, processing and marketing systems. As a result, PGS can be seen as genuine levers for reducing the use of chemicals. To ensure their sustainability, the question of institutional recognition of PGS by public authorities is at the heart of many debates. The aim of this article is to analyze the obstacles and levers to institutional recognition of PGS in West and Central Africa, as well as stakeholders’ perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of harmonizing them. To this end, we organized the first regional workshop of PGS in West and Central Africa, bringing together 31 participants from 13 PGS in 10 different countries. The results of the workshop multiple discussion sessions show that actors’ perceptions are mixed, but convergent. While institutional recognition is seen as an important factor, stakeholders fear that the collective achievements and self-organization of these initiatives will be undermined by a heavy involvement of public authorities. Therefore, they aspire to co-management governance, with responsibilities shared between governments and local actors. This aims to avoid verticality in the management of PGS, and to enable the different rules to be adapted to the specific contexts and realities of each PGS. This article thus contributes to better informing the choice of public authorities, so that their involvement in PGS can be a lever for reducing the use of chemicals in West and Central Africa.

@article{dongUnveilingChemicalIndustry2025,
	title = {Unveiling chemical industry secrets: {Insights} gleaned from scientific literatures that examine internal chemical corporate documents—{A} scoping review},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	shorttitle = {Unveiling chemical industry secrets},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0310116},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0310116},
	abstract = {Objective Examine peer-reviewed scientific articles that used internal industry documents in the chemical sector to reveal corporate influence. Summarize sources of internal documents used in prior scientific papers to identify ongoing corporate strategies within the chemical field. Compare the corporate strategies identified in the chemical sector with the ones identified already identified in the pharmaceutical sector. Propose a theoretical framework for categorizing and examining the different form of corporate capture at play. Design Performed a scoping review to pinpoint scientific papers employing internal industry/corporate documents within the chemical sector. Methods We conducted a systematic search using broad and case study-derived keywords, detailed in the S1 Appendix. This resulted in 351 sources from 28 databases, encompassing peer-reviewed articles analyzing internal documents of chemical corporations. We complemented our efforts with a snowball sampling method to uncover additional case studies and journal articles not initially captured by our search. Results were categorized and analyzed using Marc-Andre Gagnon and Sergio Sismondo’s ghost management framework. Results The final results included and analyzed 18 scientific papers. Legal proceedings served as the primary source of internal document data for all examined articles. We uncovered and categorized dynamic strategies employed by chemical corporations to protect and advance their interests, including scientific capture (n = 16), regulatory capture (n = 15), professional capture (n = 7), civil society capture (n = 6), media capture (n = 4), legal capture (n = 4), technological capture (n = 3), and market capture (n = 2). Comparative analysis The limited scientific literature meeting our criteria confirms early findings by Wieland et al, highlighting a research gap in the chemical industry. Our analysis, building on the ghost-management framework, shows a different emphasis in the way internal documents were used in scientific literature to understand corporate strategies at play in the chemical sector as compared to the pharmaceutical sector. In contrast to Gagnon and Dong’s pharmaceutical corporate capture review, which identified 37 papers before 2022, our chemical industry findings reveal a lower count, with only 18 papers identified. Notably, the vast majority of the papers in both sectors shows an emphasis on analyzing strategies used for scientific capture. However, the area of regulatory capture reveals a significant distinction: only 6 of the 37 articles related to the pharmaceutical industry analyzed this dimension, as compared to 15 of the 18 articles related to the chemical industry. This body of work suggests that existing research on the chemical industry is particularly concerned with analyzing how the sector navigates and circumvents regulatory oversight. Both industries employ strategies involving conflicts of interest and the legitimization of their actions to shield themselves from public policy scrutiny and protect their interests. However, their goals seem to be significantly different. The scientific literature analyzing the pharmaceutical industry’s internal document tends to identify strategies maximizing profits through the biased promotion of health products, whereas the scientific literature analyzing the chemical industry’s internal documents is more inclined in identifying strategies institutionalizing ignorance about existing risks, evading accountability, and preventing regulatory actions. Strengths Our scoping review shows how internal documents can reveal how the chemical industry strategically institutionalizes ignorance to manage business risks. It exposes intentional efforts by chemical corporations to promote ignorance and foster conflicts of interest, thereby legitimizing their business models and safeguarding corporate interests. We shared our research findings on the Dataverse/ Borealis platform (https://doi.org/10.5683/SP3/EOIOAU), making them accessible for future studies to apply the same analytical framework seamlessly. Limitations We excluded papers that did not meet our research criteria, prioritizing those that analyzed internal corporate documents for uncovering covert ghost management captures. Beyond scientific literature, various grey literature sources have conducted quality investigations on ghost management strategies in the chemical industry, and many leaked internal documents in the chemical industry, often available through toxicdocs.org, were not analyzed in the scientific literature. Also, market concentration and other corporate captures can be investigated using publicly available resources. Despite searching scientific papers in various languages, no relevant publications were found outside of English. This presents an opportunity for future research to conduct a separate scoping review.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-01-09},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	publisher = {Public Library of Science},
	author = {Dong, Miaoran and Gagnon, Marc-André},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	keywords = {Conflicts of interest, Finance, Medical risk factors, Peer review, Public and occupational health, Public policy, Social systems, Technology regulations},
	pages = {e0310116},
}

Objective Examine peer-reviewed scientific articles that used internal industry documents in the chemical sector to reveal corporate influence. Summarize sources of internal documents used in prior scientific papers to identify ongoing corporate strategies within the chemical field. Compare the corporate strategies identified in the chemical sector with the ones identified already identified in the pharmaceutical sector. Propose a theoretical framework for categorizing and examining the different form of corporate capture at play. Design Performed a scoping review to pinpoint scientific papers employing internal industry/corporate documents within the chemical sector. Methods We conducted a systematic search using broad and case study-derived keywords, detailed in the S1 Appendix. This resulted in 351 sources from 28 databases, encompassing peer-reviewed articles analyzing internal documents of chemical corporations. We complemented our efforts with a snowball sampling method to uncover additional case studies and journal articles not initially captured by our search. Results were categorized and analyzed using Marc-Andre Gagnon and Sergio Sismondo’s ghost management framework. Results The final results included and analyzed 18 scientific papers. Legal proceedings served as the primary source of internal document data for all examined articles. We uncovered and categorized dynamic strategies employed by chemical corporations to protect and advance their interests, including scientific capture (n = 16), regulatory capture (n = 15), professional capture (n = 7), civil society capture (n = 6), media capture (n = 4), legal capture (n = 4), technological capture (n = 3), and market capture (n = 2). Comparative analysis The limited scientific literature meeting our criteria confirms early findings by Wieland et al, highlighting a research gap in the chemical industry. Our analysis, building on the ghost-management framework, shows a different emphasis in the way internal documents were used in scientific literature to understand corporate strategies at play in the chemical sector as compared to the pharmaceutical sector. In contrast to Gagnon and Dong’s pharmaceutical corporate capture review, which identified 37 papers before 2022, our chemical industry findings reveal a lower count, with only 18 papers identified. Notably, the vast majority of the papers in both sectors shows an emphasis on analyzing strategies used for scientific capture. However, the area of regulatory capture reveals a significant distinction: only 6 of the 37 articles related to the pharmaceutical industry analyzed this dimension, as compared to 15 of the 18 articles related to the chemical industry. This body of work suggests that existing research on the chemical industry is particularly concerned with analyzing how the sector navigates and circumvents regulatory oversight. Both industries employ strategies involving conflicts of interest and the legitimization of their actions to shield themselves from public policy scrutiny and protect their interests. However, their goals seem to be significantly different. The scientific literature analyzing the pharmaceutical industry’s internal document tends to identify strategies maximizing profits through the biased promotion of health products, whereas the scientific literature analyzing the chemical industry’s internal documents is more inclined in identifying strategies institutionalizing ignorance about existing risks, evading accountability, and preventing regulatory actions. Strengths Our scoping review shows how internal documents can reveal how the chemical industry strategically institutionalizes ignorance to manage business risks. It exposes intentional efforts by chemical corporations to promote ignorance and foster conflicts of interest, thereby legitimizing their business models and safeguarding corporate interests. We shared our research findings on the Dataverse/ Borealis platform (https://doi.org/10.5683/SP3/EOIOAU), making them accessible for future studies to apply the same analytical framework seamlessly. Limitations We excluded papers that did not meet our research criteria, prioritizing those that analyzed internal corporate documents for uncovering covert ghost management captures. Beyond scientific literature, various grey literature sources have conducted quality investigations on ghost management strategies in the chemical industry, and many leaked internal documents in the chemical industry, often available through toxicdocs.org, were not analyzed in the scientific literature. Also, market concentration and other corporate captures can be investigated using publicly available resources. Despite searching scientific papers in various languages, no relevant publications were found outside of English. This presents an opportunity for future research to conduct a separate scoping review.

@techreport{europeanenvironementalagency35ChemicalPollution2025,
	title = {3.5 {Chemical} pollution and human health},
	url = {https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/europe-environment-2025/thematic-briefings/environment-and-human-health/chemical-pollution-and-human-health},
	abstract = {People are exposed to complex mixtures of chemicals in their daily lives by consuming contaminated food and drinking water, breathing in polluted air and dust and using consumer goods. Human exposure to hazardous chemicals is linked to a wide range of health impacts, amongst others skin sensitization, reproductive toxicity, neurological disorders, endocrine disruption and carcinogenicity.
This briefing assesses the past trends around and outlook for human exposure to harmful chemicals in Europe, as well as the associated health impacts.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-01-11},
	author = {European Environemental Agency},
	month = sep,
	year = {2025},
}

People are exposed to complex mixtures of chemicals in their daily lives by consuming contaminated food and drinking water, breathing in polluted air and dust and using consumer goods. Human exposure to hazardous chemicals is linked to a wide range of health impacts, amongst others skin sensitization, reproductive toxicity, neurological disorders, endocrine disruption and carcinogenicity. This briefing assesses the past trends around and outlook for human exposure to harmful chemicals in Europe, as well as the associated health impacts.

@article{wernerGlobalPesticideComplex2025,
	title = {Global pesticide complex},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03066150.2025.2547373?casa_token=2J0YpvcloHkAAAAA%3AmaGN-kU-pHp2PpvtLkTCsn9Pd55sqK0iCIX1boJzCzMIbBHQ466DeKWwzbz94DsrddUZOwXAxrU7Ig},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2025.2547373},
	urldate = {2025-10-13},
	journal = {Journal of Peasant Studies},
	author = {Werner, Marion},
	year = {2025},
	pages = {1--18},
}

@article{galeyPreventionConstruiteAgriculture2024,
	title = {Prévention construite en agriculture : contribution de l’ergotoxicologie à partir de trois recherches‑actions},
	volume = {21-2},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/},
	issn = {1765-2723},
	shorttitle = {Prévention construite en agriculture},
	url = {https://journals.openedition.org/activites/9842},
	doi = {10.4000/12hug},
	abstract = {Cette contribution propose le développement d’une approche de « prévention construite » comme alternative aux modèles dominants de la sécurité à l’œuvre en milieu agricole. Ce travail s’appuie sur les cadres théoriques de la sécurité en psychologie et en ergonomie (sécurité industrielle, sécurité des patients et résilience), et notamment de la sécurité réglée et gérée, afin d’identifier des conditions du développement d’une prévention construite. Nous avons tenté d’éprouver ce modèle de la prévention construite à partir de l’analyse de situations d’exposition aux pesticides dans trois études de cas en agriculture. Les cas présentés portent sur les perspectives de contributions à la conception de pulvérisateurs viticoles (Albert, 2022), les ressources réelles de protection lors de réalisation de semis dans le cadre d’un projet en collaboration avec la MSA (Mutualité sociale agricole) (Fredj, 2021), ainsi que les limites posées dans l’usage de contenants de pesticides en France et au Québec (Goutille, 2022 ; Jolly, 2022). Il ressort que la prévention construite se traduit par le développement de pratiques individuelles et collectives allant dans le sens d’une préservation de la santé. Le processus s’appuie sur des méthodes participatives d’analyse puis de transformation et de conception de l’activité, qui nécessitent des actions sur des déterminants proches et éloignés de la situation de travail. L’enjeu de cette approche est de renforcer le développement de la prévention à partir d’une compréhension et construction fondée sur le travail humain. Nous proposons par la suite des items à prendre en compte pour un diagnostic et un développement de la prévention à partir de l’activité. Ce travail contribue à élaborer un modèle opérant de la sécurité.
          , 
            This article proposes the development of a 'constructed prevention' approach as an alternative to the dominant safety models used in the agricultural environment. It is based on the theoretical frameworks of safety in psychology and ergonomics (industrial safety, patient safety and resilience), and in particular regulated and managed safety, in order to identify the conditions for the development of constructed prevention. We attempted to test this model of prevention by analysing pesticide exposure situations based on three agricultural case studies. These cases relate to prospects for contributions to the design of vineyard sprayers (Albert, 2022), to the real protection resources during sowing as part of a project in collaboration with the MSA (Fredj, 2021), and to the limits imposed on the use of pesticide containers in France and Quebec (Goutille, 2022; Jolly, 2022). It emerges that constructed prevention involves the development of individual and collective practices aimed at preserving health. The process is based on participatory methods for analysing and then transforming and designing the activity, which require action to be taken on determinants close to and distant from the work situation. The challenge of this approach is that of strengthening the development of prevention based on an understanding and on a construction founded on human work. We then propose the items to be taken into account in the diagnosis and development of activity-based prevention. This work is a contribution to the development of an operating model of safety.},
	urldate = {2026-05-29},
	journal = {Activites},
	author = {Galey, Louis and Albert, Marion and Goutille, Fabienne and Fredj, Julie and Nascimento, Adelaide and Jolly, Caroline and Garrigou, Alain},
	year = {2024},
}

Cette contribution propose le développement d’une approche de « prévention construite » comme alternative aux modèles dominants de la sécurité à l’œuvre en milieu agricole. Ce travail s’appuie sur les cadres théoriques de la sécurité en psychologie et en ergonomie (sécurité industrielle, sécurité des patients et résilience), et notamment de la sécurité réglée et gérée, afin d’identifier des conditions du développement d’une prévention construite. Nous avons tenté d’éprouver ce modèle de la prévention construite à partir de l’analyse de situations d’exposition aux pesticides dans trois études de cas en agriculture. Les cas présentés portent sur les perspectives de contributions à la conception de pulvérisateurs viticoles (Albert, 2022), les ressources réelles de protection lors de réalisation de semis dans le cadre d’un projet en collaboration avec la MSA (Mutualité sociale agricole) (Fredj, 2021), ainsi que les limites posées dans l’usage de contenants de pesticides en France et au Québec (Goutille, 2022 ; Jolly, 2022). Il ressort que la prévention construite se traduit par le développement de pratiques individuelles et collectives allant dans le sens d’une préservation de la santé. Le processus s’appuie sur des méthodes participatives d’analyse puis de transformation et de conception de l’activité, qui nécessitent des actions sur des déterminants proches et éloignés de la situation de travail. L’enjeu de cette approche est de renforcer le développement de la prévention à partir d’une compréhension et construction fondée sur le travail humain. Nous proposons par la suite des items à prendre en compte pour un diagnostic et un développement de la prévention à partir de l’activité. Ce travail contribue à élaborer un modèle opérant de la sécurité. , This article proposes the development of a 'constructed prevention' approach as an alternative to the dominant safety models used in the agricultural environment. It is based on the theoretical frameworks of safety in psychology and ergonomics (industrial safety, patient safety and resilience), and in particular regulated and managed safety, in order to identify the conditions for the development of constructed prevention. We attempted to test this model of prevention by analysing pesticide exposure situations based on three agricultural case studies. These cases relate to prospects for contributions to the design of vineyard sprayers (Albert, 2022), to the real protection resources during sowing as part of a project in collaboration with the MSA (Fredj, 2021), and to the limits imposed on the use of pesticide containers in France and Quebec (Goutille, 2022; Jolly, 2022). It emerges that constructed prevention involves the development of individual and collective practices aimed at preserving health. The process is based on participatory methods for analysing and then transforming and designing the activity, which require action to be taken on determinants close to and distant from the work situation. The challenge of this approach is that of strengthening the development of prevention based on an understanding and on a construction founded on human work. We then propose the items to be taken into account in the diagnosis and development of activity-based prevention. This work is a contribution to the development of an operating model of safety.

@book{boteroPesticidesDialoguesPluridisciplinaires2024,
	address = {London},
	edition = {1st ed},
	title = {Pesticides: {Dialogues} {Pluridisciplinaires} en {Sciences} {Humaines} et {Sociales}},
	isbn = {978-1-78406-985-8},
	shorttitle = {Pesticides},
	abstract = {L'usage des pesticides fait l'objet d'un intense débat public. Que ce soit sur le plan médiatique, juridique, terminologique ou politique, le sujet migre d'un univers strictement agricole vers un problème de société global.Au vu de la complexité des enjeux actuels et à venir, Pesticides se veut un espace favorisant des dialogues et des débats pluridisciplinaires sur les produits phytosanitaires au sein des sciences humaines et sociales. Il présente des réflexions sur l'activité discursive et argumentative des différents acteurs et arènes du débat, sur l'élaboration et la mise à l'épreuve du consensus par des controverses et des contre-discours. L'ouvrage questionne ainsi les pratiques scientifiques et communicationnelles des acteurs économiques et industriels (influence et lobbying), les pratiques agricoles en matière d'exposition aux pesticides ou encore les procédures en justice et les initiatives juridiques des pouvoirs locaux ou des instances associatives. Ces travaux cherchent aussi à mettre en lumière la médiatisation des enjeux sanitaires et environnementaux autour de ces objets},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {ISTE Editions Ltd},
	author = {Botero, Nataly},
	collaborator = {Ledouble, Hélène and Allard-Huver, François},
	year = {2024},
}

L'usage des pesticides fait l'objet d'un intense débat public. Que ce soit sur le plan médiatique, juridique, terminologique ou politique, le sujet migre d'un univers strictement agricole vers un problème de société global.Au vu de la complexité des enjeux actuels et à venir, Pesticides se veut un espace favorisant des dialogues et des débats pluridisciplinaires sur les produits phytosanitaires au sein des sciences humaines et sociales. Il présente des réflexions sur l'activité discursive et argumentative des différents acteurs et arènes du débat, sur l'élaboration et la mise à l'épreuve du consensus par des controverses et des contre-discours. L'ouvrage questionne ainsi les pratiques scientifiques et communicationnelles des acteurs économiques et industriels (influence et lobbying), les pratiques agricoles en matière d'exposition aux pesticides ou encore les procédures en justice et les initiatives juridiques des pouvoirs locaux ou des instances associatives. Ces travaux cherchent aussi à mettre en lumière la médiatisation des enjeux sanitaires et environnementaux autour de ces objets

@book{goutilleExpositionAuxPesticides2024,
	address = {Toulouse},
	series = {Travail \& activité humaine},
	title = {Exposition aux pesticides: ce qu'en disent les sciences humaines et sociales},
	isbn = {978-2-36630-139-7},
	shorttitle = {Exposition aux pesticides},
	language = {fre},
	publisher = {Octarès éditions},
	author = {Goutille, Fabienne and Candau, Jacqueline and Lambert, Élisabeth},
	collaborator = {{Réseau SHS Pesticides}},
	year = {2024},
}

@article{goutilleAnaliseSistemicaAtividade2024,
	title = {Análise sistémica da atividade e finalidades do trabalho nos sectores pesqueiro e agrícola},
	volume = {20},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/},
	issn = {1646-5237},
	url = {https://journals.openedition.org/laboreal/21790},
	doi = {10.4000/120d0},
	abstract = {Este artículo explora las tensiones sistémicas en los sectores agrícola y pesquero, derivadas de decisiones históricas e influidas por diversos agentes. Los análisis revelan limitaciones que están cambiando las finalidades del trabajo, llevando a quienes trabajan en la tierra y en el mara diversificar sus actividades para mantener la rentabilidad a expensas de su salud. En un contexto de transición ecológica, los trabajadores tienen que adaptarse a diversas exigencias sin el apoyo adecuado. Las tensiones entre la producción artesanal y la industrial ilustran los retos a los que se enfrentan, con normativas que a veces se perciben como injustas. Las actividades agrícolas y pesqueras están dominadas por presiones normativas, tecnológicas, comunitarias y sociales, que exigen una revaluación del equilibrio de poderes. Un análisis de la actividad, centrado en el análisis de los sistemas de actividad y las contradicciones sistémicas, puede ayudar a poner en perspectiva las preocupaciones de las personas y grupos implicados y apoyar el diseño de contextos laborales, normas e instrumentos de trabajo que sean sostenibles y de desarrollo.
          , 
            Este artigo explora as tensões sistémicas nos sectores agrícola e pesqueiro, derivadas de decisões históricas e influenciadas por diversos agentes. As análises revelam constrangimentos que estão a alterar as finalidades do trabalho, levando a quem trabalha na terra e no mar a diversificarem as suas atividades para manterem a rentabilidade em detrimento da sua saúde. Num contexto de transição ecológica, os trabalhadores têm de se adaptar a diversas exigências sem apoio adequado. As tensões entre a produção artesanal e industrial ilustram os desafios que enfrentam, com regulamentações que por vezes são consideradas injustas. As atividades agrícolas e pesqueiras são dominadas por pressões regulamentares, tecnológicas, comunitárias e sociais, que exigem uma reavaliação do equilíbrio de poder. Uma análise da atividade, centrada na análise dos sistemas de atividade e das contradições sistémicas, pode ajudar a colocar em perspetiva as preocupações das pessoas e grupos envolvidos e apoiar a conceção de contextos, normas e instrumentos de trabalho que sejam sustentáveis ​​e de desenvolvimento.
          , 
            Cet article explore les tensions systémiques dans les secteurs agricole et halieutique, issues de décisions historiques et influencées par divers acteurs. Les analyses révèlent des contraintes qui modifient les finalités du travail, amenant les exploitants de la terre et de la mer à diversifier leurs activités pour maintenir la rentabilité au détriment de leur santé. Dans un contexte de transition écologique, les exploitants doivent s’adapter à des injonctions diverses sans un soutien adéquat. Les tensions entre production artisanale et industrielle illustrent les défis rencontrés, avec des réglementations parfois perçues comme injustes. Les activités agricoles et halieutiques sont dominées par des pressions réglementaires, technologiques, communautaires et sociétales, nécessitant une réévaluation des rapports de force. Une analyse de l’activité, centrée sur l’analyse des systèmes d’activité et des contradictions systémiques, peut venir soutenir la mise en perspective des préoccupations des personnes et des collectifs en activité et accompagner la conception de situations de travail, de règles et d’instruments, développementales et durables.
          , 
            This article explores systemic tensions in the agricultural and fishing sectors, derived from historical decisions and influenced by various agents. The analyzes reveal limitations that are changing the purposes of work, leading exploiters of the land and sea to diversify their activities to maintain profitability at the expense of their health. In the context of ecological transition, exploiters must adapt to various demands without adequate support. The tensions between artisanal and industrial production illustrate the challenges they face, with regulations that are sometimes perceived as unfair. Agricultural and fishing activities are dominated by regulatory, technological, community and social pressures which require a re-evaluation of the balance of power. An activity analysis, focused on activity systems and systemic contradictions, can help put into perspective the individual and collective worries of those involved, and support the design of work environments, norms and instruments that are sustainable and developmental.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2026-05-29},
	journal = {Laboreal},
	author = {Goutille, Fabienne and Lassalle, Julie and Thiebaud-Rizzoni, Tabatha and Garrigou, Alain and Guillet, Laurent and Chauvin, Christine and Boudra, Leïla},
	year = {2024},
}

Este artículo explora las tensiones sistémicas en los sectores agrícola y pesquero, derivadas de decisiones históricas e influidas por diversos agentes. Los análisis revelan limitaciones que están cambiando las finalidades del trabajo, llevando a quienes trabajan en la tierra y en el mara diversificar sus actividades para mantener la rentabilidad a expensas de su salud. En un contexto de transición ecológica, los trabajadores tienen que adaptarse a diversas exigencias sin el apoyo adecuado. Las tensiones entre la producción artesanal y la industrial ilustran los retos a los que se enfrentan, con normativas que a veces se perciben como injustas. Las actividades agrícolas y pesqueras están dominadas por presiones normativas, tecnológicas, comunitarias y sociales, que exigen una revaluación del equilibrio de poderes. Un análisis de la actividad, centrado en el análisis de los sistemas de actividad y las contradicciones sistémicas, puede ayudar a poner en perspectiva las preocupaciones de las personas y grupos implicados y apoyar el diseño de contextos laborales, normas e instrumentos de trabajo que sean sostenibles y de desarrollo. , Este artigo explora as tensões sistémicas nos sectores agrícola e pesqueiro, derivadas de decisões históricas e influenciadas por diversos agentes. As análises revelam constrangimentos que estão a alterar as finalidades do trabalho, levando a quem trabalha na terra e no mar a diversificarem as suas atividades para manterem a rentabilidade em detrimento da sua saúde. Num contexto de transição ecológica, os trabalhadores têm de se adaptar a diversas exigências sem apoio adequado. As tensões entre a produção artesanal e industrial ilustram os desafios que enfrentam, com regulamentações que por vezes são consideradas injustas. As atividades agrícolas e pesqueiras são dominadas por pressões regulamentares, tecnológicas, comunitárias e sociais, que exigem uma reavaliação do equilíbrio de poder. Uma análise da atividade, centrada na análise dos sistemas de atividade e das contradições sistémicas, pode ajudar a colocar em perspetiva as preocupações das pessoas e grupos envolvidos e apoiar a conceção de contextos, normas e instrumentos de trabalho que sejam sustentáveis ​​e de desenvolvimento. , Cet article explore les tensions systémiques dans les secteurs agricole et halieutique, issues de décisions historiques et influencées par divers acteurs. Les analyses révèlent des contraintes qui modifient les finalités du travail, amenant les exploitants de la terre et de la mer à diversifier leurs activités pour maintenir la rentabilité au détriment de leur santé. Dans un contexte de transition écologique, les exploitants doivent s’adapter à des injonctions diverses sans un soutien adéquat. Les tensions entre production artisanale et industrielle illustrent les défis rencontrés, avec des réglementations parfois perçues comme injustes. Les activités agricoles et halieutiques sont dominées par des pressions réglementaires, technologiques, communautaires et sociétales, nécessitant une réévaluation des rapports de force. Une analyse de l’activité, centrée sur l’analyse des systèmes d’activité et des contradictions systémiques, peut venir soutenir la mise en perspective des préoccupations des personnes et des collectifs en activité et accompagner la conception de situations de travail, de règles et d’instruments, développementales et durables. , This article explores systemic tensions in the agricultural and fishing sectors, derived from historical decisions and influenced by various agents. The analyzes reveal limitations that are changing the purposes of work, leading exploiters of the land and sea to diversify their activities to maintain profitability at the expense of their health. In the context of ecological transition, exploiters must adapt to various demands without adequate support. The tensions between artisanal and industrial production illustrate the challenges they face, with regulations that are sometimes perceived as unfair. Agricultural and fishing activities are dominated by regulatory, technological, community and social pressures which require a re-evaluation of the balance of power. An activity analysis, focused on activity systems and systemic contradictions, can help put into perspective the individual and collective worries of those involved, and support the design of work environments, norms and instruments that are sustainable and developmental.

@article{goutilleMULTISCALARAPPROACHESSENTIAL2024,
	title = {A {MULTI}-{SCALAR} {APPROACH} {IS} {ESSENTIAL} {TO} {PREVENT} {THE} {RISK} {OF} {PESTICIDE} {EXPOSURE} {IN} {THE} {AGRICULTURAL} {WORLD}},
	volume = {74},
	copyright = {https://academic.oup.com/pages/standard-publication-reuse-rights},
	issn = {0962-7480, 1471-8405},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/occmed/article/74/Supplement_1/0/7706887},
	doi = {10.1093/occmed/kqae023.0416},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Agriculture is a sector particularly affected by the risk of pesticide exposure. The scientific literature associates agricultural pesticides with numerous effects on farmers' health (cancer, lymphoma, anxiety disorders). A number of studies have shown that it is necessary to examine the question of ‘real exposure’ in greater depth, in particular through a more detailed description of work practices, in order to take preventive action.
            Despite the preventive measures developed in the agricultural sector in France and Canada, farmers continue to be exposed, to expose themselves and those around them to pesticides when handling products or working in the field. They have to comply with numerous regulations, but cannot rely on safety measures adapted to their work activity and its constraints to prevent exposure.
            In order to understand the different forms of pesticide exposure and consider the transformation of risk situations in a plural way, we show in this contribution how, within our respective research-interventions (in Bordeaux viticulture and Quebec apple growing), we have each sought to enrich the analysis of exposure in real work with a broader, contextual approach to the activity.
            Our contribution seeks to: (1) to make visible a methodology for multi-scalar analysis of the determinants of exposure, whether internal to the farm or external to it (located beyond the decision-making scope of the business), (2) to contribute to the development of an exposure analysis that takes into account the personal and professional concerns of farmers, to promote a more sustainable approach to prevention.},
	language = {en},
	number = {Supplement\_1},
	urldate = {2026-05-29},
	journal = {Occupational Medicine},
	author = {Goutille, Fabienne and Jolly, Caroline and Judon, Nathalie},
	month = jul,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {0--0},
}

Abstract Agriculture is a sector particularly affected by the risk of pesticide exposure. The scientific literature associates agricultural pesticides with numerous effects on farmers' health (cancer, lymphoma, anxiety disorders). A number of studies have shown that it is necessary to examine the question of ‘real exposure’ in greater depth, in particular through a more detailed description of work practices, in order to take preventive action. Despite the preventive measures developed in the agricultural sector in France and Canada, farmers continue to be exposed, to expose themselves and those around them to pesticides when handling products or working in the field. They have to comply with numerous regulations, but cannot rely on safety measures adapted to their work activity and its constraints to prevent exposure. In order to understand the different forms of pesticide exposure and consider the transformation of risk situations in a plural way, we show in this contribution how, within our respective research-interventions (in Bordeaux viticulture and Quebec apple growing), we have each sought to enrich the analysis of exposure in real work with a broader, contextual approach to the activity. Our contribution seeks to: (1) to make visible a methodology for multi-scalar analysis of the determinants of exposure, whether internal to the farm or external to it (located beyond the decision-making scope of the business), (2) to contribute to the development of an exposure analysis that takes into account the personal and professional concerns of farmers, to promote a more sustainable approach to prevention.

@article{wangReflectingPlantationocenePolitical2024,
	title = {Reflecting on the {Plantationocene}: the political economy of sugarcane plantations in {Guangxi}, {China}},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {0306-6150},
	shorttitle = {Reflecting on the {Plantationocene}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2022.2087180},
	doi = {10.1080/03066150.2022.2087180},
	abstract = {This paper reflects on the concept of the Plantationocene through an analysis of sugarcane plantations in Guangxi province, China. It argues that although these plantations are owned and operated by local villagers, they are de facto controlled by corporations, and subject to state intervention through a ‘zoning scheme’. They are constructed and operated according to the same logic as other plantations all over the world, namely, the logic of extraction based on cheap land and labor. By demonstrating that plantations are not necessarily large-scale and do not always entail the alienation of land and labor, this paper hopes to empirically broaden the concept of the Plantationocene and to highlight the extractive nature of and the power relations around plantations.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2025-01-23},
	journal = {The Journal of Peasant Studies},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Wang, Chunyu and Xu, Yunan},
	month = apr,
	year = {2024},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2022.2087180},
	keywords = {China, Plantationocene, corporate control, sugarcane plantations},
	pages = {564--585},
}

This paper reflects on the concept of the Plantationocene through an analysis of sugarcane plantations in Guangxi province, China. It argues that although these plantations are owned and operated by local villagers, they are de facto controlled by corporations, and subject to state intervention through a ‘zoning scheme’. They are constructed and operated according to the same logic as other plantations all over the world, namely, the logic of extraction based on cheap land and labor. By demonstrating that plantations are not necessarily large-scale and do not always entail the alienation of land and labor, this paper hopes to empirically broaden the concept of the Plantationocene and to highlight the extractive nature of and the power relations around plantations.

@article{utyashevaStopBlamingFarmer2024,
	title = {Stop blaming the farmer: {Dispelling} the myths of ‘misuse’ and ‘safe’ use of pesticides to protect health and human rights},
	volume = {0},
	issn = {1475-4835},
	shorttitle = {Stop blaming the farmer},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14754835.2024.2334802},
	doi = {10.1080/14754835.2024.2334802},
	abstract = {The negative effects of pesticide use in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are often blamed on the “misuse” of pesticides. The industry and government narrative is that the use of highly hazardous pesticides is safe when instructions are followed, and that harm occurs due to “irrational” and “improper” human behavior, linked to lack of knowledge by farmers. This assumption does not consider the real-life situations of pesticide users in LMICs, including structural, economic, and social barriers that make it impossible to follow “safety practices.” This “blame the farmer” narrative leads to ineffective risk mitigation measures, perpetuating and increasing people’s exposure to pesticide harms and endangering their lives. It is governments that allow the use of highly hazardous pesticides in their jurisdictions, and pesticide companies that produce them—not individual pesticide users in LMICs—who should bear the main responsibility for the prevention of the negative impact of these products. A human rights-based approach to pesticide management and the interpretation of international guidance that avoids the blaming narrative but puts real people, their health, and human rights first is needed to reduce and eliminate toxic exposure and save lives and health.},
	language = {en},
	number = {0},
	urldate = {2024-05-13},
	journal = {Journal of Human Rights},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Utyasheva, Leah and Rother, Hanna-Andrea and London, Leslie and Eddleston, Michael},
	year = {2024},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/14754835.2024.2334802},
	keywords = {Blaming, Farmers, Pesticide regulation, Pesticide safety, Safe use, responsibility},
	pages = {1--22},
}

The negative effects of pesticide use in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are often blamed on the “misuse” of pesticides. The industry and government narrative is that the use of highly hazardous pesticides is safe when instructions are followed, and that harm occurs due to “irrational” and “improper” human behavior, linked to lack of knowledge by farmers. This assumption does not consider the real-life situations of pesticide users in LMICs, including structural, economic, and social barriers that make it impossible to follow “safety practices.” This “blame the farmer” narrative leads to ineffective risk mitigation measures, perpetuating and increasing people’s exposure to pesticide harms and endangering their lives. It is governments that allow the use of highly hazardous pesticides in their jurisdictions, and pesticide companies that produce them—not individual pesticide users in LMICs—who should bear the main responsibility for the prevention of the negative impact of these products. A human rights-based approach to pesticide management and the interpretation of international guidance that avoids the blaming narrative but puts real people, their health, and human rights first is needed to reduce and eliminate toxic exposure and save lives and health.

@article{merrerSaferUSAReception2024,
	title = {Safer than in the {USA}? {The} {Reception} of {Silent} {Spring} in {France} and the {Difficulties} in {Achieving} {European} {Regulations} on {Pesticides}, 1962–1976},
	volume = {17},
	shorttitle = {Safer than in the {USA}?},
	url = {https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/full/10.3828/whpge.63837646622494},
	doi = {10.3828/whpge.63837646622494},
	abstract = {From having been a net food importer before World War Two, France rapidly became a leading European agricultural producer and the world’s second largest agricultural exporter – a model fueled by extensive use of pesticides. How, then, was the French reception of Rachel Carson’s work on the association of pesticides with health issues and environmental damage? This article constructed a corpus of 288 publications debating Silent Spring from 1962 to 1975 to map the trajectory of the controversy. We also mobilise rich archives collections to document how key actors and institutions endeavoured to control the fire sparked by Printemps silencieux and slow down the progress of new Europe-wide regulations. Lastly, we illuminate how, by 1969–1976, export imperatives and associated market-harmonisation concerns were factors as important as environment and health concerns for explaining the ban of a few molecules and the first 1976 EEC Directive regulating residues levels.
This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2025-01-13},
	journal = {Global Environment},
	publisher = {Liverpool University Press},
	author = {Merrer, Bleuen and Dedieu, François and Pessis, Céline and Bonneuil, Christophe},
	month = jun,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {348--377},
}

From having been a net food importer before World War Two, France rapidly became a leading European agricultural producer and the world’s second largest agricultural exporter – a model fueled by extensive use of pesticides. How, then, was the French reception of Rachel Carson’s work on the association of pesticides with health issues and environmental damage? This article constructed a corpus of 288 publications debating Silent Spring from 1962 to 1975 to map the trajectory of the controversy. We also mobilise rich archives collections to document how key actors and institutions endeavoured to control the fire sparked by Printemps silencieux and slow down the progress of new Europe-wide regulations. Lastly, we illuminate how, by 1969–1976, export imperatives and associated market-harmonisation concerns were factors as important as environment and health concerns for explaining the ban of a few molecules and the first 1976 EEC Directive regulating residues levels. This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0.

@article{bureau-pointCestCommeMourir2024,
	title = {« {C}’est comme mourir pendant que nous sommes en vie ». {Le} problème des pesticides dans le quotidien des agriculteurs au {Cambodge}},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
	issn = {2030-5656, 1784-5734},
	url = {https://journals.openedition.org/emulations/2203},
	doi = {10.4000/1294k},
	abstract = {Les pesticides sont vendus à travers le monde dans le cadre de réglementations conçues pour encadrer leur usage. Pourtant, les problèmes sanitaires et environnementaux s’accumulent, tout particulièrement dans les pays du Sud comme le Cambodge où la capacité des institutions à faire appliquer la législation est relative. Cet article rend compte, à partir d’une approche anthropologique des pesticides centrée sur des fragments de leur vie sociale, de la manière dont ces substances se font et se défont dans le contexte particulier du Cambodge. À partir d’un focus sur les rencontres marchandes, et les expériences sensibles et pratiques avec les pesticides qui façonnent le quotidien des agriculteurs, l’article met en lumière les opérations de traduction qui se mettent en place pour permettre la circulation des pesticides. Un nouvel environnement toxique se construit qui contribue à renforcer le mythe de l’usage contrôlé dans le Sud Global. 
          ,  
            Pesticides are sold throughout the world under regulations designed to govern their use. Yet, health and environmental problems are piling up, especially in Global South countries such as Cambodia where the capacity of institutions to enforce legislation is relative. Based on an anthropological approach to pesticides that studies fragments of their ‘social lives’, this article analyses how these substances are socially made and remade in the particular context of Cambodia. The article focuses on market encounters, as well as on the users’ sensitive and practical experiences of pesticides, which shape the daily life of farmers. It highlights the operations of translation which enable the circulation of pesticides, in a context where the emergence of a new, toxic environment is reinforcing the myth of controlled use in the Global South.},
	urldate = {2025-09-14},
	journal = {Emulations},
	author = {Bureau-Point, Ève},
	year = {2024},
}

Les pesticides sont vendus à travers le monde dans le cadre de réglementations conçues pour encadrer leur usage. Pourtant, les problèmes sanitaires et environnementaux s’accumulent, tout particulièrement dans les pays du Sud comme le Cambodge où la capacité des institutions à faire appliquer la législation est relative. Cet article rend compte, à partir d’une approche anthropologique des pesticides centrée sur des fragments de leur vie sociale, de la manière dont ces substances se font et se défont dans le contexte particulier du Cambodge. À partir d’un focus sur les rencontres marchandes, et les expériences sensibles et pratiques avec les pesticides qui façonnent le quotidien des agriculteurs, l’article met en lumière les opérations de traduction qui se mettent en place pour permettre la circulation des pesticides. Un nouvel environnement toxique se construit qui contribue à renforcer le mythe de l’usage contrôlé dans le Sud Global. , Pesticides are sold throughout the world under regulations designed to govern their use. Yet, health and environmental problems are piling up, especially in Global South countries such as Cambodia where the capacity of institutions to enforce legislation is relative. Based on an anthropological approach to pesticides that studies fragments of their ‘social lives’, this article analyses how these substances are socially made and remade in the particular context of Cambodia. The article focuses on market encounters, as well as on the users’ sensitive and practical experiences of pesticides, which shape the daily life of farmers. It highlights the operations of translation which enable the circulation of pesticides, in a context where the emergence of a new, toxic environment is reinforcing the myth of controlled use in the Global South.

@phdthesis{perezcriadoHistoriaDDTEspana2024,
	address = {València},
	title = {Una historia del {DDT} en {España} (1939-1986): usos, riesgos y regulaciones},
	shorttitle = {Una historia del {DDT} en {España} (1939-1986)},
	url = {https://hdl.handle.net/10550/101640},
	abstract = {La investigación sobre el uso del DDT en España durante el período de 1939-1986 reviste una importancia histórica y científica significativa. Introducido como un poderoso insecticida, el DDT jugó un papel crucial en la erradicación de enfermedades transmitidas por insectos y en la protección de cultivos agrícolas. Sin embargo, su uso intensivo y prolongado desató preocupaciones ambientales y sanitarias debido a sus efectos adversos. La controversia en torno al DDT se centra en su persistencia en el medio ambiente y su bioacumulación en la cadena alimentaria, lo que ha llevado a debates sobre sus riesgos y beneficios. Este estudio se inserta en un contexto histórico donde las decisiones políticas, económicas y científicas interactuaron de manera compleja, influyendo en el uso y la regulación del DDT en España. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo principal analizar la implementación y el impacto del DDT en España, explorando su uso en diferentes espacios y evaluando las políticas y reacciones sociales ante su aplicación. Que pretende contribuir a un entendimiento más profundo del legado del DDT en el contexto español. Algunas de las preguntas de investigación incluyen: ¿Cuáles fueron las principales políticas y regulaciones que guiaron el uso del DDT en España? ¿Qué factores políticos y económicos influyeron en su adopción y posterior prohibición? ¿Cuáles fueron las percepciones y reacciones de la sociedad española ante el uso del DDT? Para llevar a cabo este estudio, se ha adoptado un enfoque fuertemente multidisciplinario que atraviesa la historia ambiental, la historia de la química y, la historia de la medicina. Se han utilizado fuentes documentales, incluyendo archivos gubernamentales, publicaciones científicas de la época, y artículos de prensa y archivos históricos para recolectar datos pertinentes. Los resultados de esta investigación revelan que el uso del DDT en España estuvo influenciado por factores políticos, económicos y sociales. Durante los primeros años de su introducción, el DDT fue ampliamente promovido por el gobierno franquista como una solución milagrosa para mejorar la salud pública y aumentar la productividad agrícola. Sin embargo, a medida que emergieron evidencias sobre sus efectos adversos, se generó un debate intenso entre defensores y críticos del DDT. Los datos indican que, aunque el DDT logró reducir la incidencia de enfermedades transmitidas por insectos, también causó daños significativos al medio ambiente y la salud humana, incluyendo efectos tóxicos en la fauna silvestre y bioacumulación en la cadena alimentaria. Las políticas de regulación del DDT evolucionaron lentamente, reflejando la tensión entre los intereses económicos y las crecientes preocupaciones ambientales. En conclusión, esta tesis contribuye a una comprensión más profunda del impacto del DDT en España, ofreciendo perspectivas valiosas para el diseño de políticas futuras sobre el uso de pesticidas. Las limitaciones del estudios incluyen, entre otras, la dificultad para acceder a algunos datos históricos.},
	language = {es},
	urldate = {2024-12-31},
	author = {Pérez Criado, Silvia},
	year = {2024},
}

La investigación sobre el uso del DDT en España durante el período de 1939-1986 reviste una importancia histórica y científica significativa. Introducido como un poderoso insecticida, el DDT jugó un papel crucial en la erradicación de enfermedades transmitidas por insectos y en la protección de cultivos agrícolas. Sin embargo, su uso intensivo y prolongado desató preocupaciones ambientales y sanitarias debido a sus efectos adversos. La controversia en torno al DDT se centra en su persistencia en el medio ambiente y su bioacumulación en la cadena alimentaria, lo que ha llevado a debates sobre sus riesgos y beneficios. Este estudio se inserta en un contexto histórico donde las decisiones políticas, económicas y científicas interactuaron de manera compleja, influyendo en el uso y la regulación del DDT en España. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo principal analizar la implementación y el impacto del DDT en España, explorando su uso en diferentes espacios y evaluando las políticas y reacciones sociales ante su aplicación. Que pretende contribuir a un entendimiento más profundo del legado del DDT en el contexto español. Algunas de las preguntas de investigación incluyen: ¿Cuáles fueron las principales políticas y regulaciones que guiaron el uso del DDT en España? ¿Qué factores políticos y económicos influyeron en su adopción y posterior prohibición? ¿Cuáles fueron las percepciones y reacciones de la sociedad española ante el uso del DDT? Para llevar a cabo este estudio, se ha adoptado un enfoque fuertemente multidisciplinario que atraviesa la historia ambiental, la historia de la química y, la historia de la medicina. Se han utilizado fuentes documentales, incluyendo archivos gubernamentales, publicaciones científicas de la época, y artículos de prensa y archivos históricos para recolectar datos pertinentes. Los resultados de esta investigación revelan que el uso del DDT en España estuvo influenciado por factores políticos, económicos y sociales. Durante los primeros años de su introducción, el DDT fue ampliamente promovido por el gobierno franquista como una solución milagrosa para mejorar la salud pública y aumentar la productividad agrícola. Sin embargo, a medida que emergieron evidencias sobre sus efectos adversos, se generó un debate intenso entre defensores y críticos del DDT. Los datos indican que, aunque el DDT logró reducir la incidencia de enfermedades transmitidas por insectos, también causó daños significativos al medio ambiente y la salud humana, incluyendo efectos tóxicos en la fauna silvestre y bioacumulación en la cadena alimentaria. Las políticas de regulación del DDT evolucionaron lentamente, reflejando la tensión entre los intereses económicos y las crecientes preocupaciones ambientales. En conclusión, esta tesis contribuye a una comprensión más profunda del impacto del DDT en España, ofreciendo perspectivas valiosas para el diseño de políticas futuras sobre el uso de pesticidas. Las limitaciones del estudios incluyen, entre otras, la dificultad para acceder a algunos datos históricos.

@book{creagerRiskTableFood2024,
	title = {Risk on the {Table}: {Food} {Production}, {Health}, and the {Environment}},
	isbn = {978-1-80539-736-6},
	publisher = {Berghahn Books},
	editor = {Creager, Angela N. H. and Gaudillière, Jean-Paul},
	month = nov,
	year = {2024},
}

@article{martinWarWeeds2024,
	title = {The {War} {On} {Weeds}},
	url = {https://www.noemamag.com/the-war-on-weeds/},
	language = {English},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Noema},
	author = {Martin, Laura J},
	year = {2024},
}

@article{zhaoTracingChinasAgrochemical2024,
	title = {Tracing {China}’s agrochemical complex},
	volume = {181},
	issn = {0305-750X},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X24001451},
	doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106675},
	abstract = {Chinese firms, both private and state-owned, have transformed the global agrochemical complex. China dominates exports of pesticides (particularly herbicides) and various kinds of nitrogen- and phosphorous-based fertilisers. And yet the precise nature of this transformation is poorly understood: where are Chinese agrochemicals made and by whom; in what ways is domestic production changing; which actors are active in the export market; and what is flowing where? In this article we begin to flesh out some of the detail of China’s massive agrochemical complex and its internal dynamics by examining key actors and flows in China’s agrochemical export industry. Our analysis is framed by insights drawn from the Global China literature and from pesticide studies. We find two distinct industries, both of which are in flux. Domestic environmental regulations and industry upgrading are reconfiguring the landscape for mining and chemical production, resulting in a scaling back of pesticide and fertiliser production, while mergers and acquisitions are concentrating production and export capacity in particular firms. Export flows are nonetheless growing in a generally favourable export environment. Concealed in the generic categories ‘pesticide’ and ‘fertiliser’ is the fact that different products go to different destinations and do so in patterns that complicate North-South categories. Our analysis highlights the need for new commodity geographies of Chinese-made agrochemicals that can account for production, circulation, and use.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-05},
	journal = {World Development},
	author = {Zhao, Yue and Rogers, Sarah},
	month = sep,
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Chemical geographies, Exports, Fertilizers, Global China, Global production networks, Pesticide studies},
	pages = {106675},
}

Chinese firms, both private and state-owned, have transformed the global agrochemical complex. China dominates exports of pesticides (particularly herbicides) and various kinds of nitrogen- and phosphorous-based fertilisers. And yet the precise nature of this transformation is poorly understood: where are Chinese agrochemicals made and by whom; in what ways is domestic production changing; which actors are active in the export market; and what is flowing where? In this article we begin to flesh out some of the detail of China’s massive agrochemical complex and its internal dynamics by examining key actors and flows in China’s agrochemical export industry. Our analysis is framed by insights drawn from the Global China literature and from pesticide studies. We find two distinct industries, both of which are in flux. Domestic environmental regulations and industry upgrading are reconfiguring the landscape for mining and chemical production, resulting in a scaling back of pesticide and fertiliser production, while mergers and acquisitions are concentrating production and export capacity in particular firms. Export flows are nonetheless growing in a generally favourable export environment. Concealed in the generic categories ‘pesticide’ and ‘fertiliser’ is the fact that different products go to different destinations and do so in patterns that complicate North-South categories. Our analysis highlights the need for new commodity geographies of Chinese-made agrochemicals that can account for production, circulation, and use.

@article{xuAgrochemicalComplexChina2024,
	title = {The agrochemical complex of {China}: historical, global and intersectoral connections},
	volume = {0},
	issn = {0306-6150},
	shorttitle = {The agrochemical complex of {China}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2024.2429477},
	doi = {10.1080/03066150.2024.2429477},
	abstract = {China is the world’s largest producer, exporter, and a key consumer of agrochemicals, with Chinese corporations dominating the global market. This paper, based on a literature review of both English and Chinese sources, provides a historical analysis of China's agrochemical industry. It highlights the insufficiencies and reductionism in existing studies, arguing that the sector is deeply intertwined with (i) China’s agrarian transformation, (ii) global interactions, and (iii) intersectoral connections. The paper calls for a more comprehensive framework to understand these dynamics historically, interactively and connectively. It aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the global agrochemical complex.},
	number = {0},
	urldate = {2025-01-23},
	journal = {The Journal of Peasant Studies},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Xu, Yunan and Chen, Yiyuan},
	year = {2024},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2024.2429477},
	keywords = {Agrochemical complex, China, China-global interaction, historical, intersectoral},
	pages = {1--28},
}

China is the world’s largest producer, exporter, and a key consumer of agrochemicals, with Chinese corporations dominating the global market. This paper, based on a literature review of both English and Chinese sources, provides a historical analysis of China's agrochemical industry. It highlights the insufficiencies and reductionism in existing studies, arguing that the sector is deeply intertwined with (i) China’s agrarian transformation, (ii) global interactions, and (iii) intersectoral connections. The paper calls for a more comprehensive framework to understand these dynamics historically, interactively and connectively. It aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the global agrochemical complex.

@article{PesticidesNousChercheurs2024,
	title = {Pesticides : « {Nous}, chercheurs et chercheuses, dénonçons une mise au placard des connaissances scientifiques »},
	shorttitle = {Pesticides},
	url = {https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2024/02/07/pesticides-nous-chercheurs-et-chercheuses-denoncons-une-mise-au-placard-des-connaissances-scientifiques_6215195_3232.html},
	abstract = {TRIBUNE. Des scientifiques soulignent, dans une tribune au « Monde », combien la mise en pause du plan Ecophyto, annoncée le 1ᵉʳ février par le premier ministre, Gabriel Attal, contredit l’objectif de réduction de l’usage des pesticides.},
	language = {fr},
	urldate = {2024-02-24},
	journal = {Le Monde.fr},
	month = feb,
	year = {2024},
}

TRIBUNE. Des scientifiques soulignent, dans une tribune au « Monde », combien la mise en pause du plan Ecophyto, annoncée le 1ᵉʳ février par le premier ministre, Gabriel Attal, contredit l’objectif de réduction de l’usage des pesticides.

@article{bureau-pointTailorMadePesticides2024,
	title = {Tailor made pesticides. {Understanding} the pesticides market in a productive agricultural region of the {Cambodian} {Mekong} {Delta}},
	volume = {17},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.3828/whpge.63837646622493},
	journal = {Global Environment},
	author = {Bureau-Point, Eve and Venot, Jean-Philippe and Heourn, Sreytouch},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {311--347},
}

@phdthesis{hermelin-burnolVivreSajusterRisque2024,
	address = {Poitiers},
	title = {Vivre et s'ajuster à un risque ordinaire. {Les} agriculteurs et l'exposition des riverains aux pesticides},
	school = {Université de Poitiers},
	author = {Hermelin-Burnol, Mathilde},
	year = {2024},
}

@article{goutilleOnlineCollaborativeResearch2024,
	title = {Online collaborative research on seasonal work. {Collective} capabilities to resist on precarious work and living conditions},
	issn = {10519815, 18759270},
	url = {https://www.medra.org/servlet/aliasResolver?alias=iospress&doi=10.3233/WOR-230744},
	doi = {10.3233/WOR-230744},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: The number of seasonal workers in the agricultural sector in France is increasing and their working conditions are difficult and disgraceful. While they have been shown in various studies to be subject to processes that result in them being unable to act on occupational health, some of them, mobilized online, have formed a collective whose is permitted them to develop collective actions. OBJECTIVES: Our article aims to describe this online collective and how the power to act emerged from the discussions. The purpose it’s also to determine how the functioning of these groups fosters the expression of a collective point of view and the achievement of goals that is not attained elsewhere. METHODS: We carried out a collaborative research online with a collective of seasonal workers, which consisted in following and taking part in discussions about conditions at work and outside of work, using an instant messaging tool. The results of this collaborative research, included testimonies registration and co-produced with seasonal workers, has been analyzed mobilizing A. Sen’s capabilities approach. RESULTS: During their online discussions, the seasonal workers allow themselves to share the situations of injustice they are subject to with the other members. Here, we present their output and collective actions which were made possible by the mobilization of the resources of some of their members or by collaborating with other actors. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of the remarkable conversion factors made available through this collective action online, certain “failures” show that in order for these workers to have better access to their rights, effective support by public policy is indispensable.},
	urldate = {2024-12-02},
	journal = {Work},
	author = {Goutille, Fabienne and Degbelo, Agossé Nadège and Calleja, Cecilia and Garrigou, Alain and Candau, Jacqueline},
	month = aug,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {1--16},
}

BACKGROUND: The number of seasonal workers in the agricultural sector in France is increasing and their working conditions are difficult and disgraceful. While they have been shown in various studies to be subject to processes that result in them being unable to act on occupational health, some of them, mobilized online, have formed a collective whose is permitted them to develop collective actions. OBJECTIVES: Our article aims to describe this online collective and how the power to act emerged from the discussions. The purpose it’s also to determine how the functioning of these groups fosters the expression of a collective point of view and the achievement of goals that is not attained elsewhere. METHODS: We carried out a collaborative research online with a collective of seasonal workers, which consisted in following and taking part in discussions about conditions at work and outside of work, using an instant messaging tool. The results of this collaborative research, included testimonies registration and co-produced with seasonal workers, has been analyzed mobilizing A. Sen’s capabilities approach. RESULTS: During their online discussions, the seasonal workers allow themselves to share the situations of injustice they are subject to with the other members. Here, we present their output and collective actions which were made possible by the mobilization of the resources of some of their members or by collaborating with other actors. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of the remarkable conversion factors made available through this collective action online, certain “failures” show that in order for these workers to have better access to their rights, effective support by public policy is indispensable.

@incollection{degbeloInegaleLiberteParole2024,
	address = {Toulouse},
	edition = {Octarès},
	series = {Travail et {Activités} humaines},
	title = {Inégale liberté de parole en contexte d'exposition révélée. {Enquête} auprès de viticulteurs et de carottiers},
	isbn = {978-2-36630-139-7},
	language = {français},
	booktitle = {Exposition aux pesticides},
	author = {Degbelo, Agossè Nadège and Candau, Jacqueline and Ginelli, Ludovic and Cazals, Clarisse},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {pp.97--114},
}

@incollection{degbeloLexpositionAuxPesticides2024,
	address = {Toulouse},
	edition = {Octarès},
	series = {Travail et {Activités} humaines},
	title = {L'exposition aux pesticides : sciences de la santé et sciences humaines et sociales en discussion},
	isbn = {978-2-36630-139-7},
	language = {français},
	booktitle = {Exposition aux pesticides},
	author = {Degbelo, Agossè Nadège},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {pp.13--39},
}

@book{grandiaKernelsResistanceMaize2024,
	title = {Kernels of {Resistance}: {Maize}, {Food} {Sovereignty}, and {Collective} {Power}},
	isbn = {978-0-295-75329-4 978-0-295-75330-0},
	shorttitle = {Kernels of {Resistance}},
	url = {https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/98233},
	abstract = {The story of how Mesoamerican food activists faced down Monsanto . . . and won 
  
 Right before the 2014 World Cup, US trade interests pressured Guatemala’s legislature into lifting its national ban on genetically modified (GM) crops and criminalizing traditional seed saving practices. Maya elders responded with a campaign of mass civil disobedience, blocking highways until the Guatemalan Congress repealed this “Monsanto Law.” Uniting rural and urban Guatemalans, this uprising spotlighted the existential threat of GM corn to the livelihood, dignity, and cultural heritage of maize-producing milperos (small farmers) throughout Mesoamerica. Ten years later, Mexico is also facing down US trade aggression to defend a 2020 presidential ban on the import of GM corn for human consumption.  
  
 Liza Grandia chronicles how diverse coalitions in Mexico and Guatemala have defended their sacred maize against corporate threats to privatize it. Rather than just “voting with their forks” like the consumer-driven US food movement, Mesoamerican farmers and their allies have voted with their feet through direct action. In a world of interconnected trade, their victories chart a path that other food movements might follow. They also show how everyday people can demand better regulatory protections for environmental health and forge more climate-resilient agricultural systems with native seed saving. 
  
 Dramatic and timely, Kernels of Resistance celebrates this Indigenous triumph over corporate greed.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2025-05-04},
	publisher = {University of Washington Press},
	author = {Grandia, Liza},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Accepted: 2025-02-06T11:33:47Z},
	keywords = {Agriculture, agribusiness and food production industries, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KNA Agribusiness and primary industries, Cultural studies: food and society, Environment, Finance, Geography, Indigenous peoples, Planning::RN The environment::RNK Conservation of the environment, communities and identities::JBSL Ethnic studies::JBSL1 Ethnic groups and multicultural studies::JBSL11 Indigenous peoples, thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCC Cultural studies::JBCC4 Cultural studies: food and society, thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBS Social groups, thema EDItEUR::K Economics, thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences},
}

The story of how Mesoamerican food activists faced down Monsanto . . . and won Right before the 2014 World Cup, US trade interests pressured Guatemala’s legislature into lifting its national ban on genetically modified (GM) crops and criminalizing traditional seed saving practices. Maya elders responded with a campaign of mass civil disobedience, blocking highways until the Guatemalan Congress repealed this “Monsanto Law.” Uniting rural and urban Guatemalans, this uprising spotlighted the existential threat of GM corn to the livelihood, dignity, and cultural heritage of maize-producing milperos (small farmers) throughout Mesoamerica. Ten years later, Mexico is also facing down US trade aggression to defend a 2020 presidential ban on the import of GM corn for human consumption. Liza Grandia chronicles how diverse coalitions in Mexico and Guatemala have defended their sacred maize against corporate threats to privatize it. Rather than just “voting with their forks” like the consumer-driven US food movement, Mesoamerican farmers and their allies have voted with their feet through direct action. In a world of interconnected trade, their victories chart a path that other food movements might follow. They also show how everyday people can demand better regulatory protections for environmental health and forge more climate-resilient agricultural systems with native seed saving. Dramatic and timely, Kernels of Resistance celebrates this Indigenous triumph over corporate greed.

@article{coudreauIntroductionSilentSprings2024,
	title = {Introduction: {Silent} {Springs}. {Global} {Histories} of {Pesticides} and our {Toxic} {World}(s)},
	volume = {17},
	shorttitle = {Introduction},
	url = {https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/full/10.3828/whpge.63837646622488},
	doi = {10.3828/whpge.63837646622488},
	abstract = {This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-09-05},
	journal = {Global Environment},
	publisher = {Liverpool University Press},
	author = {Coudreau, Marin and Pessis, Céline},
	month = jun,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {186--199},
}

This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0.

@article{meunierUnderstandingChangesReducing2024,
	title = {Understanding changes in reducing pesticide use by farmers: {Contribution} of the behavioural sciences},
	volume = {214},
	issn = {0308-521X},
	shorttitle = {Understanding changes in reducing pesticide use by farmers},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X23002238},
	doi = {10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103818},
	abstract = {CONTEXT
Pesticide use in agriculture has serious impacts on the environment, biodiversity and human health. Even though these strong negative impacts have been identified for decades, the reduction of phytosanitary products is becoming increasingly urgent. Agricultural land is a socio-ecological system in which environmental, economic, agronomic and social components are closely linked and interact in a non-linear and complex way. As such, it has become evident that pesticide reduction can only be achieved by jointly considering these different elements of the socio-ecosystem.
OBJECTIVE
In this article, we first discuss the behavioural factors involved in changing agricultural practices with a focus on pesticide practices. We then attempt to assess the respective influence of these factors on farming practices. Finally, we analyse how these behavioural factors could be used to induce concrete changes towards the adoption of environmentally friendly practices and question their consideration in future research.
METHODS
To do so, we undertake a literature review: we analyse a wide range of articles using a behavioural science framework. To anchor our work in agricultural reality, we illustrate the review of the behavioural factors using verbatim transcriptions taken from several interviews with farmers. Based on our corpus, we focus on nine articles to better understand the relative influences of these factors in the studies and highlight five case studies to explore the activation of these factors through action levers.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
We identify fourteen factors operating at three different levels: individual, social and external. These factors likely interact with each other, thus enhancing their effect on the changes in agricultural practices. Some behavioural factors described in this review are not explored in the few articles that attempt to compare their importance, thus rendering our understanding of their relative importance only partial. We observe that some factors are more easily translated into levers for changing pesticide practices, although this depends on the scale of the studies and the object of change under consideration.
SIGNIFICANCE
We believe that the behavioural sciences can provide a better insight into the multiple dynamics at play with regard to the changes in agricultural practices and production systems. We hope that this article will not only strengthen the relevance and use of the behavioural sciences to address these issues but will also allow for a more realistic conceptualisation of farming behaviours in future research.},
	urldate = {2024-06-17},
	journal = {Agricultural Systems},
	author = {Meunier, Elliot and Smith, Pauline and Griessinger, Thibaud and Robert, Corinne},
	month = feb,
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Agriculture, Behavioural sciences, Decision-making, Pesticides, Sustainability},
	pages = {103818},
}

CONTEXT Pesticide use in agriculture has serious impacts on the environment, biodiversity and human health. Even though these strong negative impacts have been identified for decades, the reduction of phytosanitary products is becoming increasingly urgent. Agricultural land is a socio-ecological system in which environmental, economic, agronomic and social components are closely linked and interact in a non-linear and complex way. As such, it has become evident that pesticide reduction can only be achieved by jointly considering these different elements of the socio-ecosystem. OBJECTIVE In this article, we first discuss the behavioural factors involved in changing agricultural practices with a focus on pesticide practices. We then attempt to assess the respective influence of these factors on farming practices. Finally, we analyse how these behavioural factors could be used to induce concrete changes towards the adoption of environmentally friendly practices and question their consideration in future research. METHODS To do so, we undertake a literature review: we analyse a wide range of articles using a behavioural science framework. To anchor our work in agricultural reality, we illustrate the review of the behavioural factors using verbatim transcriptions taken from several interviews with farmers. Based on our corpus, we focus on nine articles to better understand the relative influences of these factors in the studies and highlight five case studies to explore the activation of these factors through action levers. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We identify fourteen factors operating at three different levels: individual, social and external. These factors likely interact with each other, thus enhancing their effect on the changes in agricultural practices. Some behavioural factors described in this review are not explored in the few articles that attempt to compare their importance, thus rendering our understanding of their relative importance only partial. We observe that some factors are more easily translated into levers for changing pesticide practices, although this depends on the scale of the studies and the object of change under consideration. SIGNIFICANCE We believe that the behavioural sciences can provide a better insight into the multiple dynamics at play with regard to the changes in agricultural practices and production systems. We hope that this article will not only strengthen the relevance and use of the behavioural sciences to address these issues but will also allow for a more realistic conceptualisation of farming behaviours in future research.

@book{jouzelLagricultureEmpoisonneeLong2024,
	title = {L'agriculture empoisonnée: {Le} long combat des victimes de pesticides},
	isbn = {978-2-7246-4147-9},
	shorttitle = {L'agriculture empoisonnée},
	abstract = {Le 19 mars 2011, une dizaine d’agriculteurs se retrouvent à Ruffec. Ils sont accueillis sur l’exploitation céréalière de Paul François, victime sept ans plus tôt d’une intoxication massive par un pesticide de la société Monsanto, et atteint depuis de troubles neurologiques. Les autres agriculteurs présents souffrent également de pathologies chroniques lourdes. Ce jour-là est créée Phyto-victimes. Ce livre repose sur une enquête au long cours auprès de la première association d’agriculteurs victimes des pesticides en France. Il raconte le long chemin emprunté par les agriculteurs pour se dire victime et obtenir réparation. Il pointe le rôle décisif joué par les proches familiaux, certains médecins, des acteurs syndicaux, des militants environnementalistes, des avocats, des journalistes. Jean-Noël Jouzel est directeur de recherche CNRS au CSO (Centre de sociologie des organisations, Sciences Po). Il est notamment l'auteur de Pesticides. Comment ignorer ce que l'on sait (Presses de Sciences Po, 2019). Maître de conférences en sociologie à l'Université Paris 13, Giovanni Prete est cherhceur à l'IRIS (Institut de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les enjeux sociaux) et au CSO.},
	language = {fr},
	publisher = {Presses de Sciences Po},
	author = {Jouzel, Jean-Noël and Prete, Giovanni},
	month = jan,
	year = {2024},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: nxDqEAAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {Social Science / General},
}

Le 19 mars 2011, une dizaine d’agriculteurs se retrouvent à Ruffec. Ils sont accueillis sur l’exploitation céréalière de Paul François, victime sept ans plus tôt d’une intoxication massive par un pesticide de la société Monsanto, et atteint depuis de troubles neurologiques. Les autres agriculteurs présents souffrent également de pathologies chroniques lourdes. Ce jour-là est créée Phyto-victimes. Ce livre repose sur une enquête au long cours auprès de la première association d’agriculteurs victimes des pesticides en France. Il raconte le long chemin emprunté par les agriculteurs pour se dire victime et obtenir réparation. Il pointe le rôle décisif joué par les proches familiaux, certains médecins, des acteurs syndicaux, des militants environnementalistes, des avocats, des journalistes. Jean-Noël Jouzel est directeur de recherche CNRS au CSO (Centre de sociologie des organisations, Sciences Po). Il est notamment l'auteur de Pesticides. Comment ignorer ce que l'on sait (Presses de Sciences Po, 2019). Maître de conférences en sociologie à l'Université Paris 13, Giovanni Prete est cherhceur à l'IRIS (Institut de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les enjeux sociaux) et au CSO.

@misc{pretePesticidesVersMeilleure2024,
	title = {Pesticides : vers une meilleure reconnaissance des effets sur la santé des enfants d’agriculteurs},
	shorttitle = {Pesticides},
	url = {http://theconversation.com/pesticides-vers-une-meilleure-reconnaissance-des-effets-sur-la-sante-des-enfants-dagriculteurs-222330},
	abstract = {Un enfant peut être atteint d’une pathologie parce qu’un de ses parents a été exposé aux pesticides dans un cadre professionnel. Obtenir une reconnaissance et une réparation est un long parcours.},
	language = {fr-FR},
	urldate = {2024-03-02},
	journal = {The Conversation},
	author = {Prete, Giovanni and Haraux, Elodie and Jouzel, Jean-Noël and Chamot, Sylvain},
	month = feb,
	year = {2024},
}

Un enfant peut être atteint d’une pathologie parce qu’un de ses parents a été exposé aux pesticides dans un cadre professionnel. Obtenir une reconnaissance et une réparation est un long parcours.

@article{jouzelFleursPesticidesMaladies2024,
	title = {Fleurs, pesticides et maladies professionnelles},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384738189_Fleurs_pesticides_et_maladies_professionnelles},
	abstract = {This article explores flower industry workers exposition to pesticide. It analyses the case of a flower worker who seek workers'compensation},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-12-04},
	journal = {AOC. Analyse, Opinion, Critique.},
	author = {Jouzel, Jean-Noel and Prete, Giovanni},
	month = mar,
	year = {2024},
}

This article explores flower industry workers exposition to pesticide. It analyses the case of a flower worker who seek workers'compensation

@article{mansfieldNewCriticalSocial2024,
	title = {A new critical social science research agenda on pesticides},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {1572-8366},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-023-10492-w},
	doi = {10.1007/s10460-023-10492-w},
	abstract = {The global pesticide complex has transformed over the past two decades, but social science research has not kept pace. The rise of an enormous generics sector, shifts in geographies of pesticide production, and dynamics of agrarian change have led to more pesticide use, expanding to farm systems that hitherto used few such inputs. Declining effectiveness due to pesticide resistance and anemic institutional support for non-chemical alternatives also have driven intensification in conventional systems. As an inter-disciplinary network of pesticide scholars, we seek to renew the social science research agenda on pesticides to better understand this suite of contemporary changes. To identify research priorities, challenges, and opportunities, we develop the pesticide complex as a heuristic device to highlight the reciprocal and iterative interactions among agricultural practice, the agrochemical industry, civil society-shaped regulatory actions, and contested knowledge of toxicity. Ultimately, collaborations among social scientists and across the social and biophysical sciences can illuminate recent transformations and their uneven socioecological effects. A reinvigorated critical scholarship that embraces the multifaceted nature of pesticides can identify the social and ecological constraints that drive pesticide use and support alternatives to chemically driven industrial agriculture.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	journal = {Agriculture and Human Values},
	author = {Mansfield, Becky and Werner, Marion and Berndt, Christian and Shattuck, Annie and Galt, Ryan and Williams, Bryan and Argüelles, Lucía and Barri, Fernando Rafael and Ishii, Marcia and Kunin, Johana and Lapegna, Pablo and Romero, Adam and Caicedo, Andres and {Abhigya} and Castro-Vargas, María Soledad and Marquez, Emily and Ojeda, Diana and Ramirez, Fernando and Tittor, Anne},
	month = jun,
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Global pesticide complex, Pesticide industry, Pesticide regulation, Pesticide social science research agenda, Pesticide toxicity, Pesticides},
	pages = {395--412},
}

The global pesticide complex has transformed over the past two decades, but social science research has not kept pace. The rise of an enormous generics sector, shifts in geographies of pesticide production, and dynamics of agrarian change have led to more pesticide use, expanding to farm systems that hitherto used few such inputs. Declining effectiveness due to pesticide resistance and anemic institutional support for non-chemical alternatives also have driven intensification in conventional systems. As an inter-disciplinary network of pesticide scholars, we seek to renew the social science research agenda on pesticides to better understand this suite of contemporary changes. To identify research priorities, challenges, and opportunities, we develop the pesticide complex as a heuristic device to highlight the reciprocal and iterative interactions among agricultural practice, the agrochemical industry, civil society-shaped regulatory actions, and contested knowledge of toxicity. Ultimately, collaborations among social scientists and across the social and biophysical sciences can illuminate recent transformations and their uneven socioecological effects. A reinvigorated critical scholarship that embraces the multifaceted nature of pesticides can identify the social and ecological constraints that drive pesticide use and support alternatives to chemically driven industrial agriculture.

@article{castanonballivianSimplisticNarrativesDynamic2024,
	title = {Beyond simplistic narratives: {Dynamic} farmers, precarity and the politics of agribusiness expansion},
	volume = {24},
	copyright = {© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Agrarian Change published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.},
	issn = {1471-0366},
	shorttitle = {Beyond simplistic narratives},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/joac.12602},
	doi = {10.1111/joac.12602},
	abstract = {Agribusiness expansion is usually framed around two competing narratives. On the one hand, advocates present it as a promising vehicle to modernise agriculture and integrate small farmers into global value chains. On the other hand, critics denounce it as a top-down corporate assault to monopolise agriculture and dispossess peasants of land. Despite their differences, these contrasting narratives tend to share a reductionistic capital-centric bias as they are mainly focused on the alleged benefits/dangers of the ‘arrival’ of agribusiness corporate capital. Although simplistic, these narratives have been politically effective in shaping the public debate and thus should be exposed to critical challenge. Drawing on my ethnographic research in eastern lowland Bolivia, I show how both narratives fail to capture the complexity of an actually existing agribusiness structure. My grounded analysis of the process of agrarian change focuses on the changing labour dynamics among campesinos who have striven to become prosperous soy producers. Faced with bleak prospects and structural insecurity, they have been articulating a political practice around the notion of precarity. I argue that this emerging politics from below deserves more attention as an important terrain of political struggles of classes of labour.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2025-05-04},
	journal = {Journal of Agrarian Change},
	author = {Castañón Ballivián, Enrique},
	year = {2024},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/joac.12602},
	keywords = {Bolivia, La Vía Campesina, World Bank, classes of labour, globalisation, neoliberal},
	pages = {e12602},
}

Agribusiness expansion is usually framed around two competing narratives. On the one hand, advocates present it as a promising vehicle to modernise agriculture and integrate small farmers into global value chains. On the other hand, critics denounce it as a top-down corporate assault to monopolise agriculture and dispossess peasants of land. Despite their differences, these contrasting narratives tend to share a reductionistic capital-centric bias as they are mainly focused on the alleged benefits/dangers of the ‘arrival’ of agribusiness corporate capital. Although simplistic, these narratives have been politically effective in shaping the public debate and thus should be exposed to critical challenge. Drawing on my ethnographic research in eastern lowland Bolivia, I show how both narratives fail to capture the complexity of an actually existing agribusiness structure. My grounded analysis of the process of agrarian change focuses on the changing labour dynamics among campesinos who have striven to become prosperous soy producers. Faced with bleak prospects and structural insecurity, they have been articulating a political practice around the notion of precarity. I argue that this emerging politics from below deserves more attention as an important terrain of political struggles of classes of labour.

@article{lapegnaRegulationPracticeSituated2024,
	title = {Between {Regulation} and {Practice}: {Situated} {Pesticide} {Governance} in {Argentina}},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {1936-6167},
	shorttitle = {Between {Regulation} and {Practice}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-023-09422-y},
	doi = {10.1007/s12116-023-09422-y},
	abstract = {Since the 1990s, agribusiness expansion in Argentina involved the exponential growth of pesticide use throughout the country. Pesticide exposure has become a widespread problem in rural areas and farming towns, but protests and conflicts about this issue are the exception rather than the norm. Why? Based on archival work, interviews, and ethnographic observations, in this paper, we scrutinize pesticide governance at the subnational scale to elucidate this puzzle, focusing on a) informal arrangements (face-to-face negotiations between pesticide users and people affected by them), b) juridical conflicts (lawsuits against farmers over exposure of people and crops to herbicides), and c) regulatory challenges (when rural populations and environmentalists push for local ordinances to curb pesticide exposure). We find that local cultural codes encourage informal agreements and that social inequalities prevent conflicts from arising in the public sphere. The interventions of social movements and civil society organizations (or lack thereof) and the mobilization of expertise also shape pesticide governance. Our analysis highlights that pesticide governance is context-dependent or situated, and informed by subtle but significant power asymmetries.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
	journal = {Studies in Comparative International Development},
	author = {Lapegna, Pablo and Kunin, Johana and Palmisano, Tomás},
	month = jan,
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {Agrochemical exposure, Argentina, Environmental mobilization, Farming, Herbicides, Hierarchical relationships, Informal arrangements, Juridical conflicts, Local cultural codes, Local regulations, Pesticide drift, Power asymmetries},
	pages = {288--312},
}

Since the 1990s, agribusiness expansion in Argentina involved the exponential growth of pesticide use throughout the country. Pesticide exposure has become a widespread problem in rural areas and farming towns, but protests and conflicts about this issue are the exception rather than the norm. Why? Based on archival work, interviews, and ethnographic observations, in this paper, we scrutinize pesticide governance at the subnational scale to elucidate this puzzle, focusing on a) informal arrangements (face-to-face negotiations between pesticide users and people affected by them), b) juridical conflicts (lawsuits against farmers over exposure of people and crops to herbicides), and c) regulatory challenges (when rural populations and environmentalists push for local ordinances to curb pesticide exposure). We find that local cultural codes encourage informal agreements and that social inequalities prevent conflicts from arising in the public sphere. The interventions of social movements and civil society organizations (or lack thereof) and the mobilization of expertise also shape pesticide governance. Our analysis highlights that pesticide governance is context-dependent or situated, and informed by subtle but significant power asymmetries.

@article{gagnonTempsEstVenu2024,
	chapter = {Commentaire},
	title = {Le temps est venu d’améliorer la transparence à l’{Agence} de réglementation de la lutte antiparasitaire de {Santé} {Canada}},
	volume = {196},
	copyright = {© 2024 CMA Impact Inc. or its licensors. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) licence, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original publication is properly cited, the use is noncommercial (i.e., research or educational use), and no modifications or adaptations are made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/},
	issn = {0820-3946, 1488-2329},
	url = {https://www.cmaj.ca/content/196/6/E206},
	doi = {10.1503/cmaj.231089-f},
	abstract = {[Voir la version anglaise de l’article ici: www.cmaj.ca/lookup/doi/10.1503/cmaj.231089][1]

Points clés
En 2021, l’Agence de réglementation de la lutte antiparasitaire (ARLA) de Santé Canada a proposé de doubler la limite maximale de résidus de glyphosate dans certains aliments, comme l’},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2024-05-09},
	journal = {CMAJ},
	publisher = {CMAJ},
	author = {Gagnon, Marc-André and Bacon, Marie-Hélène},
	month = feb,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {E206--E208},
}

[Voir la version anglaise de l’article ici: www.cmaj.ca/lookup/doi/10.1503/cmaj.231089][1] Points clés En 2021, l’Agence de réglementation de la lutte antiparasitaire (ARLA) de Santé Canada a proposé de doubler la limite maximale de résidus de glyphosate dans certains aliments, comme l’

@incollection{vandelacInternationalRegulatoryFramework2024,
	title = {An {International} {Regulatory} {Framework} to {Reduce} the {Impacts} of {Pesticides} on {Health}, {Water}, {Biodiversity}, {Ecocide}, and {Planetary} {Boundary} {Crossings}},
	isbn = {978-65-88299-55-5},
	url = {https://ipws.global/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Impacts_of_Pesticides_Use-2.pdf},
	abstract = {IPSA: Global Initiative to Ban Harmful Pesticides - Join Us in Protecting Health and the Environment. Act Now!},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2024-05-21},
	booktitle = {Impacts of {Pesticides} {Use} {And} {International} {Regulation}},
	publisher = {IPSA, CIRAT, ESMPU},
	author = {Vandelac, Louise and Bacon, Marie-Hélène},
	editor = {Bombardi, Larissa Mies and Ribeiro, Sergio Augusto and Cassimiro da Silva, Gabriela},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {293--301},
}

IPSA: Global Initiative to Ban Harmful Pesticides - Join Us in Protecting Health and the Environment. Act Now!

@article{aulagnierConnaissancesLocaliseesAu2024,
	title = {Des connaissances localisées au service de l’action publique ? {La} double altération de « l’agronomie système » dans les politiques de réduction de l’usage des pesticides},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {2551-8313},
	shorttitle = {Des connaissances localisées au service de l’action publique ?},
	url = {https://shs.cairn.info/revue-zilsel-2024-1-page-209},
	doi = {10.3917/zil.014.0209},
	language = {fr},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-10-01},
	journal = {Zilsel},
	publisher = {Éditions du Croquant},
	author = {Aulagnier, Alexis},
	month = nov,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {209--231},
}

@article{goutilleResumeTheseNe2023,
	title = {Résumé de thèse. “{Ne} plus ignorer les agriculteurs. {Contribution} de l’ergonomie à la prévention du risque pesticides en milieu viticole”},
	volume = {20-2},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/},
	issn = {1765-2723},
	url = {https://journals.openedition.org/activites/8965},
	doi = {10.4000/activites.8965},
	urldate = {2026-05-29},
	journal = {Activites},
	author = {Goutille, Fabienne},
	year = {2023},
}

@article{goutilleUsoTecnologiasPrecisao2023,
	title = {O uso de tecnologias de precisão : recursos e limitações no trabalho agrícola},
	volume = {19},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/},
	issn = {1646-5237},
	shorttitle = {O uso de tecnologias de precisão},
	url = {https://journals.openedition.org/laboreal/20356},
	doi = {10.4000/laboreal.20356},
	abstract = {No processo de concepção e introdução das tecnologias de precisão em meio agrícola, há uma desproporção entre os aspectos de produtividade esperada e a atenção prestada aos seus usos e aos seus efeitos na saúde dos agricultores. É esta dinâmica que a ergonomia tenta restabelecer através da análise da atividade de trabalho. Neste artigo, questionamos, através da ergonomía, a agricultura de precisão, os recursos que esta oferece aos agricultores, bem como as limitações que provoca no trabalho real. Por fim, propomos recorrer à análise da atividade a diferentes níveis para acompanhar os agricultores nas escolhas que têm de fazer e pensar de forma diferente a conceção e desenvolvimento destas novas tecnologias.
          , 
            En los procesos de diseño e introducción de las tecnologías de precisión en la agricultura, existe una desproporción entre los aspectos de productividad esperados y la atención prestada a sus usos y a los efectos que generan en la salud de los agricultores. Es esta dinámica la que la ergonomía intenta restablecer mediante el análisis de la actividad laboral. En este artículo, nos servimos de la ergonomía para cuestionar la agricultura de precisión, los recursos que ofrece a los agricultores, así como las limitaciones que genera en el trabajo real. Por último, proponemos analizar la actividad a distintos niveles para apoyar a los agricultores en las decisiones que deben de tomar y plantear de forma diferente el diseño y el desarrollo de estas nuevas tecnologías.
          , 
            Dans les processus de conception et d’introduction des technologies de précision en milieu agricole, il existe une disproportion entre les enjeux de productivité escomptés et l’attention portée à leurs usages et aux effets sur la santé des agriculteurs. C’est cette dynamique que l’ergonomie tente de rétablir par l’analyse de l’activité de travail. Dans cet article, nous mobilisons l’ergonomie pour questionner l’agriculture de précision, les ressources qu’elle offre aux agriculteurs de même que les contraintes qu’elle génère dans le travail réel. Finalement, nous proposons de développer l’analyse de l’activité à différentes échelles pour accompagner les agriculteurs dans les choix qui s’imposent à eux et penser autrement la conception et le développement de ces nouvelles technologies.
          , 
            In the processes of designing and introducing precision technologies in agriculture, there is a disproportion between the expected productivity aspects and the attention paid to their uses and their effects on the health of farmers. It is this dynamic that ergonomics tries to restore through work activity analysis. In this article, we use ergonomics to question precision agriculture, the resources it offers to farmers as well as the constraints it generates in real work. Finally, we suggest that activity work analysis of different levels be used to support farmers in the choices they have to make and to take a new approach to designing and developing these new technologies.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2026-05-29},
	journal = {Laboreal},
	author = {Goutille, Fabienne and Albert, Marion and Fredj, Julie and Pannetier, Johanna and Garrigou, Alain and Nascimento, Adelaide and Jolly, Caroline},
	translator = {Dubois, Sophie},
	year = {2023},
}

No processo de concepção e introdução das tecnologias de precisão em meio agrícola, há uma desproporção entre os aspectos de produtividade esperada e a atenção prestada aos seus usos e aos seus efeitos na saúde dos agricultores. É esta dinâmica que a ergonomia tenta restabelecer através da análise da atividade de trabalho. Neste artigo, questionamos, através da ergonomía, a agricultura de precisão, os recursos que esta oferece aos agricultores, bem como as limitações que provoca no trabalho real. Por fim, propomos recorrer à análise da atividade a diferentes níveis para acompanhar os agricultores nas escolhas que têm de fazer e pensar de forma diferente a conceção e desenvolvimento destas novas tecnologias. , En los procesos de diseño e introducción de las tecnologías de precisión en la agricultura, existe una desproporción entre los aspectos de productividad esperados y la atención prestada a sus usos y a los efectos que generan en la salud de los agricultores. Es esta dinámica la que la ergonomía intenta restablecer mediante el análisis de la actividad laboral. En este artículo, nos servimos de la ergonomía para cuestionar la agricultura de precisión, los recursos que ofrece a los agricultores, así como las limitaciones que genera en el trabajo real. Por último, proponemos analizar la actividad a distintos niveles para apoyar a los agricultores en las decisiones que deben de tomar y plantear de forma diferente el diseño y el desarrollo de estas nuevas tecnologías. , Dans les processus de conception et d’introduction des technologies de précision en milieu agricole, il existe une disproportion entre les enjeux de productivité escomptés et l’attention portée à leurs usages et aux effets sur la santé des agriculteurs. C’est cette dynamique que l’ergonomie tente de rétablir par l’analyse de l’activité de travail. Dans cet article, nous mobilisons l’ergonomie pour questionner l’agriculture de précision, les ressources qu’elle offre aux agriculteurs de même que les contraintes qu’elle génère dans le travail réel. Finalement, nous proposons de développer l’analyse de l’activité à différentes échelles pour accompagner les agriculteurs dans les choix qui s’imposent à eux et penser autrement la conception et le développement de ces nouvelles technologies. , In the processes of designing and introducing precision technologies in agriculture, there is a disproportion between the expected productivity aspects and the attention paid to their uses and their effects on the health of farmers. It is this dynamic that ergonomics tries to restore through work activity analysis. In this article, we use ergonomics to question precision agriculture, the resources it offers to farmers as well as the constraints it generates in real work. Finally, we suggest that activity work analysis of different levels be used to support farmers in the choices they have to make and to take a new approach to designing and developing these new technologies.

@article{shattuckGlobalPesticideUse2023,
	title = {Global pesticide use and trade database ({GloPUT}): {New} estimates show pesticide use trends in low-income countries substantially underestimated},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {0959-3780},
	shorttitle = {Global pesticide use and trade database ({GloPUT})},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378023000596},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102693},
	abstract = {Assessments of pesticide impacts globally and holistic policies to address them require accurate pesticide use data, but good use data are difficult to find. For comparable estimates across countries, researchers and policymakers depend upon pesticide use data collected by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). We analyze the FAO database and find declines in data reporting and data quality since 2007. We present a novel method that uses bilateral paired mirror trade statistics and an index of reporter reliability to add, update and/or replace data for 137 countries. The resulting Global Pesticide Use and Trade (GloPUT) database shows pesticide use in low and lower-middle income countries has been substantially underestimated. Over the last decade, global pesticide use grew 20\% by volume; use in low-income countries grew by 153\% over the same period. GloPUT estimates more accurately reflect social science findings on recent agrichemical supply chain restructuring and agrarian development, which indicate substantial increases in pesticide use. Significant issues with data reporting and quality mean that the impacts of recent changes in pesticide production, availability and adoption were not reflected in the FAO database, and, as a result, neither are they reflected in high profile environmental assessments.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-06-09},
	journal = {Global Environmental Change},
	author = {Shattuck, Annie and Werner, Marion and Mempel, Finn and Dunivin, Zackary and Galt, Ryan},
	month = jul,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Agricultural development, Environmental health, Human-environment geography, Pesticide trade, Pesticides},
	pages = {102693},
}

Assessments of pesticide impacts globally and holistic policies to address them require accurate pesticide use data, but good use data are difficult to find. For comparable estimates across countries, researchers and policymakers depend upon pesticide use data collected by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). We analyze the FAO database and find declines in data reporting and data quality since 2007. We present a novel method that uses bilateral paired mirror trade statistics and an index of reporter reliability to add, update and/or replace data for 137 countries. The resulting Global Pesticide Use and Trade (GloPUT) database shows pesticide use in low and lower-middle income countries has been substantially underestimated. Over the last decade, global pesticide use grew 20% by volume; use in low-income countries grew by 153% over the same period. GloPUT estimates more accurately reflect social science findings on recent agrichemical supply chain restructuring and agrarian development, which indicate substantial increases in pesticide use. Significant issues with data reporting and quality mean that the impacts of recent changes in pesticide production, availability and adoption were not reflected in the FAO database, and, as a result, neither are they reflected in high profile environmental assessments.

@article{senanayakeFeministPoliticalEcology2023,
	title = {Towards a feminist political ecology of health: {Mystery} kidney disease and the co-production of social, environmental, and bodily difference},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2514-8486},
	shorttitle = {Towards a feminist political ecology of health},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/25148486221113963},
	doi = {10.1177/25148486221113963},
	abstract = {This article argues for a more rigorous engagement with intersectionality within political ecologies of health. Building on the work of feminist scholars who explore the co-production of social and ecological differences, I examine how health improvement schemes that target practices of natural resource use concentrate value (economic and ecological) and health dividends in particular bodies at the expense of others. As part of this intervention, I draw on long-term and ongoing ethnographic research in north-central Sri Lanka. This region is an endemic zone for a mysterious and deadly form of kidney disease (CKDu) as well as the site of frenzied health improvement intervention. Specifically, and in response to scientific studies that link kidney disease to agrochemical use and drinking water, an increasingly diverse range of actors, from different branches of the state apparatus to private industries and civil society organizations, have invested heavily in reconfiguring the region’s water supply infrastructure and agrarian landscapes. Through an analysis of resident testimonies, I demonstrate that the burden of subsidizing these new “healthful” practices of water provision and agricultural production is unevenly experienced, as are residents’ abilities to adopt and maintain them over time and space. More crucially, I illustrate how schemes designed to heal turn on the production of differentiated harms, including new gendered labor burdens for poor women, and intensified agrochemical use for ecologically and economically resource-poor farmers. Developing these narratives toward a feminist political ecology of health, I demonstrate how social, ecological, and bodily differences intersect to constitute new patterns of health and harm in the dry zone. I conclude by reflecting on how this approach can explain the paradoxical effects of well-intentioned disease mitigation strategies.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-06-05},
	journal = {Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd STM},
	author = {Senanayake, Nari},
	month = jun,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Agrarian change, Chemical geographies, Health effects, Sri Lanka},
	pages = {1007--1029},
}

This article argues for a more rigorous engagement with intersectionality within political ecologies of health. Building on the work of feminist scholars who explore the co-production of social and ecological differences, I examine how health improvement schemes that target practices of natural resource use concentrate value (economic and ecological) and health dividends in particular bodies at the expense of others. As part of this intervention, I draw on long-term and ongoing ethnographic research in north-central Sri Lanka. This region is an endemic zone for a mysterious and deadly form of kidney disease (CKDu) as well as the site of frenzied health improvement intervention. Specifically, and in response to scientific studies that link kidney disease to agrochemical use and drinking water, an increasingly diverse range of actors, from different branches of the state apparatus to private industries and civil society organizations, have invested heavily in reconfiguring the region’s water supply infrastructure and agrarian landscapes. Through an analysis of resident testimonies, I demonstrate that the burden of subsidizing these new “healthful” practices of water provision and agricultural production is unevenly experienced, as are residents’ abilities to adopt and maintain them over time and space. More crucially, I illustrate how schemes designed to heal turn on the production of differentiated harms, including new gendered labor burdens for poor women, and intensified agrochemical use for ecologically and economically resource-poor farmers. Developing these narratives toward a feminist political ecology of health, I demonstrate how social, ecological, and bodily differences intersect to constitute new patterns of health and harm in the dry zone. I conclude by reflecting on how this approach can explain the paradoxical effects of well-intentioned disease mitigation strategies.

@incollection{srinivasanChapter12Commercialization2023,
	title = {Chapter 12 - {Commercialization} of biopesticides in {Southeast} {Asia}: potential and constraints},
	isbn = {978-0-323-95290-3},
	shorttitle = {Chapter 12 - {Commercialization} of biopesticides in {Southeast} {Asia}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323952903000030},
	doi = {10.1016/B978-0-323-95290-3.00003-0},
	abstract = {Agriculture has witnessed steady growth in Southeast Asia in the last decade. Pest management in major cropping systems has been dominated by chemical pesticides, and pesticide-related policies have been inadequately implemented in Southeast Asia. Hence, significant investment has been made in the alternatives such as integrated pest management (IPM) to reduce the overreliance on hazardous chemical pesticides. IPM programs have been pioneered for major crops including rice, vegetables, cotton, and cassava. Besides resistant cultivars and biocontrol agents, biopesticides have emerged as a major component of IPM packages. Recently, significant progress has been made in harmonizing regulatory procedures for registering biocontrol agents across Southeast Asia. However, effective public–private partnership options should be strengthened in Southeast Asia, which could increase the accessibility, availability, and affordability of biopesticides to the smallholder farmers in the region. Conducive policy and regulatory environment, increasing demand for safer food, and the ever-increasing area under certified production systems (e.g., good agriculture practices and organic) are expected to provide an opportunity for mainstreaming biopesticides in Southeast Asia.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-11},
	booktitle = {Development and {Commercialization} of {Biopesticides}},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	author = {Srinivasan, Ramasamy and Schreinemachers, Pepijn},
	editor = {Koul, Opender},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Biopesticides, Certified production systems, Integrated pest management, Policy and regulatory environment, Public–private partnership},
	pages = {241--256},
}

Agriculture has witnessed steady growth in Southeast Asia in the last decade. Pest management in major cropping systems has been dominated by chemical pesticides, and pesticide-related policies have been inadequately implemented in Southeast Asia. Hence, significant investment has been made in the alternatives such as integrated pest management (IPM) to reduce the overreliance on hazardous chemical pesticides. IPM programs have been pioneered for major crops including rice, vegetables, cotton, and cassava. Besides resistant cultivars and biocontrol agents, biopesticides have emerged as a major component of IPM packages. Recently, significant progress has been made in harmonizing regulatory procedures for registering biocontrol agents across Southeast Asia. However, effective public–private partnership options should be strengthened in Southeast Asia, which could increase the accessibility, availability, and affordability of biopesticides to the smallholder farmers in the region. Conducive policy and regulatory environment, increasing demand for safer food, and the ever-increasing area under certified production systems (e.g., good agriculture practices and organic) are expected to provide an opportunity for mainstreaming biopesticides in Southeast Asia.

@article{dorlachPoliticsGlyphosateRegulation2023,
	title = {The politics of glyphosate regulation: lessons from {Sri} {Lanka}’s short-lived ban},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1744-8603},
	shorttitle = {The politics of glyphosate regulation},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-023-00981-2},
	doi = {10.1186/s12992-023-00981-2},
	abstract = {Glyphosate is the world’s most used herbicide and a central component of modern industrial agriculture. It has also been linked to a variety of negative health and environmental effects. For instance, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified glyphosate as “probably carcinogenic to humans” in 2015. This has motivated widespread political demands for stricter glyphosate regulation but so far few governments have followed through.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-11-14},
	journal = {Globalization and Health},
	author = {Dorlach, Tim and Gunasekara, Sandya},
	month = nov,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {CKDu, Chemical geographies, Environmental health, Global South, Glyphosate, Multiple streams framework, Pesticides, Policy reversal, Public health, Sri Lanka},
	pages = {84},
}

Glyphosate is the world’s most used herbicide and a central component of modern industrial agriculture. It has also been linked to a variety of negative health and environmental effects. For instance, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified glyphosate as “probably carcinogenic to humans” in 2015. This has motivated widespread political demands for stricter glyphosate regulation but so far few governments have followed through.

@article{kinniburghPoliticsExpertiseAssessing2023,
	title = {The politics of expertise in assessing alternatives to glyphosate in {France}},
	volume = {145},
	issn = {1462-9011},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901123000242},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envsci.2023.01.017},
	abstract = {Transitions to sustainability require not only structural policy reforms, but a rethinking of how policy-relevant expertise is produced. Scholars of Science and Technology Studies have used the concept of boundary work to examine how governments mobilize experts to establish epistemic and political authority for public policies. Less attention has been paid to the ways in which boundary work affects the scope of policy options to advance sustainability transitions, notably in the context of sociotechnical lock-in of dominant technologies. This article analyzes French pesticide regulation on alternatives to glyphosate in agriculture to reveal the governance implications of the construction of expertise. It examines how state actors and scientific experts performed cognitive and sociopolitical boundary work to affect both the framing of government-commissioned scientific reports and the institutions and policy instruments through which the government addressed the glyphosate problem. The article analyzes the factors that shaped the development of a novel regulatory instrument which restricts the use of glyphosate based on the availability and costs of alternatives, rather than on health or environmental risks alone. This process limited the framing of glyphosate alternatives to practices considered economically and practically feasible by selected experts and excluded more systemic alternatives from policy debate and instrumentation. The adoption of this regulatory instrument reflects specific institutional contexts, power differentials between governmental ministries, and the hidden political influence of a powerful agricultural sector and agrochemical industry. This article shows how expertise design plays a key role in defining the scope of policy options and determining allocations of political power.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-30},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Policy},
	author = {Kinniburgh, Fiona},
	month = jul,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Boundary work, Expertise, Lock-in, Pesticides, Politics, Science-policy interface},
	pages = {60--72},
}

Transitions to sustainability require not only structural policy reforms, but a rethinking of how policy-relevant expertise is produced. Scholars of Science and Technology Studies have used the concept of boundary work to examine how governments mobilize experts to establish epistemic and political authority for public policies. Less attention has been paid to the ways in which boundary work affects the scope of policy options to advance sustainability transitions, notably in the context of sociotechnical lock-in of dominant technologies. This article analyzes French pesticide regulation on alternatives to glyphosate in agriculture to reveal the governance implications of the construction of expertise. It examines how state actors and scientific experts performed cognitive and sociopolitical boundary work to affect both the framing of government-commissioned scientific reports and the institutions and policy instruments through which the government addressed the glyphosate problem. The article analyzes the factors that shaped the development of a novel regulatory instrument which restricts the use of glyphosate based on the availability and costs of alternatives, rather than on health or environmental risks alone. This process limited the framing of glyphosate alternatives to practices considered economically and practically feasible by selected experts and excluded more systemic alternatives from policy debate and instrumentation. The adoption of this regulatory instrument reflects specific institutional contexts, power differentials between governmental ministries, and the hidden political influence of a powerful agricultural sector and agrochemical industry. This article shows how expertise design plays a key role in defining the scope of policy options and determining allocations of political power.

@article{donatiGlyphosateSagaLuxembourg2023,
	title = {The {Glyphosate} {Saga} in {Luxembourg}: {The} {Annulment} by the {Judiciary} of the {Legislative} {Ban} of {Glyphosate}-{Based} {Products} – {A} {Breach} of {European} {Union} {Law}?},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1867-299X, 2190-8249},
	shorttitle = {The {Glyphosate} {Saga} in {Luxembourg}},
	url = {https://www-cambridge-org.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/core/journals/european-journal-of-risk-regulation/article/glyphosate-saga-in-luxembourg-the-annulment-by-the-judiciary-of-the-legislative-ban-of-glyphosatebased-products-a-breach-of-european-union-law/532E49F61D91708DE952445EAF32E5A2},
	doi = {10.1017/err.2023.63},
	abstract = {Administrative Tribunal of Luxembourg, 15 July 2022, case no 44377 and Court of Appeal of Luxembourg, 31 March 2023, case no 47873COn 15 July 2022, the Administrative Tribunal of Luxembourg annulled the decisions by which the Luxembourg Minister for Agriculture, Viticulture, and Consumer Protection had banned all glyphosate-based products. On 31 March 2023, the Court of Appeal upheld the ruling of the Administrative Tribunal. The ground of annulment was the breach by the Luxembourg State of the adversarial principle enshrined in Article 9 of the Grand-Ducal Regulation of 8 June 1979. Yet, for the sake of completeness, the Administrative Tribunal and the Court of Appeal verified the compliance of the decisions banning glyphosate-based products with Articles 36, 41 and 44 of Regulation no 1107/2009. Against this backdrop, this case note provides a critical assessment of the rulings of the Administrative Tribunal and the Court of Appeal from the perspective of European Union law. This analysis might prove to be useful as it enables us to shed light on the conditions allowing Member States to withdraw the authorisation of plant protection products under Regulation no 1107/2009 as well as to identify the hurdles that Member States might need to overcome when banning glyphosate-based products from their territory.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-06-11},
	journal = {European Journal of Risk Regulation},
	author = {Donati, Alessandra},
	month = dec,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Luxembourg, Regulation, glyphosate},
	pages = {816--822},
}

Administrative Tribunal of Luxembourg, 15 July 2022, case no 44377 and Court of Appeal of Luxembourg, 31 March 2023, case no 47873COn 15 July 2022, the Administrative Tribunal of Luxembourg annulled the decisions by which the Luxembourg Minister for Agriculture, Viticulture, and Consumer Protection had banned all glyphosate-based products. On 31 March 2023, the Court of Appeal upheld the ruling of the Administrative Tribunal. The ground of annulment was the breach by the Luxembourg State of the adversarial principle enshrined in Article 9 of the Grand-Ducal Regulation of 8 June 1979. Yet, for the sake of completeness, the Administrative Tribunal and the Court of Appeal verified the compliance of the decisions banning glyphosate-based products with Articles 36, 41 and 44 of Regulation no 1107/2009. Against this backdrop, this case note provides a critical assessment of the rulings of the Administrative Tribunal and the Court of Appeal from the perspective of European Union law. This analysis might prove to be useful as it enables us to shed light on the conditions allowing Member States to withdraw the authorisation of plant protection products under Regulation no 1107/2009 as well as to identify the hurdles that Member States might need to overcome when banning glyphosate-based products from their territory.

@article{argimon-cartayaRoundingRoundupOne2023,
	title = {'{Rounding} up' {Roundup}: {One} {Last} {Hope} for {Glyphosate} {Regulation} {Note}},
	volume = {78},
	shorttitle = {'{Rounding} up' {Roundup}},
	url = {https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/umialr78&i=626},
	abstract = {[Focus is US; seems to be an overview of glyphosate controversy and a look at legal mechanisms for regulation and/or incentives to shift away]},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-06-11},
	journal = {University of Miami Law Review},
	author = {Argimon-Cartaya, Gabrielle},
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Glyphosate, Regulation, alternatives to glyphosate},
	pages = {602--670},
}

[Focus is US; seems to be an overview of glyphosate controversy and a look at legal mechanisms for regulation and/or incentives to shift away]

@article{hernandezrodriguezSeedSovereigntyDecommodification2023,
	title = {Seed sovereignty as decommodification: a perspective from subsistence peasant communities in {Southern} {Mexico}},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0306-6150},
	shorttitle = {Seed sovereignty as decommodification},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2022.2025780},
	doi = {10.1080/03066150.2022.2025780},
	abstract = {How do subsistence communities conceptualize their seed sovereignty? What do peasants perceive to be the principal threats to their seed sovereignty and how do they respond to these threats?; and How do local seed sovereignty initiatives relate to the broader ideologies, goals, and strategies of the global seed sovereignty movement? Local conceptions of seeds as a commons are contributing to a multidimensional decommodification project of peasant agriculture and indigenous autonomy. I analyze one particular initiative targeting environmental deterioration and climate change, two of the most salient threats to these communities' seed sovereignty: efforts to halt widespread chemicalization of subsistence agriculture.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2025-05-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Peasant Studies},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Hernández Rodríguez, Carol},
	month = apr,
	year = {2023},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2022.2025780},
	keywords = {Monsanto, Seeds as a commons, agrochemicals, climate change, indigenous autonomy, moral economy},
	pages = {986--1013},
}

How do subsistence communities conceptualize their seed sovereignty? What do peasants perceive to be the principal threats to their seed sovereignty and how do they respond to these threats?; and How do local seed sovereignty initiatives relate to the broader ideologies, goals, and strategies of the global seed sovereignty movement? Local conceptions of seeds as a commons are contributing to a multidimensional decommodification project of peasant agriculture and indigenous autonomy. I analyze one particular initiative targeting environmental deterioration and climate change, two of the most salient threats to these communities' seed sovereignty: efforts to halt widespread chemicalization of subsistence agriculture.

@article{selinEffectivenessGlobalChemicals2023,
	title = {The effectiveness of global chemicals treaties},
	volume = {6},
	copyright = {2023 Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {2398-9629},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-023-01168-8},
	doi = {10.1038/s41893-023-01168-8},
	abstract = {The Rotterdam Convention helps ensure that international trade of harmful chemicals is transparent, and it gives parties the right to refuse imports of specific substances. Now a study shows that illegal trade of chemicals listed under the Rotterdam Convention is ongoing alongside legal trade.},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2025-02-03},
	journal = {Nature Sustainability},
	publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
	author = {Selin, Henrik},
	month = nov,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Politics, Social sciences},
	pages = {1289--1290},
}

The Rotterdam Convention helps ensure that international trade of harmful chemicals is transparent, and it gives parties the right to refuse imports of specific substances. Now a study shows that illegal trade of chemicals listed under the Rotterdam Convention is ongoing alongside legal trade.

@article{baconPoisoningRegulationResearch2023,
	title = {Poisoning {Regulation}, {Research}, {Health}, and the {Environment}: {The} {Glyphosate}-{Based} {Herbicides} {Case} in {Canada}},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2305-6304},
	shorttitle = {Poisoning {Regulation}, {Research}, {Health}, and the {Environment}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/2/121},
	doi = {10.3390/toxics11020121},
	abstract = {Despite discourse advocating pesticide reduction, there has been an exponential increase in pesticide use worldwide in the agricultural sector over the last 30 years. Glyphosate-Based Herbicides (GBHs) are the most widely used pesticides on the planet as well as in Canada, where a total of almost 470 million kilograms of declared “active” ingredient glyphosate was sold between 2007 and 2018. GBHs accounted for 58\% of pesticides used in the agriculture sector in Canada in 2017. While the independent scientific literature on the harmful health and environmental impacts of pesticides such as GBHs is overwhelming, Canada has only banned 32 “active” pesticide ingredients out of 531 banned in 168 countries, and reapproved GBHs in 2017 until 2032. This article, based on interdisciplinary and intersectoral research, will analyze how as a result of the scientific and regulatory captures of relevant Canadian agencies by the pesticide industry, the Canadian regulation and scientific assessment of pesticides are deficient and lagging behind other countries, using the GBH case as a basis for analysis. It will show how, by embracing industry narratives and biased evidence, by being receptive to industry demands, and by opaque decision making and lack of transparency, Health Canada’s Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) promotes commercial interests over the imperatives of public health and environmental protection.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-05-30},
	journal = {Toxics},
	publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	author = {Bacon, Marie-Hélène and Vandelac, Louise and Gagnon, Marc-André and Parent, Lise},
	month = feb,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Number: 2},
	keywords = {Canada, Health Canada, Monsanto, Quebec, environmental health, glyphosate, glyphosate-based-herbicides, herbicide, pesticide, regulation, regulatory capture, scientific evaluation},
	pages = {121},
}

Despite discourse advocating pesticide reduction, there has been an exponential increase in pesticide use worldwide in the agricultural sector over the last 30 years. Glyphosate-Based Herbicides (GBHs) are the most widely used pesticides on the planet as well as in Canada, where a total of almost 470 million kilograms of declared “active” ingredient glyphosate was sold between 2007 and 2018. GBHs accounted for 58% of pesticides used in the agriculture sector in Canada in 2017. While the independent scientific literature on the harmful health and environmental impacts of pesticides such as GBHs is overwhelming, Canada has only banned 32 “active” pesticide ingredients out of 531 banned in 168 countries, and reapproved GBHs in 2017 until 2032. This article, based on interdisciplinary and intersectoral research, will analyze how as a result of the scientific and regulatory captures of relevant Canadian agencies by the pesticide industry, the Canadian regulation and scientific assessment of pesticides are deficient and lagging behind other countries, using the GBH case as a basis for analysis. It will show how, by embracing industry narratives and biased evidence, by being receptive to industry demands, and by opaque decision making and lack of transparency, Health Canada’s Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) promotes commercial interests over the imperatives of public health and environmental protection.

@article{palmisanoNarrativesPracticesPesticide2023,
	title = {Narratives and practices of pesticide removal in the {Andean} valleys of {Chile} and {Argentina}},
	volume = {139},
	issn = {14629011},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1462901122003264},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envsci.2022.10.015},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-09-14},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Policy},
	author = {Palmisano, Tomás},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {149--156},
}

@article{palomocorderoAnalisisGeoespacialZonas2023,
	title = {Análisis geoespacial de zonas de amortiguamiento por fumigación aérea de plaguicidas en el cultivo de banano, {Costa} {Rica}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2711-4422},
	url = {https://revistaet.environmenttechnologyfoundation.org/index.php/envitech/article/view/118},
	doi = {10.56205/ret.4-1.2},
	abstract = {La aplicación aérea de plaguicidas está permitida en América Latina y Estados Unidos, pero prohibida en la Unión Europea. En Costa Rica, se establece una franja de ≥100 metros sin aplicación aérea, reducible a 30 metros si existe una barrera natural. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar zonas de amortiguamiento y algunas prácticas de aviación agrícola en fincas bananeras del cantón de Matina, Costa Rica, según la reglamentación existente.  
Durante el I semestre 2021, se utilizó imágenes satelitales de Google Earth para la fotointerpretación e identificación de barreras naturales del área del estudio. Posteriormente, se visitaron 63 sitios sin barrera natural y se entrevistó a 58 personas vecinas sobre prácticas de fumigación. Se analizó la información recolectada en ArcGIS 10.7.  
l adyacentes a viviendas y carreteras. Durante el último mes, el 88\% de las personas entrevistadas reportó aplicaciones aéreas a {\textless}100 metros de espacios públicos en sitios sin, o a {\textless}30 metros de espacios públicos en sitios con, una barrera natural. Además, 43\% indicó haber observado trabajadores dentro del campo de cultivo durante aplicaciones por vía aérea, y 59\% en condiciones ventosas. Se estimó un 3,3 km2 de cultivos de banano sembrados en áreas de protección.  
Los resultados sugieren que las empresas bananeras del cantón de Matina frecuentemente incumplen la regulación costarricense de aviación agrícola. Los sistemas de información geográfica forman una valiosa herramienta para fortalecer la implementación de legislaciones ambientales en América Latina.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-09-14},
	journal = {Revista Environment \& Technology},
	author = {Palomo Cordero, Luis and Rodríguez Miranda, Reichel and A Hoppin, Jane and Wendel De Joode, Berna Van},
	month = sep,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {21--46},
}

La aplicación aérea de plaguicidas está permitida en América Latina y Estados Unidos, pero prohibida en la Unión Europea. En Costa Rica, se establece una franja de ≥100 metros sin aplicación aérea, reducible a 30 metros si existe una barrera natural. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar zonas de amortiguamiento y algunas prácticas de aviación agrícola en fincas bananeras del cantón de Matina, Costa Rica, según la reglamentación existente. Durante el I semestre 2021, se utilizó imágenes satelitales de Google Earth para la fotointerpretación e identificación de barreras naturales del área del estudio. Posteriormente, se visitaron 63 sitios sin barrera natural y se entrevistó a 58 personas vecinas sobre prácticas de fumigación. Se analizó la información recolectada en ArcGIS 10.7. l adyacentes a viviendas y carreteras. Durante el último mes, el 88% de las personas entrevistadas reportó aplicaciones aéreas a \textless100 metros de espacios públicos en sitios sin, o a \textless30 metros de espacios públicos en sitios con, una barrera natural. Además, 43% indicó haber observado trabajadores dentro del campo de cultivo durante aplicaciones por vía aérea, y 59% en condiciones ventosas. Se estimó un 3,3 km2 de cultivos de banano sembrados en áreas de protección. Los resultados sugieren que las empresas bananeras del cantón de Matina frecuentemente incumplen la regulación costarricense de aviación agrícola. Los sistemas de información geográfica forman una valiosa herramienta para fortalecer la implementación de legislaciones ambientales en América Latina.

@misc{bureau-pointPesticidesMenCambodia2023,
	title = {Of pesticides and men in {Cambodia}},
	url = {https://media.hal.science/hal-04220950},
	abstract = {This photo documentary with text and music is based on an ethnographic study. It highlights the arrival of synthetic chemical pesticides in Cambodia and the multiple social and environmental changes they produce in their path. It illustrates how these tools of "agricultural modernisation" quickly became unavoidable and escaped control. Pesticides are supposed to be spread in a way that is strictly regulated. In practice, once they leave the factory, their socialised life is highly unpredictable, inseparable from the context in which they circulate; how they are used escapes efforts at standardisation. They therefore deviate from the path they set out on. This montage sheds light on the micro-social spaces where the health and environmental problems linked to pesticides are created.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	author = {Bureau-Point, Ève},
	month = sep,
	year = {2023},
}

This photo documentary with text and music is based on an ethnographic study. It highlights the arrival of synthetic chemical pesticides in Cambodia and the multiple social and environmental changes they produce in their path. It illustrates how these tools of "agricultural modernisation" quickly became unavoidable and escaped control. Pesticides are supposed to be spread in a way that is strictly regulated. In practice, once they leave the factory, their socialised life is highly unpredictable, inseparable from the context in which they circulate; how they are used escapes efforts at standardisation. They therefore deviate from the path they set out on. This montage sheds light on the micro-social spaces where the health and environmental problems linked to pesticides are created.

@misc{bureau-pointPesticidesHommesAu2023,
	type = {Documentaire photo},
	title = {Des pesticides et des hommes au {Cambodge}},
	url = {https://media.hal.science/hal-04209720},
	language = {français},
	author = {Bureau-Point, Eve},
	year = {2023},
}

@article{rogersFarmersPracticesPolitical2023,
	title = {Farmers’ practices and the political ecology of agrochemicals in rural {China}},
	volume = {141},
	issn = {0016-7185},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016718523000775},
	doi = {10.1016/j.geoforum.2023.103751},
	abstract = {Chinese agriculture is in the midst of profound change, driven in part by the state’s goals to scale up and modernise the sector and to promote more sustainable practices by reducing chemical fertiliser and pesticide use. Much of the existing literature on agrochemical use reduces these complex and highly politicised processes to a set of variables and models in which farmers are defined by characteristics such as age, education, and land size. This results in a poor understanding of why farmers do what they do. By examining case studies in Hubei and Yunnan, in this article we aim to better understand Chinese farmers’ agrochemical practices, and to begin to situate these in a broader political ecology of agrochemicals in China. Drawing on research conducted in 2017–2019, we examine the socio-ecological relations of production and exchange in these two places and how farmers make decisions about, and access, fertilisers and pesticides. We find no single trajectory, but a complexity of practice shaped by local conditions and policies. External drivers are constraining chemical pesticide use and promoting commercial organic fertiliser products, but actual on-farm practices complicate some of these goals. To drive forward our understanding of agrochemicals in China, we argue that a political–ecological approach is needed that is attuned to farmers’ decision-making about their particular crops, the local political economy that shapes access to resources such as alternative pest management tools and sets particular agendas, and the networks of agrochemical production and sales that bring different products to farms.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-05-05},
	journal = {Geoforum},
	author = {Rogers, Sarah and Wang, Zoe Ju-Han and He, Jun},
	month = may,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Agrarian change, China, Farmers, Fertiliser, Organic agriculture, Pesticide, Rural development, agrochemicals},
	pages = {103751},
}

Chinese agriculture is in the midst of profound change, driven in part by the state’s goals to scale up and modernise the sector and to promote more sustainable practices by reducing chemical fertiliser and pesticide use. Much of the existing literature on agrochemical use reduces these complex and highly politicised processes to a set of variables and models in which farmers are defined by characteristics such as age, education, and land size. This results in a poor understanding of why farmers do what they do. By examining case studies in Hubei and Yunnan, in this article we aim to better understand Chinese farmers’ agrochemical practices, and to begin to situate these in a broader political ecology of agrochemicals in China. Drawing on research conducted in 2017–2019, we examine the socio-ecological relations of production and exchange in these two places and how farmers make decisions about, and access, fertilisers and pesticides. We find no single trajectory, but a complexity of practice shaped by local conditions and policies. External drivers are constraining chemical pesticide use and promoting commercial organic fertiliser products, but actual on-farm practices complicate some of these goals. To drive forward our understanding of agrochemicals in China, we argue that a political–ecological approach is needed that is attuned to farmers’ decision-making about their particular crops, the local political economy that shapes access to resources such as alternative pest management tools and sets particular agendas, and the networks of agrochemical production and sales that bring different products to farms.

@article{sabinExhibitingToxicitySprayed2023,
	title = {Exhibiting toxicity: sprayed strawberries and geographies of hope},
	issn = {1474-4740},
	shorttitle = {Exhibiting toxicity},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14744740231183202},
	doi = {10.1177/14744740231183202},
	abstract = {Exposición was a 2022 art exhibition that explored seasonal farm labourers’ exposure to strawberry herbicides in Huelva, Andalusia. Drawing upon a multidisciplinary collaboration of art, social geography and soil science, the following discussion contextualises Exposición and offers reflection on the exhibition as an immersive site for figuratively re-sensing lived experiences of heavily polluted places. The exhibition provided space in which configurations of matter, affect and atmospherics might allow contemplation of environmental toxicity, while also being a means of voicing the care, solidarity and hope enacted by affected communities.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-07-24},
	journal = {cultural geographies},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},
	author = {Sabin, Lucy and Komposch, Nora and Mestrot, Adrien},
	month = jul,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Art, Chemical geographies, European Union, Glyphosate, strawberry production},
	pages = {14744740231183202},
}

Exposición was a 2022 art exhibition that explored seasonal farm labourers’ exposure to strawberry herbicides in Huelva, Andalusia. Drawing upon a multidisciplinary collaboration of art, social geography and soil science, the following discussion contextualises Exposición and offers reflection on the exhibition as an immersive site for figuratively re-sensing lived experiences of heavily polluted places. The exhibition provided space in which configurations of matter, affect and atmospherics might allow contemplation of environmental toxicity, while also being a means of voicing the care, solidarity and hope enacted by affected communities.

@article{castro-vargasRegulationImpassePesticide2023,
	title = {Regulation by impasse: {Pesticide} registration, capital and the state in {Costa} {Rica}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2514-8486},
	shorttitle = {Regulation by impasse},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/25148486221116742},
	doi = {10.1177/25148486221116742},
	abstract = {Costa Rica's prodigious use of pesticides, as well as the burgeoning plantation sector that these agrochemicals support, exacerbates the tensions between extraction and preservation at the heart of the country's development model. We explore these tensions through a study of the country's pesticide registry, the regulatory process to approve active ingredients and formulations for use. After nearly two decades of reform efforts, the registry is widely recognized to be non-functioning: most of the country's pesticides exist in administrative limbo and relatively few new compounds have been approved. Based on extensive interviews and in-depth policy analysis, we construct four phases of reform and use a strategic-relational approach to the state to analyze this process. We conceptualize the registry's gridlock as a form of governance that we term regulation by impasse, an arrangement reproduced through disputes within and between the cognizant ministries, juridical bodies and other regulating authorities, in relation to the shifting strategies and contexts of political economic and wider social forces. We argue that hegemony is tenuously maintained through the registry dispute itself, while revealing the deeply frayed condition of the Costa Rican development model.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-12-17},
	journal = {Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd STM},
	author = {Castro-Vargas, María Soledad and Werner, Marion},
	month = jun,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {901--922},
}

Costa Rica's prodigious use of pesticides, as well as the burgeoning plantation sector that these agrochemicals support, exacerbates the tensions between extraction and preservation at the heart of the country's development model. We explore these tensions through a study of the country's pesticide registry, the regulatory process to approve active ingredients and formulations for use. After nearly two decades of reform efforts, the registry is widely recognized to be non-functioning: most of the country's pesticides exist in administrative limbo and relatively few new compounds have been approved. Based on extensive interviews and in-depth policy analysis, we construct four phases of reform and use a strategic-relational approach to the state to analyze this process. We conceptualize the registry's gridlock as a form of governance that we term regulation by impasse, an arrangement reproduced through disputes within and between the cognizant ministries, juridical bodies and other regulating authorities, in relation to the shifting strategies and contexts of political economic and wider social forces. We argue that hegemony is tenuously maintained through the registry dispute itself, while revealing the deeply frayed condition of the Costa Rican development model.

@book{battentierSecretsToxiquesFaire2023,
	title = {Secrets toxiques : {Faire} face ensemble au scandale des pesticides},
	isbn = {978-2-88970-192-6},
	shorttitle = {Secrets toxiques},
	abstract = {Des solutions existent pour sortir des pesticides toxiquesCancers, maladies chroniques, infertilité… Le rôle des pesticides dans l’émergence de problèmes de santé des humains et la disparition des insectes est démontré par de nombreux travaux scientifiques. Ce livre vise à donner aux citoyennes et aux citoyens les clés pour comprendre et agir sur ce sujet. L’origine pétrolière des produits est trop souvent oubliée. L’absurdité des méthodes d’évaluation utilisées est mal connue. Mais cet ouvrage ne se cantonne pas à dénoncer un problème, il constitue un véritable appel à l’action. Vous trouverez donc des solutions concrètes pour agir et faire entendre votre voix, pour défendre le droit à une alimentation sans résidus de pesticides et à une meilleure protection de la population et de la nature.« Nous devons exiger de la part des autorités des décisions protégeant l’avenir des générations futures. C’est tout le sens et l’espoir que suscite la démarche de Secrets Toxiques. » - Benoît Biteau, député européen},
	language = {fr},
	publisher = {Éditions Jouvence},
	author = {Battentier, Andy and Rieussec-fournier, Martin},
	month = aug,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: pLHBEAAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {Social Science / General},
}

Des solutions existent pour sortir des pesticides toxiquesCancers, maladies chroniques, infertilité… Le rôle des pesticides dans l’émergence de problèmes de santé des humains et la disparition des insectes est démontré par de nombreux travaux scientifiques. Ce livre vise à donner aux citoyennes et aux citoyens les clés pour comprendre et agir sur ce sujet. L’origine pétrolière des produits est trop souvent oubliée. L’absurdité des méthodes d’évaluation utilisées est mal connue. Mais cet ouvrage ne se cantonne pas à dénoncer un problème, il constitue un véritable appel à l’action. Vous trouverez donc des solutions concrètes pour agir et faire entendre votre voix, pour défendre le droit à une alimentation sans résidus de pesticides et à une meilleure protection de la population et de la nature.« Nous devons exiger de la part des autorités des décisions protégeant l’avenir des générations futures. C’est tout le sens et l’espoir que suscite la démarche de Secrets Toxiques. » - Benoît Biteau, député européen

@article{robertDebatingPesticidesUse2023,
	title = {Debating pesticides use in the indeterminate world},
	volume = {145},
	issn = {1462-9011},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901123001144},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envsci.2023.04.013},
	abstract = {Building on the construction of social problems and the civic epistemologies approaches, we look at public participation in the regulation of pesticides as occasions where the public articulates not only different problems or ways to assess knowledge claims on pesticides but also raises ontological interrogations. The case under study is the public hearing on the use of pesticides that took place in New Brunswick in 2021. In this hybrid forum, some of the participants went beyond a single and deterministic view of nature to enact and propose to live in an indeterminate world where pesticides are experienced as relational entities. Such an approach to knowledge and the world promotes environmental policies that, while not consensual, allow for the conservation (rather than elimination) of diverse ontological positions.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-07-04},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Policy},
	author = {Robert, Dominique and Dufresne, Martin},
	month = jul,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Chemical geographies, Knowledge, Pesticides, Regulation},
	pages = {200--207},
}

Building on the construction of social problems and the civic epistemologies approaches, we look at public participation in the regulation of pesticides as occasions where the public articulates not only different problems or ways to assess knowledge claims on pesticides but also raises ontological interrogations. The case under study is the public hearing on the use of pesticides that took place in New Brunswick in 2021. In this hybrid forum, some of the participants went beyond a single and deterministic view of nature to enact and propose to live in an indeterminate world where pesticides are experienced as relational entities. Such an approach to knowledge and the world promotes environmental policies that, while not consensual, allow for the conservation (rather than elimination) of diverse ontological positions.

@article{gagnonTimeImproveTransparency2023,
	chapter = {Commentary},
	title = {Time to improve transparency at {Health} {Canada}’s {Pest} {Management} {Regulatory} {Agency}},
	volume = {195},
	copyright = {© 2023 CMA Impact Inc. or its licensors. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) licence, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original publication is properly cited, the use is noncommercial (i.e., research or educational use), and no modifications or adaptations are made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/},
	issn = {0820-3946, 1488-2329},
	url = {https://www.cmaj.ca/content/195/46/E1583},
	doi = {10.1503/cmaj.231089},
	abstract = {KEY POINTS
In 2021, Health Canada’s Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) proposed doubling the maximum residue limits for glyphosate in some food products, such as oats and beans.[1][1] This proposal, made at Bayer-Monsanto’s request,[2][2] raised serious concerns about the health impact of},
	language = {en},
	number = {46},
	urldate = {2024-05-09},
	journal = {CMAJ},
	publisher = {CMAJ},
	author = {Gagnon, Marc-André and Bacon, Marie-Hélène},
	month = nov,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {E1583--E1584},
}

KEY POINTS In 2021, Health Canada’s Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) proposed doubling the maximum residue limits for glyphosate in some food products, such as oats and beans.[1][1] This proposal, made at Bayer-Monsanto’s request,[2][2] raised serious concerns about the health impact of

@article{karrManagementLinksInterest2023,
	title = {Management of links of interest in {European} {Union} expertise authorities dealing with plant protection products: comparative analysis and recommendations},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {2190-4715},
	shorttitle = {Management of links of interest in {European} {Union} expertise authorities dealing with plant protection products},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-023-00760-1},
	doi = {10.1186/s12302-023-00760-1},
	abstract = {To ensure a high level of public health and environmental protection, authorities that deliver scientific expertise to inform decision-makers and the public at large need to be independent from external stakeholders and free of conflicts of interest. This independence requires effective rules for managing links of interest (LoIs) and a high level of transparency, including publication of declarations of interest (DoIs) where appropriate. In the particular case of plant protection products (PPPs) within the European Union, these requirements should apply to all Competent Authorities contributing to the marketing authorization processes.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-09-23},
	journal = {Environmental Sciences Europe},
	author = {Karr, Guillaume and Prete, Giovanni and Duboc, Soraya and Zmirou-Navier, Denis},
	month = nov,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Code of conduct, Conflicts of interest, Declaration of interest, Independence, Links of interest, Pesticides, Plant protection products, Risk assessment, Risk management, Safety agencies},
	pages = {96},
}

To ensure a high level of public health and environmental protection, authorities that deliver scientific expertise to inform decision-makers and the public at large need to be independent from external stakeholders and free of conflicts of interest. This independence requires effective rules for managing links of interest (LoIs) and a high level of transparency, including publication of declarations of interest (DoIs) where appropriate. In the particular case of plant protection products (PPPs) within the European Union, these requirements should apply to all Competent Authorities contributing to the marketing authorization processes.

@article{nielsenCirculatingSilenceReaction2023,
	title = {Circulating {Silence}. {The} {Reaction} to {Rachel} {Carson}’s {Book} {Silent} {Spring} (1962) in {Scandinavian} {Gardening} {Magazines}},
	volume = {17},
	url = {https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/host-2023-0013},
	doi = {10.2478/host-2023-0013},
	abstract = {This article examines the reception of Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring in Scandinavian family gardening magazines. In Sweden,...},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2025-04-10},
	journal = {HoST - Journal of History of Science and Technology},
	author = {Nielsen, May-Brith Ohman},
	month = dec,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {100--123},
}

This article examines the reception of Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring in Scandinavian family gardening magazines. In Sweden,...

@incollection{aulagnierExistetilVraimentAlternatives2023,
	title = {Existe-t-il vraiment des alternatives aux pesticides ?},
	url = {https://shs.cairn.info/ecologies--9782348076886-page-190},
	doi = {10.3917/dec.bours.2023.01.0190},
	language = {fr},
	urldate = {2025-10-01},
	booktitle = {Écologies},
	publisher = {La Découverte},
	author = {Aulagnier, Alexis},
	editor = {Boursier, Philippe and Guimont, Clémence},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {190--196},
}

@article{aulagnierSubstitutionPoliciesCategorization2023,
	title = {Substitution policies as a categorization process. {Making} biological alternatives a solution for the {French} national pesticide reduction plan},
	volume = {146},
	issn = {1462-9011},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901123001065},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envsci.2023.04.006},
	abstract = {This article focuses on the emergence and implementation of a specific policy option in a national plan aiming to reduce pesticide consumption: the substitution of biological substances for chemicals. I argue that substitution is a singular method of handling the removal of pesticides and analyze the political consequences of this approach. Empirically, this work is based on a three-year qualitative investigation (2015–2018) into the French policy plan for pesticide use reduction (Ecophyto). Drawing on the literature on categories and classifications, I show that making substitution a viable policy option relies primarily on categorization processes and on the establishment of clear distinctions. By shedding light on the specific type of administrative and technical intervention substitution as a policy option requires, the aim of this paper is to contribute to a better understanding of the political dimension of transitions.},
	urldate = {2025-10-01},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Policy},
	author = {Aulagnier, Alexis},
	month = aug,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Category, Classification, Pesticides, Substitution, Sustainability transitions},
	pages = {37--46},
}

This article focuses on the emergence and implementation of a specific policy option in a national plan aiming to reduce pesticide consumption: the substitution of biological substances for chemicals. I argue that substitution is a singular method of handling the removal of pesticides and analyze the political consequences of this approach. Empirically, this work is based on a three-year qualitative investigation (2015–2018) into the French policy plan for pesticide use reduction (Ecophyto). Drawing on the literature on categories and classifications, I show that making substitution a viable policy option relies primarily on categorization processes and on the establishment of clear distinctions. By shedding light on the specific type of administrative and technical intervention substitution as a policy option requires, the aim of this paper is to contribute to a better understanding of the political dimension of transitions.

@article{gouletMovingPesticidesExploring2023,
	title = {Moving beyond pesticides: {Exploring} alternatives for a changing food system},
	volume = {147},
	issn = {1462-9011},
	shorttitle = {Moving beyond pesticides},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901123001648},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envsci.2023.06.007},
	abstract = {This introductory article to the special issue contributes to ongoing debates on pesticides in agriculture by focusing on their alternatives. Through a literature review, we explore the pluralism of those alternatives and the socio-political processes that support or hinder their expansion. The first section examines the obstacles encountered by public policies aimed at reducing pesticide use. Resistances are both external to public decision-making, i.e. agricultural players, agrochemical firms, and internal, related to the existing regulatory mechanisms, including the scientific expertise used to assess risks. The second section introduces the two main families of alternatives to pesticides, and their respective political and scientific underpinnings. On the one hand, solutions based on substitution through alternative technologies, such as biocontrol. On the other hand, solutions based on the systemic redesign of agricultural systems, such as organic farming or agroecology. The third section presents the contributions that make up this special issue. We highlight the political work carried out at the interface between policies, expertise and markets in order to legitimise one or the other alternative. Beyond a strictly technological approach, the papers stress the importance of considering the diversity of components, stakeholders and processes involved at the whole food system level. Farmers and practitioners make complex production choices and trade-offs. These decisions are influenced by policies and upstream companies, which offer inputs or plant health diagnostic technologies, and by downstream actors, i.e.processors, retailers and policymakers, who shape the markets for pesticide-free food. The approach we propose here calls for a fresh sociological look at policymaking and expertise involved in identifying and dealing with pesticides issues.},
	urldate = {2025-10-01},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Policy},
	author = {Goulet, Frédéric and Aulagnier, Alexis and Fouilleux, Eve},
	month = sep,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Agroecology, Alternatives, Biocontrol, Pesticide policy, Pesticides, Politics of food system transformation},
	pages = {177--187},
}

This introductory article to the special issue contributes to ongoing debates on pesticides in agriculture by focusing on their alternatives. Through a literature review, we explore the pluralism of those alternatives and the socio-political processes that support or hinder their expansion. The first section examines the obstacles encountered by public policies aimed at reducing pesticide use. Resistances are both external to public decision-making, i.e. agricultural players, agrochemical firms, and internal, related to the existing regulatory mechanisms, including the scientific expertise used to assess risks. The second section introduces the two main families of alternatives to pesticides, and their respective political and scientific underpinnings. On the one hand, solutions based on substitution through alternative technologies, such as biocontrol. On the other hand, solutions based on the systemic redesign of agricultural systems, such as organic farming or agroecology. The third section presents the contributions that make up this special issue. We highlight the political work carried out at the interface between policies, expertise and markets in order to legitimise one or the other alternative. Beyond a strictly technological approach, the papers stress the importance of considering the diversity of components, stakeholders and processes involved at the whole food system level. Farmers and practitioners make complex production choices and trade-offs. These decisions are influenced by policies and upstream companies, which offer inputs or plant health diagnostic technologies, and by downstream actors, i.e.processors, retailers and policymakers, who shape the markets for pesticide-free food. The approach we propose here calls for a fresh sociological look at policymaking and expertise involved in identifying and dealing with pesticides issues.

@article{wolffRegulatingPestsMaterial2022,
	title = {Regulating pests—material politics and calculation in integrated pest management},
	issn = {2514-8486},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/25148486221076138},
	doi = {10.1177/25148486221076138},
	abstract = {This paper attempts to shed some light on current biopolitics of food and environmental security by analyzing the strategy of Integrated pest management (IPM). IPM is an ecological form of pest management that emerged in the United States in the 1950s in response to the pesticide crisis and now informs numerous pesticide legislations around the world. The paper analyzes IPM as a governmental hinge that aims to reconcile the conflicting goals of food security and environmental security. To this end, the paper makes three intertwined arguments. First, through an examination of scientific texts from the field of economic entomology, the paper shows how biological and chemical pest control methods are produced as two conflicting materialities that must be mediated. In a second step, the text shows how economically defined thresholds and cost-benefit analyzes are used to level the difference between these two materialities and make them commensurable. Finally, it elaborates how IPM aims primarily at transforming farmers’ practices. The use of chemicals in agriculture is to be reduced by transforming farmers into calculating subjects. Overall, the article aims to show how IPM, as an important element of contemporary ecological governmentality, seeks to realize positive environmental effects in the quantitative medium of economics and science.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-02-09},
	journal = {Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd STM},
	author = {Wolff, Leon},
	month = feb,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Chemical geographies, Pesticides, pest control},
	pages = {25148486221076138},
}

This paper attempts to shed some light on current biopolitics of food and environmental security by analyzing the strategy of Integrated pest management (IPM). IPM is an ecological form of pest management that emerged in the United States in the 1950s in response to the pesticide crisis and now informs numerous pesticide legislations around the world. The paper analyzes IPM as a governmental hinge that aims to reconcile the conflicting goals of food security and environmental security. To this end, the paper makes three intertwined arguments. First, through an examination of scientific texts from the field of economic entomology, the paper shows how biological and chemical pest control methods are produced as two conflicting materialities that must be mediated. In a second step, the text shows how economically defined thresholds and cost-benefit analyzes are used to level the difference between these two materialities and make them commensurable. Finally, it elaborates how IPM aims primarily at transforming farmers’ practices. The use of chemicals in agriculture is to be reduced by transforming farmers into calculating subjects. Overall, the article aims to show how IPM, as an important element of contemporary ecological governmentality, seeks to realize positive environmental effects in the quantitative medium of economics and science.

@article{williamsCottonWhitenessOther2022,
	title = {Cotton, {Whiteness}, and {Other} {Poisons}},
	volume = {14},
	doi = {10.1215/22011919-9962827},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental Humanities},
	author = {Williams, Brian and Porter, Jayson Maurice},
	month = nov,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {499--521},
}

@book{soluriBananaCulturesAgriculture2022,
	title = {Banana {Cultures}: {Agriculture}, {Consumption}, and {Environmental} {Change} in {Honduras} and the {United} {States}},
	copyright = {De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.},
	isbn = {978-1-4773-2281-9},
	shorttitle = {Banana {Cultures}},
	url = {https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.7560/322802/html},
	abstract = {Bananas, the most frequently consumed fresh fruit in the United States, have been linked to Miss Chiquita and Carmen Miranda, "banana republics," and Banana Republic clothing stores—everything from exotic kitsch, to Third World dictatorships, to middle-class fashion. But how did the rise in banana consumption in the United States affect the banana-growing regions of Central America? In this lively, interdisciplinary study, John Soluri integrates agroecology, anthropology, political economy, and history to trace the symbiotic growth of the export banana industry in Honduras and the consumer mass market in the United States. Beginning in the 1870s, when bananas first appeared in the U.S. marketplace, Soluri examines the tensions between the small-scale growers, who dominated the trade in the early years, and the shippers. He then shows how rising demand led to changes in production that resulted in the formation of major agribusinesses, spawned international migrations, and transformed great swaths of the Honduran environment into monocultures susceptible to plant disease epidemics that in turn changed Central American livelihoods. Soluri also looks at labor practices and workers' lives, changing gender roles on the banana plantations, the effects of pesticides on the Honduran environment and people, and the mass marketing of bananas to consumers in the United States. His multifaceted account of a century of banana production and consumption adds an important chapter to the history of Honduras, as well as to the larger history of globalization and its effects on rural peoples, local economies, and biodiversity.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-05-02},
	publisher = {University of Texas Press},
	author = {Soluri, John},
	month = aug,
	year = {2022},
}

Bananas, the most frequently consumed fresh fruit in the United States, have been linked to Miss Chiquita and Carmen Miranda, "banana republics," and Banana Republic clothing stores—everything from exotic kitsch, to Third World dictatorships, to middle-class fashion. But how did the rise in banana consumption in the United States affect the banana-growing regions of Central America? In this lively, interdisciplinary study, John Soluri integrates agroecology, anthropology, political economy, and history to trace the symbiotic growth of the export banana industry in Honduras and the consumer mass market in the United States. Beginning in the 1870s, when bananas first appeared in the U.S. marketplace, Soluri examines the tensions between the small-scale growers, who dominated the trade in the early years, and the shippers. He then shows how rising demand led to changes in production that resulted in the formation of major agribusinesses, spawned international migrations, and transformed great swaths of the Honduran environment into monocultures susceptible to plant disease epidemics that in turn changed Central American livelihoods. Soluri also looks at labor practices and workers' lives, changing gender roles on the banana plantations, the effects of pesticides on the Honduran environment and people, and the mass marketing of bananas to consumers in the United States. His multifaceted account of a century of banana production and consumption adds an important chapter to the history of Honduras, as well as to the larger history of globalization and its effects on rural peoples, local economies, and biodiversity.

@article{volpatoLongReachCommodity2022,
	title = {The long reach of commodity frontiers: social reproduction and food procurement strategies among migrant workers in {Kenya}’s flower farms},
	volume = {0},
	issn = {0306-6150},
	shorttitle = {The long reach of commodity frontiers},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2022.2051492},
	doi = {10.1080/03066150.2022.2051492},
	abstract = {Conceptualizing global floriculture as a commodity frontier, this article explores rural-urban transfers and in loco production and exchange of food by migrant workers at Naivasha flower farms in Kenya. It highlights how food procurement strategies are central to the reproduction of a cheap labour force and are supported by multi-local family networks. Distant livelihoods and rural ecologies are thus tied to the frontier's interests and are embedded into global chains of cut flowers. We argue that considering reproductive labour strategies is critical to understand the functioning and expansion of commodity frontiers and their impact on peasant families and food circulation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {0},
	urldate = {2022-11-23},
	journal = {The Journal of Peasant Studies},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Volpato, Gabriele and Benegiamo, Maura and Ellena, Rachele},
	month = apr,
	year = {2022},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2022.2051492},
	keywords = {Global commodities, Naivasha, floriculture industry, food exchange, reciprocity, reproductive labour, rural-urban food transfers},
	pages = {1--23},
}

Conceptualizing global floriculture as a commodity frontier, this article explores rural-urban transfers and in loco production and exchange of food by migrant workers at Naivasha flower farms in Kenya. It highlights how food procurement strategies are central to the reproduction of a cheap labour force and are supported by multi-local family networks. Distant livelihoods and rural ecologies are thus tied to the frontier's interests and are embedded into global chains of cut flowers. We argue that considering reproductive labour strategies is critical to understand the functioning and expansion of commodity frontiers and their impact on peasant families and food circulation.

@article{dedieuSecreciesOrganizedIgnorance2022,
	title = {Secrecies as {Organized} {Ignorance}: {The} {Illusion} of {Knowledge} in {French} {Pesticide} {Regulation}},
	volume = {0},
	issn = {0950-5431},
	shorttitle = {Secrecies as {Organized} {Ignorance}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2022.2090328},
	doi = {10.1080/09505431.2022.2090328},
	abstract = {Taking an organizational sociology approach, the study of French pesticide regulation highlights the role of the unexpected effects of secrecies in organized ignorance. It demonstrates that the main regulator, the French food safety agency (ANSES), as well as the users of pesticides, the farmers, develop their own subcultures of secrecy to conceal information about their real practices. These subcultures support each other tacitly: the opacity created by farmers around their practices stifle knowledge production and reporting on their exposure to pesticides. Consequently, the risk standards are never called into question, which ensures that the French food safety agency maintains its scientific reputation. In turn, the fact that official standardization of risk is never challenged, impedes the reinforcement of pesticide regulations that would otherwise hamper day-to-day crop management. This tacit agreement between these combined subcultures maintains the illusion that the regulatory science used for risk management could control a broad spectrum of hazards, when in fact it has only a limited or even outdated knowledge of them. This deepens the definitions of organized ignorance. It demonstrates that non-knowledge production results not only from the complex mix of political, scientific and regulatory frameworks surrounding official expertise as STS researches tend to show, but also from more widespread and less perceptible sociological mechanism such as tacit understanding. Unexpected effects of intentional actions also count as much as willful actions in strategic ignorance production.},
	language = {en},
	number = {0},
	urldate = {2022-06-28},
	journal = {Science as Culture},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Dedieu, François},
	month = jun,
	year = {2022},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2022.2090328},
	keywords = {Exposure, Farmers, Knowledge, Pesticide, Regulation},
	pages = {1--25},
}

Taking an organizational sociology approach, the study of French pesticide regulation highlights the role of the unexpected effects of secrecies in organized ignorance. It demonstrates that the main regulator, the French food safety agency (ANSES), as well as the users of pesticides, the farmers, develop their own subcultures of secrecy to conceal information about their real practices. These subcultures support each other tacitly: the opacity created by farmers around their practices stifle knowledge production and reporting on their exposure to pesticides. Consequently, the risk standards are never called into question, which ensures that the French food safety agency maintains its scientific reputation. In turn, the fact that official standardization of risk is never challenged, impedes the reinforcement of pesticide regulations that would otherwise hamper day-to-day crop management. This tacit agreement between these combined subcultures maintains the illusion that the regulatory science used for risk management could control a broad spectrum of hazards, when in fact it has only a limited or even outdated knowledge of them. This deepens the definitions of organized ignorance. It demonstrates that non-knowledge production results not only from the complex mix of political, scientific and regulatory frameworks surrounding official expertise as STS researches tend to show, but also from more widespread and less perceptible sociological mechanism such as tacit understanding. Unexpected effects of intentional actions also count as much as willful actions in strategic ignorance production.

@article{brayAgrochemicalExposureEnvironmental2022,
	title = {Agrochemical {Exposure} \& {Environmental} {Illness}: {Legal} {Repression} of {Latin} {American} {Banana} {Workers}},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {0038-0253},
	shorttitle = {Agrochemical {Exposure} \& {Environmental} {Illness}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ref/10.1080/00380253.2020.1841585},
	doi = {10.1080/00380253.2020.1841585},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-07-07},
	journal = {The Sociological Quarterly},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Bray, Laura A. and Membrez-Weiler, Nicholas J. and Shriver, Thomas E.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Social movements, chemical exposure, environmental illness, legal framing, legal repression},
	pages = {359--378},
}

@article{zhangPesticideRiskConstraints2022,
	title = {Pesticide risk constraints to achieving {Sustainable} {Development} {Goals} in {China} based on national modeling},
	volume = {5},
	copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2059-7037},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41545-022-00202-0},
	doi = {10.1038/s41545-022-00202-0},
	abstract = {Pesticides applied worldwide to meet food demand is recognized as a key threat to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations. Studies on pesticide risks employ different ingredients, methods or specific environments, which makes it difficult to quantify the scale of the problem. Furthermore, the complex influences and hotspots of long-term pesticide usage remain unclear. Herein, we present a national-scale study of four typical pesticides in China, the world’s largest pesticide user. The spatiotemporal changes in legacy and risk of pesticides over 30 years were analyzed using a modified fugacity model approach coupled with comprehensive ingredient database. Pesticide risk in mainland China might last until 2075 due to the previous legacy, although the usage has declined since 2014. The use of target pesticides was estimated as 2.38 × 105 tonnes in 2017, and about 6.59 × 103 tonnes discharged into the ocean from major basins. Risk areas expanded from 47\% in 1991 to 79\% in 2017, with 30\% at high risk. Of the risk areas, 31\% were highly populated while 3\% had high biodiversity. 7\% of mainland China suffered from both limited water resource and high pesticide risk. It is shown that the improper substitution with lower toxicity pesticides would make the proportion of high-risk regions unexpectedly increased from 18\% to 44\% due to the longer half-lives of the alternatives. Pesticides pose risks to environmental and human health, and the tailored assessment tool will be vital in contributing towards future pesticide management and meeting sustainability targets in China.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-03-13},
	journal = {npj Clean Water},
	publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
	author = {Zhang, Ziqi and Yan, Xiaoman and Jones, Kevin C. and Jiao, Cong and Sun, Cheng and Liu, Yong and Zhu, Ying and Zhang, Qianqian and Zhai, Limei and Shen, Zhenyao and Chen, Lei},
	month = nov,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Number: 1},
	keywords = {Environmental sciences, Environmental social sciences},
	pages = {1--10},
}

Pesticides applied worldwide to meet food demand is recognized as a key threat to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations. Studies on pesticide risks employ different ingredients, methods or specific environments, which makes it difficult to quantify the scale of the problem. Furthermore, the complex influences and hotspots of long-term pesticide usage remain unclear. Herein, we present a national-scale study of four typical pesticides in China, the world’s largest pesticide user. The spatiotemporal changes in legacy and risk of pesticides over 30 years were analyzed using a modified fugacity model approach coupled with comprehensive ingredient database. Pesticide risk in mainland China might last until 2075 due to the previous legacy, although the usage has declined since 2014. The use of target pesticides was estimated as 2.38 × 105 tonnes in 2017, and about 6.59 × 103 tonnes discharged into the ocean from major basins. Risk areas expanded from 47% in 1991 to 79% in 2017, with 30% at high risk. Of the risk areas, 31% were highly populated while 3% had high biodiversity. 7% of mainland China suffered from both limited water resource and high pesticide risk. It is shown that the improper substitution with lower toxicity pesticides would make the proportion of high-risk regions unexpectedly increased from 18% to 44% due to the longer half-lives of the alternatives. Pesticides pose risks to environmental and human health, and the tailored assessment tool will be vital in contributing towards future pesticide management and meeting sustainability targets in China.

@inproceedings{goutilleWhenErgonomicsGoes2022,
	address = {Pessac, France},
	title = {When ergonomics goes to meet farmers who are exposed, who expose themselves and others to pesticides. {An} essential multiscalar approach to act in prevention at the heart of the agricultural world},
	url = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03634331},
	booktitle = {Exposer, s'exposer, être exposé aux pesticides. {L}'exposition au prisme des {SHS} 3es {Journées} d'étude du réseau {SHS}-{Pesticides}, 17 et 18 mars 2022},
	author = {Goutille, Fabienne and Jolly, Caroline and Garrigou, Alain},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
}

@phdthesis{goutilleNeIgnorerAgriculteurs2022,
	type = {Theses},
	title = {Ne plus ignorer les agriculteurs : une contribution de l'ergonomie à la prévention du risque pesticides en milieu viticole},
	url = {https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03642008},
	school = {Université de Bordeaux},
	author = {Goutille, Fabienne},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Issue: 2022BORD0079},
	keywords = {Constructed metrology, Ergotoxicologie, Ergotoxicology, Exposure factors to pesticides, Facteurs d'exposition aux pesticides, Métrologie construite, Participatory research, Prévention du risque, Recherche participative, Risk prevention, Usages des produits phytopharmaceutiques, Uses of phytopharmaceuticals},
}

@article{goutilleTraitementsPhytosanitairesViticulture2022,
	title = {Traitements phytosanitaires en viticulture française et prévention du risque pesticides. {Retour} d'expérience d'une communauté élargie de recherche ayant mobilisé l'ergotoxicologie},
	url = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03633776},
	doi = {10.4000/vertigo.33981},
	number = {Volume 21 numéro 3},
	journal = {VertigO : La Revue Électronique en Sciences de l'Environnement},
	publisher = {VertigO},
	author = {Goutille, Fabienne and Garrigou, Alain},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {activity analysis, agency, agentivité, analyse de l'activité, communauté élargie de recherche, ergotoxicologie, ergotoxicology, exposition, exposure, extended research community, health promotion, pesticides, promotion de la santé, prévention du risque, risk prevention, viticulture},
}

@article{dedieuOrganizedDenialWork2022,
	title = {Organized denial at work: {The} difficult search for consistencies in {French} pesticide regulation},
	volume = {16},
	copyright = {© 2021 John Wiley \& Sons Australia, Ltd},
	issn = {1748-5991},
	shorttitle = {Organized denial at work},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rego.12381},
	doi = {10.1111/rego.12381},
	abstract = {Why does it always take a long time to acknowledge environmental hazards such as climate change or air pollution, even when knowledge on their dangers has been available for years? Drawing on the case of French pesticide regulation, this article shows that this gap between knowledge and consequent action results not only from secretive corporate leverage on public decisions and expertise but also from the expertise and bureaucratic machinery behind pesticide regulation. This machinery fosters an organized denial where regulators systematically exclude uncomfortable knowledge that could challenge official risk assessment. Organized denial that legally maintains ignorance fulfills an implicit function. It preserves the legitimacy of the risk management system and, through it, the administrative and commercial organization of agricultural production in France.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	journal = {Regulation \& Governance},
	author = {Dedieu, François},
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {denial, ignorance, pesticides, regulation, regulatory science, uncomfortable knowledge},
	pages = {951--973},
}

Why does it always take a long time to acknowledge environmental hazards such as climate change or air pollution, even when knowledge on their dangers has been available for years? Drawing on the case of French pesticide regulation, this article shows that this gap between knowledge and consequent action results not only from secretive corporate leverage on public decisions and expertise but also from the expertise and bureaucratic machinery behind pesticide regulation. This machinery fosters an organized denial where regulators systematically exclude uncomfortable knowledge that could challenge official risk assessment. Organized denial that legally maintains ignorance fulfills an implicit function. It preserves the legitimacy of the risk management system and, through it, the administrative and commercial organization of agricultural production in France.

@book{oublieTropiquesToxiquesScandale2022,
	edition = {Les Escales, Steinkis},
	title = {Tropiques toxiques : {Le} scandale du chlordécone},
	shorttitle = {Tropiques toxiques},
	abstract = {Découvrez le livre Tropiques toxiques - Le scandale du chlordécone - dans la série Tropiques toxiques . Résumé : « Dans quelques centaines années, en ce même lieu, un autre voyageur, aussi désespéré que moi, pleurera la disparition de ce...},
	language = {fr},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	author = {Oublié, Jessica and Gobbi, Nicola and Avraam, Kathrine and Lebrun, Vinciane},
	year = {2022},
}

Découvrez le livre Tropiques toxiques - Le scandale du chlordécone - dans la série Tropiques toxiques . Résumé : « Dans quelques centaines années, en ce même lieu, un autre voyageur, aussi désespéré que moi, pleurera la disparition de ce...

@article{wernerGlyphosateAssemblageHerbicides2022,
	title = {The {Glyphosate} {Assemblage}: {Herbicides}, {Uneven} {Development}, and {Chemical} {Geographies} of {Ubiquity}},
	volume = {112},
	issn = {2469-4452, 2469-4460},
	shorttitle = {The {Glyphosate} {Assemblage}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/24694452.2021.1898322},
	doi = {10.1080/24694452.2021.1898322},
	abstract = {The ubiquity of chemicals demands new ways of thinking about human–nature assemblages. This article develops a dialogue between agrarian political economy, critical commodity chains research, and chemical geographies through a case study of the world’s most widely used agrochemical: glyphosate, commonly known as Monsanto’s Roundup. In the 1980s, glyphosate triumphed as a benign biocide that promised both safety and effectiveness. This construct made possible a capitalist agricultural assemblage characterized by chemical pervasiveness, first as a chemical replacement for mechanical tillage and since the 1990s as the chemical input for genetically modified seed packages. The ubiquity that characterizes the glyphosate assemblage is also a geography of uneven development comprising shifting firm networks, policies, and trade. Central to this assemblage since 2000, yet largely ignored, is the outsized expansion of second- and third-tier generic pesticide producers, especially in China, for whom glyphosate is part of a network entry and upgrading development strategy. Today, the glyphosate assemblage faces unprecedented challenges from weed resistance and health controversies. Whether and how the herbicide assemblage restabilizes will be determined by the complex environmental and developmental challenges of chemical agriculture and pervasive chemicals broadly, which highlights the need for a transdisciplinary dialogue that cuts across these domains.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	journal = {Annals of the American Association of Geographers},
	author = {Werner, Marion and Berndt, Christian and Mansfield, Becky},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {19--35},
}

The ubiquity of chemicals demands new ways of thinking about human–nature assemblages. This article develops a dialogue between agrarian political economy, critical commodity chains research, and chemical geographies through a case study of the world’s most widely used agrochemical: glyphosate, commonly known as Monsanto’s Roundup. In the 1980s, glyphosate triumphed as a benign biocide that promised both safety and effectiveness. This construct made possible a capitalist agricultural assemblage characterized by chemical pervasiveness, first as a chemical replacement for mechanical tillage and since the 1990s as the chemical input for genetically modified seed packages. The ubiquity that characterizes the glyphosate assemblage is also a geography of uneven development comprising shifting firm networks, policies, and trade. Central to this assemblage since 2000, yet largely ignored, is the outsized expansion of second- and third-tier generic pesticide producers, especially in China, for whom glyphosate is part of a network entry and upgrading development strategy. Today, the glyphosate assemblage faces unprecedented challenges from weed resistance and health controversies. Whether and how the herbicide assemblage restabilizes will be determined by the complex environmental and developmental challenges of chemical agriculture and pervasive chemicals broadly, which highlights the need for a transdisciplinary dialogue that cuts across these domains.

@incollection{moseleyMothersLittleHelper2022,
	title = {Mother's {Little} {Helper}: {A} {Feminist} {Political} {Ecology} of {West} {Africa}'s {Herbicide} {Revolution}},
	isbn = {978-1-003-11009-5},
	shorttitle = {Mother's {Little} {Helper}},
	abstract = {Architects of the New Green Revolution for Africa (GR4A) have sought to improve food production and nutrition by encouraging small farmers to purchase improved seeds and inputs and increasingly sell their crops at a market. While the discourse often depicts African farmers as slow to adopt outside technologies, it ignores a long history of strategic adoption by these actors. Furthermore, there are many shifts happening in global agricultural input and commodity markets that overshadow the GR4A as a force for change, suggesting that the green “revolution” may be a ripple in a larger shifting sea of agrarian change. During fieldwork in Southwestern Burkina Faso in 2019, we found that 92\% of 141 female farmers interviewed are now using herbicides on a routine basis, representing a dramatic increase from previous decades. We seek to understand what factors are driving this uptick in herbicide use by female farmers. Using a feminist political ecology framework, we explain this shift as primarily driven by three factors operating at different scales. (1) The rise of generic herbicide production in India and China since the early 2000s means that this labor-saving technology is increasingly affordable in West African markets. (2) Artisanal gold production has siphoned labor away from farming systems across West Africa, further constraining female farmers’ access to labor. (3) Women have limited control over household labor and thus face serious labor constraints in their own farming efforts. While increasing herbicide use is a rational response to labor constraints, it also contributes to growing health risks as well as the spread of herbicide-resistant weeds.},
	booktitle = {Rural {Transformations}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Moseley, William G. and Pessereau, Eliza J.},
	year = {2022},
	note = {Num Pages: 16},
}

Architects of the New Green Revolution for Africa (GR4A) have sought to improve food production and nutrition by encouraging small farmers to purchase improved seeds and inputs and increasingly sell their crops at a market. While the discourse often depicts African farmers as slow to adopt outside technologies, it ignores a long history of strategic adoption by these actors. Furthermore, there are many shifts happening in global agricultural input and commodity markets that overshadow the GR4A as a force for change, suggesting that the green “revolution” may be a ripple in a larger shifting sea of agrarian change. During fieldwork in Southwestern Burkina Faso in 2019, we found that 92% of 141 female farmers interviewed are now using herbicides on a routine basis, representing a dramatic increase from previous decades. We seek to understand what factors are driving this uptick in herbicide use by female farmers. Using a feminist political ecology framework, we explain this shift as primarily driven by three factors operating at different scales. (1) The rise of generic herbicide production in India and China since the early 2000s means that this labor-saving technology is increasingly affordable in West African markets. (2) Artisanal gold production has siphoned labor away from farming systems across West Africa, further constraining female farmers’ access to labor. (3) Women have limited control over household labor and thus face serious labor constraints in their own farming efforts. While increasing herbicide use is a rational response to labor constraints, it also contributes to growing health risks as well as the spread of herbicide-resistant weeds.

@article{bureau-pointRechercheSciencesHumaines2022,
	title = {La recherche en sciences humaines et sociales sur l’objet pesticide dans le cadre académique français : état des lieux et perspectives},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1492-8442},
	shorttitle = {La recherche en sciences humaines et sociales sur l’objet pesticide dans le cadre académique français},
	url = {https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/vertigo/2022-v22-n2-vertigo08141/1100950ar/},
	doi = {10.4000/vertigo.38765},
	abstract = {This article proposes an analytical review of the research in the Humanities and Social sciences (HSS) on pesticides carried out in the French academic context since 1945. The research is presented from a historical perspective that takes into account the agricultural, political, macroeconomic, and institutional context in which it was published. The authors distinguish two main phases: a first (1945-2000) where pesticides are mainly understood as a resource for agricultural modernization, and a second (2000-2021) where they emerged gradually as a field of study in the Humanities and Social sciences, in which they are considered as a more controversial object. This analytical review highlights the community of researchers involved in the subject in France and abroad, and the main themes explored during this period.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-08-22},
	journal = {VertigO : la revue électronique en sciences de l’environnement},
	publisher = {Université du Québec à Montréal},
	author = {Bureau-Point, Eve and Temple, Ludovic},
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Humanities and Social sciences, Social Science / General, periodization, pesticides, périodisation, sciences humaines et sociales, state of the art, état de l’art},
	pages = {1--21},
}

This article proposes an analytical review of the research in the Humanities and Social sciences (HSS) on pesticides carried out in the French academic context since 1945. The research is presented from a historical perspective that takes into account the agricultural, political, macroeconomic, and institutional context in which it was published. The authors distinguish two main phases: a first (1945-2000) where pesticides are mainly understood as a resource for agricultural modernization, and a second (2000-2021) where they emerged gradually as a field of study in the Humanities and Social sciences, in which they are considered as a more controversial object. This analytical review highlights the community of researchers involved in the subject in France and abroad, and the main themes explored during this period.

@book{romeroEconomicPoisoningIndustrial2022,
	address = {Oakland, CA},
	title = {Economic {Poisoning}: {Industrial} waste and the chemicalization of american agriculture},
	copyright = {Available worldwide},
	isbn = {978-0-520-38156-8},
	shorttitle = {Economic {Poisoning}},
	abstract = {The toxicity of pesticides to the environment and humans is often framed as an unfortunate effect of their benefits to agricultural production. In Economic Poisoning, Adam M. Romero upends this narrative and provides a fascinating new history of pesticides in American industrial agriculture prior to World War II. Through impeccable archival research, Romero reveals the ways in which late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century American agriculture, especially in California, functioned less as a market for novel pest-killing chemical products and more as a sink for the accumulating toxic wastes of mining, oil production, and chemical manufacturing. Connecting farming ecosystems to technology and the economy, Romero provides an intriguing reconceptualization of pesticides that forces readers to rethink assumptions about food, industry, and the relationship between human and nonhuman environments.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-10-20},
	publisher = {University of California Press},
	author = {Romero, Adam M.},
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Chemical geographies, Pesticide, United States, agrochemicals, warfare, waste},
}

The toxicity of pesticides to the environment and humans is often framed as an unfortunate effect of their benefits to agricultural production. In Economic Poisoning, Adam M. Romero upends this narrative and provides a fascinating new history of pesticides in American industrial agriculture prior to World War II. Through impeccable archival research, Romero reveals the ways in which late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century American agriculture, especially in California, functioned less as a market for novel pest-killing chemical products and more as a sink for the accumulating toxic wastes of mining, oil production, and chemical manufacturing. Connecting farming ecosystems to technology and the economy, Romero provides an intriguing reconceptualization of pesticides that forces readers to rethink assumptions about food, industry, and the relationship between human and nonhuman environments.

@article{jouzelPesticidesSanteHumaine2022,
	title = {Pesticides et santé humaine},
	issn = {0014-1941},
	url = {https://www.cairn.info/revue-etudes-2022-10-page-45.htm},
	language = {fr},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2023-01-25},
	journal = {Etudes},
	publisher = {S.E.R.},
	author = {Jouzel, Jean-Noël and Prete, Giovanni},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Bibliographie\_available: 0
Cairndomain: www.cairn.info
Cite Par\_available: 0},
	pages = {45--56},
}

@book{dedieuPesticidesConfortLignorance2022,
	title = {Pesticides: {Le} confort de l'ignorance},
	isbn = {978-2-02-147350-6},
	shorttitle = {Pesticides},
	abstract = {Depuis soixante ans, les dangers des pesticides pour la biodiversité et la santé sont avérés. Alors pourquoi notre modèle agricole et alimentaire reste-t-il toujours dopé aux pesticides ? Les Monsanto Papers l’ont montré, les lobbyistes du secteur entretiennent savamment le doute quant à la gravité de leurs impacts environnementaux et sanitaires. Mais l’influence des industriels n’est que la face émergée d’une machinerie plus vaste de production de l’ignorance, reposant moins sur la manipulation que sur un déni collectif favorisé par les protocoles officiels de l’évaluation des risques. Face à l’ampleur des données et des dangers potentiels, il devient plus confortable d’ignorer des pans entiers de la connaissance plutôt que d’assumer le vertige de leurs conséquences sur notre modèle agricole. Au terme de ce voyage inédit au cœur de la fabrique de l’ignorance, l’auteur apporte des pistes et réflexions pour accélérer la transition vers une agriculture affranchie des pesticides. François Dedieu est sociologue à l’INRAE, au Laboratoire interdisciplinaire science innovation sociétés (Lisis). Expert pour l'ANSES, il enseigne notamment à Sciences Po Paris et à l’École des ponts et chaussées.},
	language = {fr},
	publisher = {Seuil},
	author = {Dedieu, François},
	month = nov,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: eZKZEAAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {Social Science / General},
}

Depuis soixante ans, les dangers des pesticides pour la biodiversité et la santé sont avérés. Alors pourquoi notre modèle agricole et alimentaire reste-t-il toujours dopé aux pesticides ? Les Monsanto Papers l’ont montré, les lobbyistes du secteur entretiennent savamment le doute quant à la gravité de leurs impacts environnementaux et sanitaires. Mais l’influence des industriels n’est que la face émergée d’une machinerie plus vaste de production de l’ignorance, reposant moins sur la manipulation que sur un déni collectif favorisé par les protocoles officiels de l’évaluation des risques. Face à l’ampleur des données et des dangers potentiels, il devient plus confortable d’ignorer des pans entiers de la connaissance plutôt que d’assumer le vertige de leurs conséquences sur notre modèle agricole. Au terme de ce voyage inédit au cœur de la fabrique de l’ignorance, l’auteur apporte des pistes et réflexions pour accélérer la transition vers une agriculture affranchie des pesticides. François Dedieu est sociologue à l’INRAE, au Laboratoire interdisciplinaire science innovation sociétés (Lisis). Expert pour l'ANSES, il enseigne notamment à Sciences Po Paris et à l’École des ponts et chaussées.

@article{anomaFondsDindemnisationVictimes2022,
	title = {Le fonds d’indemnisation des victimes de pesticides : fonctionnement et singularités},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {1775-8785},
	shorttitle = {Le fonds d’indemnisation des victimes de pesticides},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1775878522000637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.admp.2022.03.007},
	abstract = {Résumé
Mis en place depuis le 1er janvier 2020, le fonds d’indemnisation des victimes de pesticides est intégré et directement géré par la mutualité sociale agricole. Ce fonds s’adresse aux victimes d’expositions professionnelles aux pesticides affilées aux régimes général, agricole et local d’Alsace-Moselle, auxquels il se substitue. L’indemnisation par ce fonds est forfaitaire. Elle s’appuie sur les tableaux de maladies professionnelles des régimes général et agricole et sur un système complémentaire, reposant sur un comité unique de reconnaissance des maladies professionnelles dédié aux pesticides. Comme avant sa création, les victimes doivent adresser leurs déclarations de maladies professionnelles à leurs caisses respectives, qui transmettent leurs dossiers au fonds. Ce dernier propose en l’occurrence, grâce à un complément d’indemnisation, une meilleure indemnisation des exploitants agricoles, qui était jusqu’alors moindre que celle des salariés. Il offre également une possibilité de réparation aux enfants victimes de maladies liées à une exposition prénatale, via une commission d’indemnisation spécifique dédiée aux enfants. Ces deux derniers points constituent les progrès majeurs apportés par la création de ce fonds. Son rattachement à la sécurité sociale agricole et ses nombreuses similitudes de fonctionnement avec cette dernière interrogent en revanche sur sa capacité à faire évoluer le dispositif de réparation des maladies induites par les pesticides. Cette capacité paraît intimement liée à la mise à jour et l’adaptation des tableaux de maladies professionnelles en cohérence avec l’évolution des connaissances scientifiques.
Summary
Introduced on January first 2020, the compensation fund for victims of pesticides is integrated and directly managed by the agricultural social mutuality. This fund is dedicated to victims of occupational exposure to pesticides affiliated to the general, agricultural and local systems of Alsace-Moselle, which it replaces. This fund offers a flat-rate type compensation. It relies on the general and agricultural schemes tables of occupational diseases, and on a complementary system, which is based on a committee for the recognition of occupational diseases dedicated to pesticides. As before its creation, victims must send their occupational diseases declarations to their respective insurance funds, which submit the file to the compensation fund. The latter offers, thanks to additional compensation, better compensation for farm operators, which was until then less than that of farm employees. It also offers the possibility of compensation for children victims of illnesses due to prenatal exposure, through a specific compensation commission dedicated to children. These last two points represent the major advances brought about by this fund. However, its incorporation to agricultural social security and its many similarities with the latter, question its ability to change the compensation system for diseases induced by pesticides. This ability appears to be closely linked to the updating and adaptation of occupational disease tables in conformity with developments in scientific knowledge.},
	language = {fr},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2023-01-27},
	journal = {Archives des Maladies Professionnelles et de l'Environnement},
	author = {Anoma, G.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Conpensation fund, Fonds d’indemnisation, Maladie professionnelle, Occupational disease, Pesticides},
	pages = {202--210},
}

Résumé Mis en place depuis le 1er janvier 2020, le fonds d’indemnisation des victimes de pesticides est intégré et directement géré par la mutualité sociale agricole. Ce fonds s’adresse aux victimes d’expositions professionnelles aux pesticides affilées aux régimes général, agricole et local d’Alsace-Moselle, auxquels il se substitue. L’indemnisation par ce fonds est forfaitaire. Elle s’appuie sur les tableaux de maladies professionnelles des régimes général et agricole et sur un système complémentaire, reposant sur un comité unique de reconnaissance des maladies professionnelles dédié aux pesticides. Comme avant sa création, les victimes doivent adresser leurs déclarations de maladies professionnelles à leurs caisses respectives, qui transmettent leurs dossiers au fonds. Ce dernier propose en l’occurrence, grâce à un complément d’indemnisation, une meilleure indemnisation des exploitants agricoles, qui était jusqu’alors moindre que celle des salariés. Il offre également une possibilité de réparation aux enfants victimes de maladies liées à une exposition prénatale, via une commission d’indemnisation spécifique dédiée aux enfants. Ces deux derniers points constituent les progrès majeurs apportés par la création de ce fonds. Son rattachement à la sécurité sociale agricole et ses nombreuses similitudes de fonctionnement avec cette dernière interrogent en revanche sur sa capacité à faire évoluer le dispositif de réparation des maladies induites par les pesticides. Cette capacité paraît intimement liée à la mise à jour et l’adaptation des tableaux de maladies professionnelles en cohérence avec l’évolution des connaissances scientifiques. Summary Introduced on January first 2020, the compensation fund for victims of pesticides is integrated and directly managed by the agricultural social mutuality. This fund is dedicated to victims of occupational exposure to pesticides affiliated to the general, agricultural and local systems of Alsace-Moselle, which it replaces. This fund offers a flat-rate type compensation. It relies on the general and agricultural schemes tables of occupational diseases, and on a complementary system, which is based on a committee for the recognition of occupational diseases dedicated to pesticides. As before its creation, victims must send their occupational diseases declarations to their respective insurance funds, which submit the file to the compensation fund. The latter offers, thanks to additional compensation, better compensation for farm operators, which was until then less than that of farm employees. It also offers the possibility of compensation for children victims of illnesses due to prenatal exposure, through a specific compensation commission dedicated to children. These last two points represent the major advances brought about by this fund. However, its incorporation to agricultural social security and its many similarities with the latter, question its ability to change the compensation system for diseases induced by pesticides. This ability appears to be closely linked to the updating and adaptation of occupational disease tables in conformity with developments in scientific knowledge.

@article{cloteauLobbyingOuLemballage2022,
	title = {Le lobbying ou l’emballage vertueux des marchandises. {Quand} les agro-industriels s’opposent aux agrocarburants au nom de l’environnement},
	volume = {241},
	issn = {0335-5322},
	shorttitle = {Le lobbying ou l’emballage vertueux des marchandises},
	url = {https://www.cairn.info/revue-actes-de-la-recherche-en-sciences-sociales-2022-1-page-56.htm},
	doi = {10.3917/arss.241.0056},
	abstract = {Cet article cherche à saisir comment les pratiques de représentation d’intérêts transforment les propriétés des activités d’une firme et de ses marchandises, en faisant advenir une valeur – tantôt commerciale, « sociétale » ou environnementale – utile aux échanges institutionnels et ajustée aux normes du marché où celles-ci seront commercialisées. Au croisement de logiques économiques et de la structuration d’une politique publique, ce travail de requalification des intérêts marchands est étudié à travers le cas des campagnes de lobbying d’une firme leader mondiale de l’agroalimentaire en réponse aux réglementations européennes promouvant les agrocarburants, pendant les décennies 2000-2010. Sans changement majeur du modèle productiviste, notre analyse montre comment les professionnel·le·s de la représentation d’intérêts contribuent à positionner les firmes comme partenaires vertueuses des régulateurs en incorporant les dimensions, notamment environnementales, au nom desquelles elles sont, pourtant, critiquées.},
	language = {fr},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-07-05},
	journal = {Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales},
	publisher = {Le Seuil},
	author = {Cloteau, Armèle},
	year = {2022},
	note = {Place: Paris},
	pages = {56--73},
}

Cet article cherche à saisir comment les pratiques de représentation d’intérêts transforment les propriétés des activités d’une firme et de ses marchandises, en faisant advenir une valeur – tantôt commerciale, « sociétale » ou environnementale – utile aux échanges institutionnels et ajustée aux normes du marché où celles-ci seront commercialisées. Au croisement de logiques économiques et de la structuration d’une politique publique, ce travail de requalification des intérêts marchands est étudié à travers le cas des campagnes de lobbying d’une firme leader mondiale de l’agroalimentaire en réponse aux réglementations européennes promouvant les agrocarburants, pendant les décennies 2000-2010. Sans changement majeur du modèle productiviste, notre analyse montre comment les professionnel·le·s de la représentation d’intérêts contribuent à positionner les firmes comme partenaires vertueuses des régulateurs en incorporant les dimensions, notamment environnementales, au nom desquelles elles sont, pourtant, critiquées.

@article{carneiroBrazilianPesticidesLaw2022,
	title = {Brazilian {Pesticides} {Law} {Could} {Poison} the {World}},
	volume = {376},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo6942},
	doi = {10.1126/science.abo6942},
	language = {en},
	number = {6591},
	urldate = {2022-05-18},
	journal = {Science},
	publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	author = {Carneiro, Laís and Faria, Larissa and Miiller, Natali and Cavalcante, André and Murata, Afonso and Vitule, Jean Ricardo Simões},
	month = apr,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {362--362},
}

@article{lapegnaAmbiguitiesSitesAcceptance2022,
	title = {Ambiguities at {Sites} of {Acceptance}: {Agrarian} neoliberalism and herbicide exposure in {Argentina}},
	issn = {1939-4071, 1937-5174},
	shorttitle = {Ambiguities at {Sites} of {Acceptance}},
	url = {https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/env.2021.0104},
	doi = {10.1089/env.2021.0104},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-01-21},
	journal = {Environmental Justice},
	author = {Lapegna, Pablo and Kunin, Johana},
	month = may,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {env.2021.0104},
}

@article{bronsonBigTechMeets2022,
	title = {Big {Tech} {Meets} {Big} {Ag}: {Diversifying} epistemologies of data and power},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0950-5431, 1470-1189},
	shorttitle = {Big {Tech} {Meets} {Big} {Ag}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09505431.2021.1986692},
	doi = {10.1080/09505431.2021.1986692},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-01-26},
	journal = {Science as Culture},
	author = {Bronson, Kelly and Sengers, Phoebe},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {15--28},
}

@book{boudiaResiduesThinkingChemical2022,
	address = {New Brunswick (N.J.)},
	edition = {Rutgers University Press},
	series = {Nature, society, and culture},
	title = {Residues: thinking through chemical environments},
	isbn = {978-1-9788-1802-6 978-1-9788-1801-9},
	shorttitle = {Residues},
	abstract = {"Residues offers readers a new approach for conceptualizing the environmental impacts of chemicals production, consumption, disposal, and regulation. Environmental protection regimes tend to be highly segmented according to place, media, substance, and effect; academic scholarship often reflects this same segmented approach. Yet, in chemical substances we encounter phenomena that are at once voluminous and miniscule, singular and ubiquitous, regulated yet unruly. Inspired by recent studies of materiality and infrastructures, we introduce "residual materialism" as a framework for attending to the socio-material properties of chemicals and their world-making powers. Tracking residues through time, space, and understanding helps us see how the past has been built into our present chemical environments and future-oriented regulatory systems, why contaminants seem to always evade control, and why the Anthropocene is as inextricably harnessed to the synthesis of carbon into new molecules as it is driven by carbon's combustion"},
	language = {eng},
	publisher = {Rutgers University press},
	author = {Boudia, Soraya and Creager, Angela N. H. and Frickel, Scott and Henry, Emmanuel and Jas, Nathalie and Reinhardt, Carsten and Roberts, Jody A.},
	year = {2022},
}

"Residues offers readers a new approach for conceptualizing the environmental impacts of chemicals production, consumption, disposal, and regulation. Environmental protection regimes tend to be highly segmented according to place, media, substance, and effect; academic scholarship often reflects this same segmented approach. Yet, in chemical substances we encounter phenomena that are at once voluminous and miniscule, singular and ubiquitous, regulated yet unruly. Inspired by recent studies of materiality and infrastructures, we introduce "residual materialism" as a framework for attending to the socio-material properties of chemicals and their world-making powers. Tracking residues through time, space, and understanding helps us see how the past has been built into our present chemical environments and future-oriented regulatory systems, why contaminants seem to always evade control, and why the Anthropocene is as inextricably harnessed to the synthesis of carbon into new molecules as it is driven by carbon's combustion"

@article{Syafrudin2021PesticidesDrinkingWaterA,
	address = {Basel},
	title = {Pesticides in {Drinking} {Water}-{A} {Review}},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1660-4601},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/2/468},
	doi = {10.3390/ijerph18020468},
	abstract = {The ubiquitous problem of pesticide in aquatic environment are receiving worldwide concern as pesticide tends to accumulate in the body of the aquatic organism and sediment soil, posing health risks to the human. Many pesticide formulations had introduced due to the rapid growth in the global pesticide market result from the wide use of pesticides in agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. The occurrence of pesticides in the water body is derived by the runoff from the agricultural field and industrial wastewater. Soluble pesticides were carried away by water molecules especially during the precipitation event by percolating downward into the soil layers and eventually reach surface waters and groundwater. Consequently, it degrades water quality and reduces the supply of clean water for potable water. Long-time exposure to the low concentration of pesticides had resulted in non-carcinogenic health risks. The conventional method of pesticide treatment processes encompasses coagulation-flocculation, adsorption, filtration and sedimentation, which rely on the phase transfer of pollutants. Those methods are often incurred with a relatively high operational cost and may cause secondary pollution such as sludge formation. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are recognized as clean technologies for the treatment of water containing recalcitrant and bio-refractory pollutants such as pesticides. It has been adopted as recent water purification technology because of the thermodynamic viability and broad spectrum of applicability. This work provides a comprehensive review for occurrence of pesticide in the drinking water and its possible treatment.},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2026-02-23},
	journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
	publisher = {MDPI},
	author = {Syafrudin, Muhammad and Kristanti, Risky Ayu and Yuniarto, Adhi and Hadibarata, Tony and Rhee, Jongtae and Al-onazi, Wedad A. and Algarni, Tahani Saad and Almarri, Abdulhadi H. and Al-Mohaimeed, Amal M.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Num Pages: 15
Web of Science ID: WOS:000611281900001},
	keywords = {advanced oxidation processes, fate, occurrence, pesticides, water},
	pages = {468},
}

The ubiquitous problem of pesticide in aquatic environment are receiving worldwide concern as pesticide tends to accumulate in the body of the aquatic organism and sediment soil, posing health risks to the human. Many pesticide formulations had introduced due to the rapid growth in the global pesticide market result from the wide use of pesticides in agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. The occurrence of pesticides in the water body is derived by the runoff from the agricultural field and industrial wastewater. Soluble pesticides were carried away by water molecules especially during the precipitation event by percolating downward into the soil layers and eventually reach surface waters and groundwater. Consequently, it degrades water quality and reduces the supply of clean water for potable water. Long-time exposure to the low concentration of pesticides had resulted in non-carcinogenic health risks. The conventional method of pesticide treatment processes encompasses coagulation-flocculation, adsorption, filtration and sedimentation, which rely on the phase transfer of pollutants. Those methods are often incurred with a relatively high operational cost and may cause secondary pollution such as sludge formation. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are recognized as clean technologies for the treatment of water containing recalcitrant and bio-refractory pollutants such as pesticides. It has been adopted as recent water purification technology because of the thermodynamic viability and broad spectrum of applicability. This work provides a comprehensive review for occurrence of pesticide in the drinking water and its possible treatment.

@article{tosunPoliticizingUseGlyphosate2021,
	title = {Politicizing the {Use} of {Glyphosate} in {Europe}: {Comparing} {Policy} {Issue} {Linkage} across {Advocacy} {Organizations} and {Countries}},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1387-6988},
	shorttitle = {Politicizing the {Use} of {Glyphosate} in {Europe}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2020.1762076},
	doi = {10.1080/13876988.2020.1762076},
	abstract = {The European Citizens’ Initiative enables advocacy organizations to place policy issues on the political agenda. Which frames did advocacy organizations use to mobilize the support of citizens for the initiative on banning glyphosate and to politicize this issue? The article shows for France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain that some advocacy organizations linked the issue of glyphosate to the related issue of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and/or referred to the controversial Monsanto company in their mobilization campaigns and politicization strategies. Whether or not advocacy organizations linked glyphosate to GMOs/Monsanto was determined by their organizational goals.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5-6},
	urldate = {2024-05-30},
	journal = {Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Tosun, Jale and Varone, Frédéric},
	month = nov,
	year = {2021},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2020.1762076},
	keywords = {European Union, advocacy organization comparison, agenda setting, country comparison, policy frame, politicization},
	pages = {607--624},
}

The European Citizens’ Initiative enables advocacy organizations to place policy issues on the political agenda. Which frames did advocacy organizations use to mobilize the support of citizens for the initiative on banning glyphosate and to politicize this issue? The article shows for France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain that some advocacy organizations linked the issue of glyphosate to the related issue of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and/or referred to the controversial Monsanto company in their mobilization campaigns and politicization strategies. Whether or not advocacy organizations linked glyphosate to GMOs/Monsanto was determined by their organizational goals.

@article{tosunRightwingPopulistParties2021,
	title = {Right-wing populist parties and environmental politics: insights from the {Austrian} {Freedom} {Party}’s support for the glyphosate ban},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0964-4016},
	shorttitle = {Right-wing populist parties and environmental politics},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2020.1813997},
	doi = {10.1080/09644016.2020.1813997},
	abstract = {Why has the right-wing populist Freedom Party of Austria supported a total glyphosate ban proposed by the Social Democratic Party? We examine this research question and pursue two goals: first, to explain the specific empirical puzzle; second, to develop a general argument on the environmental policy profile of right-wing populist parties. We contend that certain environmental issues and the way that policymaking handles them provide this party family with an opportunity for maximising its vote share. The parties might adopt – in specific contexts underlining their character as a right-wing populist party – strict stances on environmental issues. In the case of glyphosate, the Freedom Party could promise benefits to domestic groups, indicate the misconduct of (foreign) companies in the process of risk assessment and question the integrity of scientists. For these reasons, the party joined a coalition of parties demanding a glyphosate ban.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1-2},
	urldate = {2024-05-30},
	journal = {Environmental Politics},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Tosun, Jale and Debus, Marc},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2020.1813997},
	keywords = {Agriculture, Austria, environment, glyphosate, parliamentary speeches, right-wing populism},
	pages = {224--244},
}

Why has the right-wing populist Freedom Party of Austria supported a total glyphosate ban proposed by the Social Democratic Party? We examine this research question and pursue two goals: first, to explain the specific empirical puzzle; second, to develop a general argument on the environmental policy profile of right-wing populist parties. We contend that certain environmental issues and the way that policymaking handles them provide this party family with an opportunity for maximising its vote share. The parties might adopt – in specific contexts underlining their character as a right-wing populist party – strict stances on environmental issues. In the case of glyphosate, the Freedom Party could promise benefits to domestic groups, indicate the misconduct of (foreign) companies in the process of risk assessment and question the integrity of scientists. For these reasons, the party joined a coalition of parties demanding a glyphosate ban.

@article{williamsFabricOurLives2021,
	title = {“{The} {Fabric} of {Our} {Lives}”?: {Cotton}, pesticides, and agrarian racial regimes in the {U}.{S}. {South}},
	volume = {111},
	issn = {2469-4452},
	shorttitle = {“{The} {Fabric} of {Our} {Lives}”?},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2020.1775542},
	doi = {10.1080/24694452.2020.1775542},
	abstract = {This article examines the shifting ways in which the dispossessive and toxic effects of agricultural chemicals have been encoded as agrarian best practices. I develop the concept of agrarian racial regimes, based on the work of Cedric Robinson, to examine how constructed hierarchies of human worth are made central to the sale and usage of chemicals. A focus on the politics of pesticides in the Mississippi Delta, a plantation region of the U.S. South, elucidates the ways in which agrarian racial capitalism has been reproduced through shifting antiblack conceptions of racial difference and technological progress. Two key conjunctures serve to draw these dynamics into relief: the development of the application of pesticides by aircraft in the 1920s and 1930s and the shift toward nearly complete mechanization and chemicalization of cotton production in the 1950s and 1960s. Analyzing film and advertisements in this period in the context of the material relations of agriculture and race, I argue that dispossession and toxicity are encoded as best practices through antiblack representations of agrarian whiteness. In the first period, chemicals were positioned as the height of progress through racist depictions of Black workers in the fields. In the second period, in response to Black challenges to white supremacy, the notion of “clean cotton” was deployed to represent Black absence as the height of technological progress and possessive agrarian masculinity. In both instances, racial representation has served to justify unstable and toxic relations of unequal power and profit.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-07-02},
	journal = {Annals of the American Association of Geographers},
	author = {Williams, Brian},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Chemical geographies, Pesticides, United States, agricultura, agriculture, capitalismo racial, commodities, mercaderías, racial capitalism, racism, racismo, technology, tecnología, 农业, 商品, 技术, 种族主义, 种族资本主义},
	pages = {422--439},
}

This article examines the shifting ways in which the dispossessive and toxic effects of agricultural chemicals have been encoded as agrarian best practices. I develop the concept of agrarian racial regimes, based on the work of Cedric Robinson, to examine how constructed hierarchies of human worth are made central to the sale and usage of chemicals. A focus on the politics of pesticides in the Mississippi Delta, a plantation region of the U.S. South, elucidates the ways in which agrarian racial capitalism has been reproduced through shifting antiblack conceptions of racial difference and technological progress. Two key conjunctures serve to draw these dynamics into relief: the development of the application of pesticides by aircraft in the 1920s and 1930s and the shift toward nearly complete mechanization and chemicalization of cotton production in the 1950s and 1960s. Analyzing film and advertisements in this period in the context of the material relations of agriculture and race, I argue that dispossession and toxicity are encoded as best practices through antiblack representations of agrarian whiteness. In the first period, chemicals were positioned as the height of progress through racist depictions of Black workers in the fields. In the second period, in response to Black challenges to white supremacy, the notion of “clean cotton” was deployed to represent Black absence as the height of technological progress and possessive agrarian masculinity. In both instances, racial representation has served to justify unstable and toxic relations of unequal power and profit.

@article{widgerGlyphosateRegulationSovereignty2021,
	title = {Glyphosate regulation and sovereignty politics around the world},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1467-8322},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-8322.12661},
	doi = {10.1111/1467-8322.12661},
	abstract = {Bayer's best-selling herbicide, glyphosate, is a once in a generation product. This pesticide has come to symbolize widespread opposition to corporate influence over agrochemical regulation and led to calls for greater democratic accountability in science. In the 1960s, the modern environmental movement was born from campaigns against the insecticide DDT. In the 2010s, glyphosate is helping to foster new coalitions between environmentalists and nationalist groups calling for chemical sovereignty. This guest editorial describes how glyphosate has helped shape these movements in postwar Sri Lanka and the European Union before and after Brexit.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-10-20},
	journal = {Anthropology Today},
	author = {Widger, Tom},
	year = {2021},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1467-8322.12661},
	keywords = {Britain, Chemical geographies, Glyphosate, Regulation, Sri Lanka},
	pages = {1--2},
}

Bayer's best-selling herbicide, glyphosate, is a once in a generation product. This pesticide has come to symbolize widespread opposition to corporate influence over agrochemical regulation and led to calls for greater democratic accountability in science. In the 1960s, the modern environmental movement was born from campaigns against the insecticide DDT. In the 2010s, glyphosate is helping to foster new coalitions between environmentalists and nationalist groups calling for chemical sovereignty. This guest editorial describes how glyphosate has helped shape these movements in postwar Sri Lanka and the European Union before and after Brexit.

@article{sparksEastMeetsWest2021,
	title = {East meets west: regional impact on agrochemical discovery and innovation},
	volume = {77},
	issn = {1526-498X, 1526-4998},
	shorttitle = {East meets west},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ps.6392},
	doi = {10.1002/ps.6392},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2022-01-31},
	journal = {Pest Management Science},
	author = {Sparks, Thomas C and Bryant, Robert J},
	month = oct,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {4211--4223},
}

@article{tangRiskPesticidePollution2021,
	title = {Risk of pesticide pollution at the global scale},
	volume = {14},
	copyright = {2021 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {1752-0908},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00712-5},
	doi = {10.1038/s41561-021-00712-5},
	abstract = {Pesticides are widely used to protect food production and meet global food demand but are also ubiquitous environmental pollutants, causing adverse effects on water quality, biodiversity and human health. Here we use a global database of pesticide applications and a spatially explicit environmental model to estimate the world geography of environmental pollution risk caused by 92 active ingredients in 168 countries. We considered a region to be at risk of pollution if pesticide residues in the environment exceeded the no-effect concentrations, and to be at high risk if residues exceeded this by three orders of magnitude. We find that 64\% of global agricultural land (approximately 24.5 million km2) is at risk of pesticide pollution by more than one active ingredient, and 31\% is at high risk. Among the high-risk areas, about 34\% are in high-biodiversity regions, 5\% in water-scarce areas and 19\% in low- and lower-middle-income nations. We identify watersheds in South Africa, China, India, Australia and Argentina as high-concern regions because they have high pesticide pollution risk, bear high biodiversity and suffer from water scarcity. Our study expands earlier pesticide risk assessments as it accounts for multiple active ingredients and integrates risks in different environmental compartments at a global scale.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-06-10},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	author = {Tang, Fiona H. M. and Lenzen, Manfred and McBratney, Alexander and Maggi, Federico},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {206--210},
}

Pesticides are widely used to protect food production and meet global food demand but are also ubiquitous environmental pollutants, causing adverse effects on water quality, biodiversity and human health. Here we use a global database of pesticide applications and a spatially explicit environmental model to estimate the world geography of environmental pollution risk caused by 92 active ingredients in 168 countries. We considered a region to be at risk of pollution if pesticide residues in the environment exceeded the no-effect concentrations, and to be at high risk if residues exceeded this by three orders of magnitude. We find that 64% of global agricultural land (approximately 24.5 million km2) is at risk of pesticide pollution by more than one active ingredient, and 31% is at high risk. Among the high-risk areas, about 34% are in high-biodiversity regions, 5% in water-scarce areas and 19% in low- and lower-middle-income nations. We identify watersheds in South Africa, China, India, Australia and Argentina as high-concern regions because they have high pesticide pollution risk, bear high biodiversity and suffer from water scarcity. Our study expands earlier pesticide risk assessments as it accounts for multiple active ingredients and integrates risks in different environmental compartments at a global scale.

@article{haniehPetrochemicalEmpireGeoPolitics2021,
	title = {Petrochemical {Empire}: {The} {Geo}-{Politics} of {Fossil}-{Fuelled} {Production}},
	language = {en},
	number = {130},
	journal = {New Left Review},
	author = {Hanieh, Adam},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {25--53},
}

@article{bureau-pointMondesAgricolesFace2021,
	title = {Les mondes agricoles face au problème des pesticides. {Compromis}, ajustements et négociations. {Introduction} au dossier.},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/},
	issn = {1492-8442},
	url = {https://journals.openedition.org/vertigo/34625},
	doi = {10.4000/vertigo.34625},
	abstract = {Depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les pesticides sont devenus la pierre angulaire d’un modèle agricole basé sur l’utilisation croissante d’intrants issus de l’industrie chimique. Majoritairement considérées comme une avancée révolutionnaire pour protéger les cultures, améliorer les rendements agricoles et répondre aux besoins alimentaires d’une population mondiale grandissante, ces substances se sont progressivement diffusées aux quatre coins du monde. Le « régime chimique » (Jas, ...},
	language = {fr},
	number = {Volume 21 Numéro 3},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	journal = {VertigO - la revue électronique en sciences de l'environnement},
	author = {Bureau-Point, Eve and Barthélémy, Carole and Demeulenaere, Elise and Doudou, Dimi Theodore and Thivet, Delphine},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
}

Depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les pesticides sont devenus la pierre angulaire d’un modèle agricole basé sur l’utilisation croissante d’intrants issus de l’industrie chimique. Majoritairement considérées comme une avancée révolutionnaire pour protéger les cultures, améliorer les rendements agricoles et répondre aux besoins alimentaires d’une population mondiale grandissante, ces substances se sont progressivement diffusées aux quatre coins du monde. Le « régime chimique » (Jas, ...

@incollection{preteScienceScienceEmergence2021,
	title = {For science, by science: {The} emergence and circulation of conflict of interest as a protest repertoire to fight against pesticides},
	isbn = {978-1-003-16103-5},
	shorttitle = {For science, by science},
	abstract = {Based on an analysis of the scientific literature, the press, and sociological interviews with activists, this chapter describes how the issue of industry influence on pesticide regulation and its framing in terms of “conflict of interest” (COI) have become central in the protest repertoire of environmental movements in the United States and, later, in France. It argues that three major changes in the institutional and social context of activism contributed to its success: the institutionalization of risk assessment, the development of investigative environmental journalism, and the professionalization of environmental health advocacy organizations. More broadly, the chapter questions the political effects of this framing in terms of COI. It suggests that it has enabled activist organizations to give public visibility to the issue of industry influence on pesticide regulation, but that it also tends to promote a rather narrow critique of pesticides as a technology.},
	booktitle = {Conflict of {Interest} and {Medicine}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Prete, Giovanni and Jouzel, Jean-Noël and Dedieu, François},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Num Pages: 18},
}

Based on an analysis of the scientific literature, the press, and sociological interviews with activists, this chapter describes how the issue of industry influence on pesticide regulation and its framing in terms of “conflict of interest” (COI) have become central in the protest repertoire of environmental movements in the United States and, later, in France. It argues that three major changes in the institutional and social context of activism contributed to its success: the institutionalization of risk assessment, the development of investigative environmental journalism, and the professionalization of environmental health advocacy organizations. More broadly, the chapter questions the political effects of this framing in terms of COI. It suggests that it has enabled activist organizations to give public visibility to the issue of industry influence on pesticide regulation, but that it also tends to promote a rather narrow critique of pesticides as a technology.

@article{shattuckGenericGrowingGreen2021,
	title = {Generic, growing, green?: {The} changing political economy of the global pesticide complex},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0306-6150},
	shorttitle = {Generic, growing, green?},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2020.1839053},
	doi = {10.1080/03066150.2020.1839053},
	abstract = {Agriculture is now more dependent on pesticides than ever. The value of global pesticide imports increased 3x faster in the 2000s than in the 1990s. Structural transformations in the industry – including reduced innovation, increased regulatory costs, consolidation, and a dramatic shift to generic pesticides largely produced in China – have shifted prices, supply chains and formulations. The ‘supermarket revolution’, migration, and rising labor costs are driving an increase in demand. The result is a pesticide complex that is multipolar, where commodity chains and environmental impacts are less legible, requiring a hard look at the chemical nature of agrarian capitalism.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	journal = {The Journal of Peasant Studies},
	author = {Shattuck, Annie},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Pesticides, agrarian change, political economy},
	pages = {231--253},
}

Agriculture is now more dependent on pesticides than ever. The value of global pesticide imports increased 3x faster in the 2000s than in the 1990s. Structural transformations in the industry – including reduced innovation, increased regulatory costs, consolidation, and a dramatic shift to generic pesticides largely produced in China – have shifted prices, supply chains and formulations. The ‘supermarket revolution’, migration, and rising labor costs are driving an increase in demand. The result is a pesticide complex that is multipolar, where commodity chains and environmental impacts are less legible, requiring a hard look at the chemical nature of agrarian capitalism.

@article{villemaineSocialConstructionAlternatives2021,
	title = {The social construction of alternatives to pesticide use: {A} study of biocontrol in {Burgundian} viticulture},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {0038-0199, 1467-9523},
	shorttitle = {The social construction of alternatives to pesticide use},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/soru.12320},
	doi = {10.1111/soru.12320},
	abstract = {Abstract 
            This article seeks to examine the social construction of ‘biocontrol’ as a credible alternative to conventional pesticide use in viticulture production in Burgundy, France. Basing our analysis on a series of interviews with representatives of the key groups involved in the crop protection sector in France, we describe a dynamic that has emerged with respect to the development and justification of biocontrol products as a crop protection strategy. The key players within this dynamic are the State, the agricultural chemical companies, and the input distributors and crop advisors. The State has introduced positive incentives to encourage companies to develop new biocontrol products and negative incentives to compel agricultural input dealers and crop advisors to promote those products. The agricultural chemical companies are introducing new biocontrol materials based on the notion that these products can eventually replace more dangerous pesticides. The input dealers and crop advisors, finally, are compelled by the State to recommend alternatives to conventional pesticides, but generally believe the new biocontrol products are ineffective and so do little to promote their use. When they do, they typically recommend older products that have been recently reclassified as biocontrol materials.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-09-14},
	journal = {Sociologia Ruralis},
	author = {Villemaine, Robin and Compagnone, Claude and Falconnet, Camille},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {74--95},
}

Abstract This article seeks to examine the social construction of ‘biocontrol’ as a credible alternative to conventional pesticide use in viticulture production in Burgundy, France. Basing our analysis on a series of interviews with representatives of the key groups involved in the crop protection sector in France, we describe a dynamic that has emerged with respect to the development and justification of biocontrol products as a crop protection strategy. The key players within this dynamic are the State, the agricultural chemical companies, and the input distributors and crop advisors. The State has introduced positive incentives to encourage companies to develop new biocontrol products and negative incentives to compel agricultural input dealers and crop advisors to promote those products. The agricultural chemical companies are introducing new biocontrol materials based on the notion that these products can eventually replace more dangerous pesticides. The input dealers and crop advisors, finally, are compelled by the State to recommend alternatives to conventional pesticides, but generally believe the new biocontrol products are ineffective and so do little to promote their use. When they do, they typically recommend older products that have been recently reclassified as biocontrol materials.

@article{valbuenaAgrochemicalPesticideProduction2021,
	title = {Agrochemical {Pesticide} {Production}, {Trade}, and {Hazard}: {Narrowing} the information gap in {Colombia}},
	volume = {286},
	issn = {0301-4797},
	shorttitle = {Agrochemical pesticide production, trade, and hazard},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479721002036},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112141},
	abstract = {Pesticides are a major tool for the intensification of agriculture, and helped to increase food, feed and biofuel production. Yet, there are persistent concerns about the negative effects of pesticides in human health and the environment, particularly in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Given the lack of information on pesticide exposure and hazard, Colombia exemplifies the need to narrow the information gap on pesticide risk in LMICs. We assessed pesticide hazard in Colombia based on the official toxicity categorization, compared it to more integral international standards, and identified main actions to narrow this information gap. Results showed that Colombia has been a relevant regional actor in pesticide production and trade, reaching almost 75 million kilogrammes and liters sold in 2016. Based on acute toxicity for humans, a quarter of the amount of pesticides sales and imports, and a third of the exports in 2016 ranged from moderately to extremenly toxic. The top-selling agrochemicals in 2016 (glyphosate with 14\% of the total sales, chlorpyrifos 7.5\% and mancozeb 6.9\%) are also commonly used in other countries, reflecting a homogenized global industry. Compared to integral international categorizations, we found that for that year 63\% of the pesticides sold with slightly acute toxicity are actually considered highly hazardous pesticides (HHP) for humans or the environment, evidencing the need to use a more integral hazard categorization in the country. Narrowing the information gap in pesticide use and associated risks demands a transparent process of knowledge creation and sharing, including funtional information and monitoring systems. This should be part of an integral assessment and regulation that better defines HHP, their production and trade to reduce pesticide risk while informing a transition towards sustainable food systems.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-05-11},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
	author = {Valbuena, Diego and Cely-Santos, Marcela and Obregón, Diana},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Acute toxicity, Ecotoxicity, Highly hazardous pesticides, Human health, Low and middle income countries},
	pages = {112141},
}

Pesticides are a major tool for the intensification of agriculture, and helped to increase food, feed and biofuel production. Yet, there are persistent concerns about the negative effects of pesticides in human health and the environment, particularly in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Given the lack of information on pesticide exposure and hazard, Colombia exemplifies the need to narrow the information gap on pesticide risk in LMICs. We assessed pesticide hazard in Colombia based on the official toxicity categorization, compared it to more integral international standards, and identified main actions to narrow this information gap. Results showed that Colombia has been a relevant regional actor in pesticide production and trade, reaching almost 75 million kilogrammes and liters sold in 2016. Based on acute toxicity for humans, a quarter of the amount of pesticides sales and imports, and a third of the exports in 2016 ranged from moderately to extremenly toxic. The top-selling agrochemicals in 2016 (glyphosate with 14% of the total sales, chlorpyrifos 7.5% and mancozeb 6.9%) are also commonly used in other countries, reflecting a homogenized global industry. Compared to integral international categorizations, we found that for that year 63% of the pesticides sold with slightly acute toxicity are actually considered highly hazardous pesticides (HHP) for humans or the environment, evidencing the need to use a more integral hazard categorization in the country. Narrowing the information gap in pesticide use and associated risks demands a transparent process of knowledge creation and sharing, including funtional information and monitoring systems. This should be part of an integral assessment and regulation that better defines HHP, their production and trade to reduce pesticide risk while informing a transition towards sustainable food systems.

@article{bureau-pointPesticidesRecitsCrise2021,
	title = {Pesticides et récits de crise dans le monde paysan cambodgien},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/},
	issn = {2111-5028},
	url = {https://journals.openedition.org/anthropologiesante/9054},
	doi = {10.4000/anthropologiesante.9054},
	abstract = {Au Cambodge, l’intensification de la production agricole, par le recours à des semences à haut rendement, l’utilisation d’intrants chimiques et l’amélioration des systèmes d’irrigation, s’est accélérée à partir des années 1990. Les acteurs du secteur agroalimentaire se sont insérés dans des marchés plus complexes, interdépendants et mondialisés. Si les intrants issus de la chimie de synthèse représentent pour les paysans une avancée majeure pour améliorer les rendements agricoles, ils font également l’objet de remises en question croissantes, à l’instar des sociétés occidentales où leurs usages massifs sont de plus en plus controversés. Des récits de crise émergent à l’échelle des scientifiques, des médias, du politique, des organisations non gouvernementales, mais aussi au niveau plus intime des paysans et de la population générale exposée dans son quotidien. Après avoir retracé au préalable l’histoire du développement de l’agrochimie au Cambodge et de sa régulation, cet article rend compte de l’expression de la crise à ces différentes échelles dans le pays.},
	language = {fr},
	number = {22},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	journal = {Anthropologie \& Santé. Revue internationale francophone d'anthropologie de la santé},
	author = {Bureau-Point, Eve},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Cambodge, expérience chimique, pesticides, récits de crise},
}

Au Cambodge, l’intensification de la production agricole, par le recours à des semences à haut rendement, l’utilisation d’intrants chimiques et l’amélioration des systèmes d’irrigation, s’est accélérée à partir des années 1990. Les acteurs du secteur agroalimentaire se sont insérés dans des marchés plus complexes, interdépendants et mondialisés. Si les intrants issus de la chimie de synthèse représentent pour les paysans une avancée majeure pour améliorer les rendements agricoles, ils font également l’objet de remises en question croissantes, à l’instar des sociétés occidentales où leurs usages massifs sont de plus en plus controversés. Des récits de crise émergent à l’échelle des scientifiques, des médias, du politique, des organisations non gouvernementales, mais aussi au niveau plus intime des paysans et de la population générale exposée dans son quotidien. Après avoir retracé au préalable l’histoire du développement de l’agrochimie au Cambodge et de sa régulation, cet article rend compte de l’expression de la crise à ces différentes échelles dans le pays.

@article{mullerGlyphosateLoveStory2021,
	title = {Glyphosate—{A} love story. {Ordinary} thoughtlessness and response‐ability in industrial farming},
	volume = {21},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.inshs.bib.cnrs.fr/doi/abs/10.1111/joac.12374},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	journal = {Journal of Agrarian Change},
	author = {Müller, Birgit},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {160--179},
}

@article{demortainScienceBanOutstanding2021,
	series = {Special {Section} on {Pollinator} decline: human and policy dimensions * {Social} insects},
	title = {The science behind the ban: the outstanding impact of ecotoxicological research on the regulation of neonicotinoids},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {2214-5745},
	shorttitle = {The science behind the ban},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214574521000250},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2021.02.017},
	abstract = {The restrictions and bans imposed on insecticides of the neonicotinoid family in Europe were legitimized by emerging knowledge about their impact on the health of bee populations. That such knowledge was articulated and acted upon in the regulatory space is puzzling, given the standard forms of regulatory science, and the ways in which scientific knowledge is used in this very space. This short article reviews research in social science about regulation and regulatory knowledge, to help understand how research on bee decline opened the possibility of wide regulatory restrictions on neonicotinoids.},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	journal = {Current Opinion in Insect Science},
	author = {Demortain, David},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {78--82},
}

The restrictions and bans imposed on insecticides of the neonicotinoid family in Europe were legitimized by emerging knowledge about their impact on the health of bee populations. That such knowledge was articulated and acted upon in the regulatory space is puzzling, given the standard forms of regulatory science, and the ways in which scientific knowledge is used in this very space. This short article reviews research in social science about regulation and regulatory knowledge, to help understand how research on bee decline opened the possibility of wide regulatory restrictions on neonicotinoids.

@article{degbeloAgriculteursSalariesAgricoles2021,
	title = {Agriculteurs et salariés agricoles mis en (in)capacité dans le débat sur les pesticides},
	volume = {166-167},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/},
	issn = {0224-4365, 1775-416X},
	url = {https://journals.openedition.org/travailemploi/13244},
	doi = {10.4000/travailemploi.13244},
	abstract = {Les effets sanitaires liés à l’usage des pesticides agricoles sont de plus en plus dénoncés en France, à travers des mobilisations portées par des associations environnementales, des riverains, des consommateurs ou des élus locaux. Le débat public sur le sujet s’est intensifié sous l’effet d’une forte médiatisation à partir de 2016. Toutefois, les voix des agriculteurs et plus encore celles des salariés y sont peu audibles. Une enquête qualitative menée en Gironde permet d’interroger ce paradoxe : comment comprendre la quasi-absence des travailleurs agricoles, notamment salariés, du débat public sur les pesticides alors que leur surexposition est prouvée ? Mobilisant l’approche par les capabilités, cet article analyse et identifie les processus structurels et situationnels qui génèrent cette quasi-absence de participation. Pour mieux comprendre ce qui se joue lors des discussions publiques sur les pesticides, l’enquête s’est notamment intéressée à la prise de parole des travailleurs agricoles en situation d’activité. Elle révèle alors des inégalités entre viticulteurs et salariés en contrat à durée indéterminée (CDI) d’une part, et les salariés en contrat à durée déterminée (CDD) et ouvriers saisonniers d’autre part. Plus encore, elle montre qu’au-delà d’une simple opposition employeur/salarié, ces inégalités opèrent de façon plus complexe à l’intérieur d’un même statut, notamment celui de saisonnier.
          , 
            The effects of the use of agricultural pesticides on health are increasingly denounced in France, through campaigns led by environmental associations, residents, consumers and local elected representatives. Public debate on the subject has intensified since 2016 as a result of intense media coverage. However, the voices of farmers, and even more so those of employees, are barely heard. A qualitative study carried out in Gironde (France) examines this paradox: how explain the absence of agricultural workers, particularly salaried employees, from the public debate on pesticides when it has been proven that they are overexposed? Using the capabilities approach, this article analyses and identifies the structural and situational processes that produce this almost complete absence of participation. In order to gain a better understanding of what is at stake in public discussions on pesticides, the study has looked in particular at what they say when they are working. It reveals inequalities between vine-growers and employees on permanent contracts on the one hand, and employees on fixed-term contracts and seasonal workers on the other. Moreover, it shows that these inequalities are more complex than a simple employer/employee divide, because they operate within the same status, particularly that of seasonal worker.},
	urldate = {2024-12-02},
	journal = {Travail et emploi},
	author = {Degbelo, Agossè Nadège and Candau, Jacqueline and Ginelli, Ludovic},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {155--181},
}

Les effets sanitaires liés à l’usage des pesticides agricoles sont de plus en plus dénoncés en France, à travers des mobilisations portées par des associations environnementales, des riverains, des consommateurs ou des élus locaux. Le débat public sur le sujet s’est intensifié sous l’effet d’une forte médiatisation à partir de 2016. Toutefois, les voix des agriculteurs et plus encore celles des salariés y sont peu audibles. Une enquête qualitative menée en Gironde permet d’interroger ce paradoxe : comment comprendre la quasi-absence des travailleurs agricoles, notamment salariés, du débat public sur les pesticides alors que leur surexposition est prouvée ? Mobilisant l’approche par les capabilités, cet article analyse et identifie les processus structurels et situationnels qui génèrent cette quasi-absence de participation. Pour mieux comprendre ce qui se joue lors des discussions publiques sur les pesticides, l’enquête s’est notamment intéressée à la prise de parole des travailleurs agricoles en situation d’activité. Elle révèle alors des inégalités entre viticulteurs et salariés en contrat à durée indéterminée (CDI) d’une part, et les salariés en contrat à durée déterminée (CDD) et ouvriers saisonniers d’autre part. Plus encore, elle montre qu’au-delà d’une simple opposition employeur/salarié, ces inégalités opèrent de façon plus complexe à l’intérieur d’un même statut, notamment celui de saisonnier. , The effects of the use of agricultural pesticides on health are increasingly denounced in France, through campaigns led by environmental associations, residents, consumers and local elected representatives. Public debate on the subject has intensified since 2016 as a result of intense media coverage. However, the voices of farmers, and even more so those of employees, are barely heard. A qualitative study carried out in Gironde (France) examines this paradox: how explain the absence of agricultural workers, particularly salaried employees, from the public debate on pesticides when it has been proven that they are overexposed? Using the capabilities approach, this article analyses and identifies the structural and situational processes that produce this almost complete absence of participation. In order to gain a better understanding of what is at stake in public discussions on pesticides, the study has looked in particular at what they say when they are working. It reveals inequalities between vine-growers and employees on permanent contracts on the one hand, and employees on fixed-term contracts and seasonal workers on the other. Moreover, it shows that these inequalities are more complex than a simple employer/employee divide, because they operate within the same status, particularly that of seasonal worker.

@article{ginelliPouvoirParlerPesticides2021,
	title = {Pouvoir parler des pesticides ? {Une} recherche-action pour éprouver les capabilités des travailleurs viticoles ({Gironde}, {France})},
	volume = {21-3},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/},
	issn = {1492-8442},
	shorttitle = {Pouvoir parler des pesticides ?},
	url = {https://journals.openedition.org/vertigo/33921},
	doi = {10.4000/vertigo.33921},
	abstract = {En France, l’intense débat public sur l’usage des pesticides demeure encore peu accessible aux travailleurs agricoles alors même qu’un changement de pratiques est attendu de leur part et qu’ils sont fortement exposés. Cette configuration de la « transition » relative aux pesticides soulève simultanément des enjeux sanitaires, environnementaux et de justice sociale, renouant avec certains mouvements sociaux, qu’il s’agisse de l’Environmental Justice aux États-Unis ou de l’« écologisme des pauvres » dans les pays du Sud (Martinez-Alier, 2014). Nous faisons l’hypothèse que la voix peu audible des travailleurs agricoles dans l’espace public est le signe de capabilités entravées (Sen 2000, de Munck 2008). Qu’ils soient salariés ou agriculteurs participant aux travaux, notre recherche vise donc à identifier les processus sociaux, parfois différents, qui renforcent ou fragilisent leurs capabilités à dire leurs préoccupations relatives aux pesticides. Nous éprouvons cette hypothèse à partir d’un choix méthodologique original, celui d’une recherche-action engagée dans l’émancipation des travailleurs viticoles dans le département français de la Gironde. Il s’avère que des cadrages « forts » (politiques de gestion du risque et de santé au travail) mettent les travailleurs en incapacité d’exprimer leurs préoccupations vis-à-vis des pesticides. D’autres facteurs structurels à l’échelle du territoire et de la filière font que la mise sous silence des travailleurs domine, sans être totale. Les difficultés « opérationnelles » pour mettre en place un groupe de viticulteurs, et plus encore pour les salariés, sont alors particulièrement révélatrices de ces processus antagonistes de mise en (in)capacités en jeu dans la transition relative aux pesticides.
          , 
            In France, the intense public debate on pesticides is still hardly accessible to agricultural workers, even though they are expected to change their practices and are highly exposed. This configuration of pesticide use "transition" raises health, environmental and social justice issues, as do specific social movements, such as Environmental Justice in the United States or "ecologism of the poor" in the South (Martinez-Alier, 2014). We hypothesize that the weak voice of farmworkers in the public space is a sign of hindered capabilities (Sen 2000, de Munck 2008). Whether they are employees or farmers participating in winegrowing work, our research aims to identify the social processes, sometimes different, that strengthen or weaken their capabilities to express their concerns about pesticides. We test this hypothesis using an original methodological choice, an action-research committed to empowering vineyard workers in Gironde. It turns out that "strong" frames (risk management and occupational health policies) make it impossible for workers to express their concerns about pesticides. Other structural factors on the scale of the territory and the wine sector mean that the silencing of workers is dominant without being total. The "operational" difficulties in setting up a group of winegrowers, and even more so for the employees, are therefore particularly revealing of these antagonistic processes of (in)capacity at play in the transition to pesticides.},
	urldate = {2024-12-02},
	journal = {VertigO},
	author = {Ginelli, Ludovic and Candau, Jacqueline and Degbelo, Agossè Nadège and Noûs, Camille},
	year = {2021},
}

En France, l’intense débat public sur l’usage des pesticides demeure encore peu accessible aux travailleurs agricoles alors même qu’un changement de pratiques est attendu de leur part et qu’ils sont fortement exposés. Cette configuration de la « transition » relative aux pesticides soulève simultanément des enjeux sanitaires, environnementaux et de justice sociale, renouant avec certains mouvements sociaux, qu’il s’agisse de l’Environmental Justice aux États-Unis ou de l’« écologisme des pauvres » dans les pays du Sud (Martinez-Alier, 2014). Nous faisons l’hypothèse que la voix peu audible des travailleurs agricoles dans l’espace public est le signe de capabilités entravées (Sen 2000, de Munck 2008). Qu’ils soient salariés ou agriculteurs participant aux travaux, notre recherche vise donc à identifier les processus sociaux, parfois différents, qui renforcent ou fragilisent leurs capabilités à dire leurs préoccupations relatives aux pesticides. Nous éprouvons cette hypothèse à partir d’un choix méthodologique original, celui d’une recherche-action engagée dans l’émancipation des travailleurs viticoles dans le département français de la Gironde. Il s’avère que des cadrages « forts » (politiques de gestion du risque et de santé au travail) mettent les travailleurs en incapacité d’exprimer leurs préoccupations vis-à-vis des pesticides. D’autres facteurs structurels à l’échelle du territoire et de la filière font que la mise sous silence des travailleurs domine, sans être totale. Les difficultés « opérationnelles » pour mettre en place un groupe de viticulteurs, et plus encore pour les salariés, sont alors particulièrement révélatrices de ces processus antagonistes de mise en (in)capacités en jeu dans la transition relative aux pesticides. , In France, the intense public debate on pesticides is still hardly accessible to agricultural workers, even though they are expected to change their practices and are highly exposed. This configuration of pesticide use "transition" raises health, environmental and social justice issues, as do specific social movements, such as Environmental Justice in the United States or "ecologism of the poor" in the South (Martinez-Alier, 2014). We hypothesize that the weak voice of farmworkers in the public space is a sign of hindered capabilities (Sen 2000, de Munck 2008). Whether they are employees or farmers participating in winegrowing work, our research aims to identify the social processes, sometimes different, that strengthen or weaken their capabilities to express their concerns about pesticides. We test this hypothesis using an original methodological choice, an action-research committed to empowering vineyard workers in Gironde. It turns out that "strong" frames (risk management and occupational health policies) make it impossible for workers to express their concerns about pesticides. Other structural factors on the scale of the territory and the wine sector mean that the silencing of workers is dominant without being total. The "operational" difficulties in setting up a group of winegrowers, and even more so for the employees, are therefore particularly revealing of these antagonistic processes of (in)capacity at play in the transition to pesticides.

@article{steinToxicSensoriumAgrochemicals2021,
	title = {Toxic {Sensorium}: {Agrochemicals} in the {African} {Anthropocene}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {2150-6779},
	shorttitle = {Toxic {Sensorium}},
	url = {https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/toxic-sensorium-agrochemicals-in-the-african-anthropocene},
	doi = {10.3167/ARES.2021.120106},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	journal = {Environment and Society: Advances in Research},
	author = {Stein, Serena and Luna, Jessie},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {87--107},
}

@article{ofstehageNotillAgricultureDeception2021,
	title = {No-till agriculture and the deception of sustainability in {Brazil}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1473-5903},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2021.1910419},
	doi = {10.1080/14735903.2021.1910419},
	abstract = {Agronomists and policy makers have proposed no-tillage practice and advocacy in the tropical savannah (Cerrado) of Brazil as a model for agriculture elsewhere. Building from intensive research with Embrapa and ethnographic research with two communities of transnational soy farmers, this paper explores the origins of no-tillage farming in the state of Paraná and the adoption and exploitation of no-tillage by large-scale farmers in the Cerrado of Brazil’s center-west. The spread of no-till was made possible by farmer innovation in Paraná, scientific research adapting the practice to the tropics, and and heavy application of chemical herbicides to control weeds without manual cultivation and intense soil fertility amendments in order to make the Cerrado productive for industrial agriculture. Small-scale Mennonites in the state of Goiás adopted it as an emergency measure to save their land base and compete with neighboring Brazilian farmers; large-scale family farmers from the U.S. adopted no-till to save on labor expense and reduce their liability in the face of labor laws. This indicates that while no-till in Brazil reduces soil erosion and is not a problem in itself, it emerges from a context of socio-technical fixes and its implementation supports farm profitability and agricultural expansion in the Cerrado.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3-4},
	urldate = {2023-07-19},
	journal = {International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	author = {Ofstehage, Andrew and Nehring, Ryan},
	month = jul,
	year = {2021},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2021.1910419},
	keywords = {Brazil, No-tillage, agronomy, cerrado, conservation tillage, politics, soil, sustainability, transnational farmers},
	pages = {335--348},
}

Agronomists and policy makers have proposed no-tillage practice and advocacy in the tropical savannah (Cerrado) of Brazil as a model for agriculture elsewhere. Building from intensive research with Embrapa and ethnographic research with two communities of transnational soy farmers, this paper explores the origins of no-tillage farming in the state of Paraná and the adoption and exploitation of no-tillage by large-scale farmers in the Cerrado of Brazil’s center-west. The spread of no-till was made possible by farmer innovation in Paraná, scientific research adapting the practice to the tropics, and and heavy application of chemical herbicides to control weeds without manual cultivation and intense soil fertility amendments in order to make the Cerrado productive for industrial agriculture. Small-scale Mennonites in the state of Goiás adopted it as an emergency measure to save their land base and compete with neighboring Brazilian farmers; large-scale family farmers from the U.S. adopted no-till to save on labor expense and reduce their liability in the face of labor laws. This indicates that while no-till in Brazil reduces soil erosion and is not a problem in itself, it emerges from a context of socio-technical fixes and its implementation supports farm profitability and agricultural expansion in the Cerrado.

@book{agaGeneticallyModifiedDemocracy2021,
	address = {New Haven},
	title = {Genetically {Modified} {Democracy}: {Transgenic} crops in contemporary {India}},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Yale University Press},
	author = {Aga, Aniket},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{paredesExperimentalScienceBananapocalypse2021,
	title = {Experimental {Science} for the ‘{Bananapocalypse}’: {Counter} {Politics} in the {Plantationocene}},
	volume = {0},
	issn = {0014-1844},
	shorttitle = {Experimental {Science} for the ‘{Bananapocalypse}’},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2021.1919172},
	doi = {10.1080/00141844.2021.1919172},
	abstract = {The plantation has become a landscape of political impossibility. Its industrial modes of production and scientific management pose existential threats to local lifeways, stymie social justice movements, and unleash persistent ecological harms. This article argues that a renewed scientific sensibility offers a way to expand local strategies for transformative political praxis in the face of other political constraints. It introduces the notion of ‘science-in-vivo’, a method of experimentation that has emerged in the context of Philippine banana plantations ravaged by the ‘incurable’ fungal disease Fusarium Wilt Tropical Race Four, also known as Panama Disease. Literally ‘science within the living body’, the method combines secular and non-secular thought, and gathers human, nonhuman, and extrahuman forces in ways that break down some of the hegemonic antagonisms that define plantation life. It was inspired, originally, by a series of God-given dreams about microbes in the forests of southern Mindanao.},
	language = {en},
	number = {0},
	urldate = {2022-03-08},
	journal = {Ethnos},
	author = {Paredes, Alyssa},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Philippines, Plantation, disease, microbes, multi-species, science},
	pages = {1--27},
}

The plantation has become a landscape of political impossibility. Its industrial modes of production and scientific management pose existential threats to local lifeways, stymie social justice movements, and unleash persistent ecological harms. This article argues that a renewed scientific sensibility offers a way to expand local strategies for transformative political praxis in the face of other political constraints. It introduces the notion of ‘science-in-vivo’, a method of experimentation that has emerged in the context of Philippine banana plantations ravaged by the ‘incurable’ fungal disease Fusarium Wilt Tropical Race Four, also known as Panama Disease. Literally ‘science within the living body’, the method combines secular and non-secular thought, and gathers human, nonhuman, and extrahuman forces in ways that break down some of the hegemonic antagonisms that define plantation life. It was inspired, originally, by a series of God-given dreams about microbes in the forests of southern Mindanao.

@article{mansfieldDeregulatoryScienceChemical2021,
	title = {Deregulatory {Science}: {Chemical} risk analysis in {Trump}’s {EPA}},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {0306-3127, 1460-3659},
	shorttitle = {Deregulatory science},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0306312720970284},
	doi = {10.1177/0306312720970284},
	abstract = {While critics cast the Trump administration as anti-science, requiring in response vigorous defense of science, analysis of the Trump EPA reveals instead a strategy to develop deregulatory science. In its first 3 years, the Trump EPA introduced and started to implement a variety of new frameworks to remake scientific risk analysis, changing how it assesses exposures, hazards and costs of chemical harms. The article focuses on EPA frameworks associated with the Clean Air Act, Strengthening Transparency in Regulatory Science rule and Toxic Substances Control Act. The new approaches compel the agency to ignore many pathways of exposure and pivotal studies of hazards, include dose-response models that treat pollution as healthful and change how costs and benefits are calculated. Yet it justifies these frameworks in terms of evidence-based decision-making, transparency and the separation of science from politics. According to its political appointees, the Trump EPA stands for scientific integrity, because it is promulgating evidence-based approaches in risk analysis that show regulation to be neither necessary nor appropriate. This is not just rhetoric but represents an effort to engage science to delegitimize environmental regulation. There is continuity between the Trump EPA and past efforts to use science to justify regulatory rollbacks: defending science by demarcating it from non-science is just as much a strategy for deregulation as it is for regulation. A key lesson is that contesting deregulation by declaring it anti-science reflects an impasse, as deregulatory approaches then also seek to take the mantle of science. The alternative to engaging in debate over demarcation is to make explicit the values and interests shaping practices of regulatory science.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-01-24},
	journal = {Social Studies of Science},
	author = {Mansfield, Becky},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Chemical geographies, EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, Regulation, Risk assessment, Trump, deregulation, risk analysis, science, science and technology studies},
	pages = {28--50},
}

While critics cast the Trump administration as anti-science, requiring in response vigorous defense of science, analysis of the Trump EPA reveals instead a strategy to develop deregulatory science. In its first 3 years, the Trump EPA introduced and started to implement a variety of new frameworks to remake scientific risk analysis, changing how it assesses exposures, hazards and costs of chemical harms. The article focuses on EPA frameworks associated with the Clean Air Act, Strengthening Transparency in Regulatory Science rule and Toxic Substances Control Act. The new approaches compel the agency to ignore many pathways of exposure and pivotal studies of hazards, include dose-response models that treat pollution as healthful and change how costs and benefits are calculated. Yet it justifies these frameworks in terms of evidence-based decision-making, transparency and the separation of science from politics. According to its political appointees, the Trump EPA stands for scientific integrity, because it is promulgating evidence-based approaches in risk analysis that show regulation to be neither necessary nor appropriate. This is not just rhetoric but represents an effort to engage science to delegitimize environmental regulation. There is continuity between the Trump EPA and past efforts to use science to justify regulatory rollbacks: defending science by demarcating it from non-science is just as much a strategy for deregulation as it is for regulation. A key lesson is that contesting deregulation by declaring it anti-science reflects an impasse, as deregulatory approaches then also seek to take the mantle of science. The alternative to engaging in debate over demarcation is to make explicit the values and interests shaping practices of regulatory science.

@article{sabatierEvidenceChlordeconeResurrection2021,
	title = {Evidence of {Chlordecone} {Resurrection} by {Glyphosate} in {French} {West} {Indies} {\textbar} {Environmental} {Science} \& {Technology}},
	volume = {55},
	url = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.0c05207},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-06-09},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Sabatier, Pierre and et al},
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Ecotoxicity, Glyphosate, soil},
	pages = {2296--2306},
}

@article{clappExplainingGrowingGlyphosate2021,
	title = {Explaining {Growing} {Glyphosate} {Use}: {The} political economy of herbicide-dependent agriculture},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {0959-3780},
	shorttitle = {Explaining {Growing} {Glyphosate} {Use}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378021000182},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102239},
	abstract = {The growing use of chemical herbicides for weed control has become a dominant feature of modern industrial agriculture and a major environmental and health concern in agricultural systems worldwide. This paper seeks to explain how and why glyphosate-based agricultural herbicides have become so entrenched in modern agriculture. It shows that a complex interplay among technological, market, and regulatory developments have encouraged a lock-in of glyphosate linked technologies in agricultural systems. These are: (1) the repurposing of glyphosate for use with genetically modified crops; (2) the rise of the generic glyphosate market, which globalized the chemical’s use and encouraged new agricultural uses; (3) new technologies such as digital agriculture and genome editing that interface with glyphosate use; and (4) growing corporate market power and declining public investment in agricultural research programs that constrained innovation in non-herbicide weed control technologies.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Global Environmental Change},
	author = {Clapp, Jennifer},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Agriculture, Chemical geographies, Corporate power, Glyphosate, Herbicides, Political economy, Regulation, Technological innovation},
	pages = {102239},
}

The growing use of chemical herbicides for weed control has become a dominant feature of modern industrial agriculture and a major environmental and health concern in agricultural systems worldwide. This paper seeks to explain how and why glyphosate-based agricultural herbicides have become so entrenched in modern agriculture. It shows that a complex interplay among technological, market, and regulatory developments have encouraged a lock-in of glyphosate linked technologies in agricultural systems. These are: (1) the repurposing of glyphosate for use with genetically modified crops; (2) the rise of the generic glyphosate market, which globalized the chemical’s use and encouraged new agricultural uses; (3) new technologies such as digital agriculture and genome editing that interface with glyphosate use; and (4) growing corporate market power and declining public investment in agricultural research programs that constrained innovation in non-herbicide weed control technologies.

@article{zolletResistingVineyardInvasion2021,
	title = {Resisting the vineyard invasion: {Anti}-pesticide movements as a vehicle for territorial food democracy and just sustainability transitions},
	volume = {86},
	issn = {0743-0167},
	shorttitle = {Resisting the vineyard invasion},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0743016721001947},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.06.020},
	abstract = {Academic literature has so far explored food democracy and citizen participation in agri-food system governance mainly in relation to the ‘food’ end of agri-food systems, and primarily in urban contexts. We argue that this focus can be usefully extended to agricultural production and to wider territorial processes occurring in rural areas. In this study, we examine the development of a grassroots movement demanding stricter municipal regulation of agricultural pesticide use and support for a more sustainable and localised agri-food system. The study site, located in the north-eastern Italian Alps, has in recent years been characterized by the spread of intensive agriculture, particularly due to the expansion of vineyards. Our conceptual framework brings together the literature on food democracy and just sustainability transitions, seen from a territorial perspective. We use this framework to examine the role played by civil society organisations and alternative food networks in municipal and territorial agri-food system governance. The results show how the grassroots anti-pesticide mobilisation played a key role in reforming municipal pesticide regulations and in slowing down the spread of intensive agriculture in the province. We also draw attention to the framings used by activists to gain the support of public opinion and local administrators. Finally, we discuss the role played by different forms of food democracy processes in facilitating the emergence of a territorial vision of just sustainability transitions.},
	urldate = {2024-01-23},
	journal = {Journal of Rural Studies},
	author = {Zollet, Simona and Maharjan, Keshav Lall},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Agri-food system governance, Alternative food networks, Anti-pesticide movements, Food democracy, Just sustainability, Territorial embeddedness},
	pages = {318--329},
}

Academic literature has so far explored food democracy and citizen participation in agri-food system governance mainly in relation to the ‘food’ end of agri-food systems, and primarily in urban contexts. We argue that this focus can be usefully extended to agricultural production and to wider territorial processes occurring in rural areas. In this study, we examine the development of a grassroots movement demanding stricter municipal regulation of agricultural pesticide use and support for a more sustainable and localised agri-food system. The study site, located in the north-eastern Italian Alps, has in recent years been characterized by the spread of intensive agriculture, particularly due to the expansion of vineyards. Our conceptual framework brings together the literature on food democracy and just sustainability transitions, seen from a territorial perspective. We use this framework to examine the role played by civil society organisations and alternative food networks in municipal and territorial agri-food system governance. The results show how the grassroots anti-pesticide mobilisation played a key role in reforming municipal pesticide regulations and in slowing down the spread of intensive agriculture in the province. We also draw attention to the framings used by activists to gain the support of public opinion and local administrators. Finally, we discuss the role played by different forms of food democracy processes in facilitating the emergence of a territorial vision of just sustainability transitions.

@book{bertomeu-sanchezMakingSpanishPesticide2021,
	title = {The {Making} of the {Spanish} {Pesticide} {Industry} {During} the {Early} {Francoist} {Dictatorship} : {Experts}, {Autarky}, {Agnotology}, and {Fascism}},
	isbn = {978-1-003-05387-3},
	shorttitle = {The {Making} of the {Spanish} {Pesticide} {Industry} {During} the {Early} {Francoist} {Dictatorship}},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003053873-3/making-spanish-pesticide-industry-early-francoist-dictatorship-jos%C3%A9-ram%C3%B3n-bertomeu-s%C3%A1nchez},
	doi = {10.4324/9781003053873-3},
	abstract = {This chapter reviews the coproduction of the Spanish pesticide treadmill and the early Francoist regime. I move away from dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)-centered narratives by paying attention to other sociotechnological products (arsenic pesticides), human and nonhuman protagonists (agricultural engineers and Colorado beetles), toxic hazards (poisoning of workers and food consumers), and geopolitical contexts (fascist and autarky policies in Spain during the 1940s). I discuss how the politics of autarky offered new opportunities for developing new agronomic programs, chemical industry, and autarkic policies. These circumstances were behind the making of the Register of Pesticides in 1942. In the last part of this chapter, I discuss the consequences of these regulations in invisibilizing the risks of pesticides for farmers and food consumers. Pesticides have become sources of slow poisoning and tools for social control while reinforcing the alliance of agricultural engineers and fascist politicians in their autarkic/authoritarian dreams.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-07-06},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Bertomeu-Sánchez, José Ramón},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Pages: 33-57
Publication Title: Pervasive Powers},
}

This chapter reviews the coproduction of the Spanish pesticide treadmill and the early Francoist regime. I move away from dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)-centered narratives by paying attention to other sociotechnological products (arsenic pesticides), human and nonhuman protagonists (agricultural engineers and Colorado beetles), toxic hazards (poisoning of workers and food consumers), and geopolitical contexts (fascist and autarky policies in Spain during the 1940s). I discuss how the politics of autarky offered new opportunities for developing new agronomic programs, chemical industry, and autarkic policies. These circumstances were behind the making of the Register of Pesticides in 1942. In the last part of this chapter, I discuss the consequences of these regulations in invisibilizing the risks of pesticides for farmers and food consumers. Pesticides have become sources of slow poisoning and tools for social control while reinforcing the alliance of agricultural engineers and fascist politicians in their autarkic/authoritarian dreams.

@incollection{brunierLignoranceChaineSousreconnaissance2021,
	title = {L'ignorance en chaîne : la sous-reconnaissance des hémopathies professionnelles liées aux pesticides},
	shorttitle = {L'ignorance en chaîne},
	url = {https://sciencespo.hal.science/hal-03095668},
	abstract = {En nous focalisant sur une seule famille de pathologies - les hémopathies - et un même type de risques professionnels - les expositions aux pesticides-, nous faisons l'hypothèse que la sous-reconnaissance des maladies professionnelles peut être pensée comme une "chaîne d'ignorance". Ce terme vise à souligner la pluralité des formes d'ignorance qui entourent un même phénomène social et à les articuler entre elles. Ces différents mécanismes peuvent être non seulement juxtaposés mais aussi se renforcer mutuellement : l'ignorance est ici distribuée et cumulative. Dans le cadre de ce chapitre nous examinons trois étapes : la production des savoirs toxicologiques et épidémiologiques portant sur le lien entre hémopathies et pesticides ; la traduction de ces savoirs en tableaux de maladies professionnelles ; l'engagement des patients dans des démarches de reconnaissance en maladies professionnelles.},
	language = {fr},
	urldate = {2024-03-02},
	publisher = {Presses des Mines},
	author = {Brunier, Sylvain and Jouzel, Jean-Noël and Prete, Giovanni},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {215},
}

En nous focalisant sur une seule famille de pathologies - les hémopathies - et un même type de risques professionnels - les expositions aux pesticides-, nous faisons l'hypothèse que la sous-reconnaissance des maladies professionnelles peut être pensée comme une "chaîne d'ignorance". Ce terme vise à souligner la pluralité des formes d'ignorance qui entourent un même phénomène social et à les articuler entre elles. Ces différents mécanismes peuvent être non seulement juxtaposés mais aussi se renforcer mutuellement : l'ignorance est ici distribuée et cumulative. Dans le cadre de ce chapitre nous examinons trois étapes : la production des savoirs toxicologiques et épidémiologiques portant sur le lien entre hémopathies et pesticides ; la traduction de ces savoirs en tableaux de maladies professionnelles ; l'engagement des patients dans des démarches de reconnaissance en maladies professionnelles.

@misc{biggiLivingPoisonousWorld2021,
	address = {Rochester, NY},
	type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
	title = {Living in a poisonous {World}. {The} {Geography} of {Inventions} in the {Pesticide} {Industry}},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3937284},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3937284},
	abstract = {The invention of dark innovations, which we define as technologies that possess intrinsic features that can cause significant harm to humans and their ecosystems, is expected to shift from high income democratic countries to lower income authoritarian countries which are then blamed for being pollution havens. We take patents in the pesticide industry as a possible space for dark innovations and find that, while pesticides patents boomed in China after 2005, the progressive, democratic, high-income California still retains a leadership in the invention of highly toxic pesticides, which outperform Chinese patents also in terms of geographical scope.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-07-07},
	author = {Biggi, Gianluca and Giuliani, Elisa and Martinelli, Arianna},
	month = oct,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {China., Patents, Persistent organic pollutants (POP), Pesticides, United States, regions},
}

The invention of dark innovations, which we define as technologies that possess intrinsic features that can cause significant harm to humans and their ecosystems, is expected to shift from high income democratic countries to lower income authoritarian countries which are then blamed for being pollution havens. We take patents in the pesticide industry as a possible space for dark innovations and find that, while pesticides patents boomed in China after 2005, the progressive, democratic, high-income California still retains a leadership in the invention of highly toxic pesticides, which outperform Chinese patents also in terms of geographical scope.

@article{allard-huverGlyphosateGuerreUrines2021,
	title = {Glyphosate, la «guerre des urines» a bien eu lieu},
	volume = {22},
	url = {https://www.cairn.info/revue-les-enjeux-de-l-information-et-de-la-communication-2021-S2-page-11.htm},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
	journal = {Les Enjeux de l’information et de la communication},
	publisher = {Cairn/Cairn},
	author = {Allard-Huver, François},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {11--24},
}

@article{ferdinandPesticidesDansOutremer2021,
	title = {Des pesticides dans les {Outre}-mer français. État des lieux et perspectives},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {9782356878229},
	shorttitle = {Des pesticides dans les {Outre}-mer français},
	url = {https://www.cairn.info/revue-ecologie-et-politique-2021-2-page-81.htm},
	abstract = {Aux frontières de l’imaginaire politique de la nation, les Outre-mer et leurs habitants sont aussi aux marges des conceptualisations des enjeux écologiques globaux depuis la France. Cette marginalisation est surprenante tant au regard de leurs écosystèmes, abritant 80 \% de la biodiversité nationale dont une forêt primaire en Guyane, 20 \% des atolls de la planète en Polynésie et la plus grande barrière récifale au monde en Nouvelle-Calédonie, qu’au regard de leurs luttes. Des manifestations contre les pesticides aux Antilles à la quête de justice à la suite des essais nucléaires en Polynésie en passant par les oppositions à l’extractivisme minier en Guyane ou aux politiques de déchets à La Réunion, les habitants des Outre-mer ont produit des conceptualisations de la crise écologique à partir de leurs situations postcoloniales. En collaboration avec l’Observatoire Terre-Monde, ce dossier propose de penser ces écologies politiques depuis les Outre-mer.},
	language = {FR},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Écologie \& politique},
	publisher = {Éditions Le Bord de l’eau},
	author = {Ferdinand, Malcom and Molinié, Erwan},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Place: Lormont},
	pages = {81--94},
}

Aux frontières de l’imaginaire politique de la nation, les Outre-mer et leurs habitants sont aussi aux marges des conceptualisations des enjeux écologiques globaux depuis la France. Cette marginalisation est surprenante tant au regard de leurs écosystèmes, abritant 80 % de la biodiversité nationale dont une forêt primaire en Guyane, 20 % des atolls de la planète en Polynésie et la plus grande barrière récifale au monde en Nouvelle-Calédonie, qu’au regard de leurs luttes. Des manifestations contre les pesticides aux Antilles à la quête de justice à la suite des essais nucléaires en Polynésie en passant par les oppositions à l’extractivisme minier en Guyane ou aux politiques de déchets à La Réunion, les habitants des Outre-mer ont produit des conceptualisations de la crise écologique à partir de leurs situations postcoloniales. En collaboration avec l’Observatoire Terre-Monde, ce dossier propose de penser ces écologies politiques depuis les Outre-mer.

@article{hucLevaluationRisquesPesticides2021,
	title = {L’évaluation des risques des pesticides : entre savoir réglementaire et science académique},
	volume = {104},
	url = {https://www.cairn.info/revue-responsabilite-et-environnement-2021-4-page-28.htm},
	doi = {10.3917/re1.104.0028},
	abstract = {Depuis le milieu du XXe siècle, les pesticides constituent une catégorie de produits réglementés, dont la mise sur le marché est soumise à une autorisation administrative reposant sur une évaluation de leur efficacité et de leurs risques pour la santé humaine et l’environnement.Dans cet article, nous mettons en évidence le décalage pouvant exister entre, d’une part, les lignes directrices qui encadrent l’évaluation réglementaire des risques des pesticides et, d’autre part, l’évolution des données issues de la recherche académique sur ce sujet. Nous montrons cela en nous intéressant aux deux étapes fondamentales de l’évaluation réglementaire des risques que ces produits induisent pour la santé humaine : l’identification et la mesure des dangers, d’une part, et l’estimation des expositions, d’autre part.},
	language = {FR},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Annales des Mines - Responsabilité et environnement},
	publisher = {F.F.E.},
	author = {Huc, Laurence and Jouzel, Jean-Noël},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Place: Paris},
	pages = {28--31},
}

Depuis le milieu du XXe siècle, les pesticides constituent une catégorie de produits réglementés, dont la mise sur le marché est soumise à une autorisation administrative reposant sur une évaluation de leur efficacité et de leurs risques pour la santé humaine et l’environnement.Dans cet article, nous mettons en évidence le décalage pouvant exister entre, d’une part, les lignes directrices qui encadrent l’évaluation réglementaire des risques des pesticides et, d’autre part, l’évolution des données issues de la recherche académique sur ce sujet. Nous montrons cela en nous intéressant aux deux étapes fondamentales de l’évaluation réglementaire des risques que ces produits induisent pour la santé humaine : l’identification et la mesure des dangers, d’une part, et l’estimation des expositions, d’autre part.

@incollection{jasCorporateSystemicAscendency2021,
	title = {Corporate {Systemic} {Ascendency} : {Perspectives} from the {Pesticide} {Industry} in {Postwar} {France}},
	isbn = {978-1-003-05387-3},
	abstract = {Although a pesticide industry had been present in France since the end of the nineteenth century, the use of pesticides only became dominant in French agriculture after World War II. The marginalization of other methods of pest control at the turn of the 1950s cannot simply be explained by policies in favor of agricultural intensification. This chapter provides an account of the important work carried out by the French pesticide industry to transform crop protection. This industry sought to impose itself as the most exclusive resource possible in the areas not only of pesticide regulation but also of crop protection research and practices. Based on two of the instruments that the pesticide industry set up at the time, a professional journal and a learned society, this chapter describes how it built a corporate systemic ascendency on different actors of the French crop protection. It shows that this ascendency relied on four long-term dynamics: the organization of the pesticide industry into a formidable business association, the pathologization and medicalization of crops, the professionalization and increased technicity of crop protection, and establishing of an ideological hold over actors of crop protection.},
	booktitle = {Pervasive {Powers}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Jas, Nathalie},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Num Pages: 24},
}

Although a pesticide industry had been present in France since the end of the nineteenth century, the use of pesticides only became dominant in French agriculture after World War II. The marginalization of other methods of pest control at the turn of the 1950s cannot simply be explained by policies in favor of agricultural intensification. This chapter provides an account of the important work carried out by the French pesticide industry to transform crop protection. This industry sought to impose itself as the most exclusive resource possible in the areas not only of pesticide regulation but also of crop protection research and practices. Based on two of the instruments that the pesticide industry set up at the time, a professional journal and a learned society, this chapter describes how it built a corporate systemic ascendency on different actors of the French crop protection. It shows that this ascendency relied on four long-term dynamics: the organization of the pesticide industry into a formidable business association, the pathologization and medicalization of crops, the professionalization and increased technicity of crop protection, and establishing of an ideological hold over actors of crop protection.

@article{boullierDerriereSpectreConflits2021,
	title = {Derrière le spectre des « conflits d’intérêts » généralisés. {Les} agences face aux défis de l’évaluation réglementaire de produits},
	volume = {29},
	copyright = {© H. Boullier, Hosted by EDP Sciences, 2021},
	issn = {1240-1307, 1765-2979},
	url = {https://www.nss-journal.org/articles/nss/abs/2021/01/nss210016/nss210016.html},
	doi = {10.1051/nss/2021016},
	abstract = {Les agences réglementaires sont aujourd’hui au cœur des politiques de protection des populations et de l’environnement, en France comme en Europe. À chaque fois que les effets sanitaires d’un produit font l’objet d’une controverse publique (bisphénol A, benfluorex, glyphosate), ces agences sont mises en accusation : leurs procédures de gestion des conflits d’intérêts et leurs politiques de transparence seraient insuffisantes. Les débats qui ont récemment entouré les évaluations divergentes du Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (CIRC) et de l’Autorité européenne de sécurité des aliments (EFSA) sur la cancérogénicité du glyphosate suggèrent cependant une situation plus complexe. Plutôt qu’un problème de « conflit d’intérêts », les critiques formulées à l’égard de l’EFSA sont liées au fait que les questions qui lui sont posées, les protocoles sur lesquels elle s’appuie, et les données qu’elle utilise, le sont dans un contexte bien particulier : celui de l’évaluation réglementaire de produits en vue de leur commercialisation.},
	language = {fr},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-02-02},
	journal = {Natures Sciences Sociétés},
	publisher = {EDP Sciences},
	author = {Boullier, Henri},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Number: 1},
	pages = {103--108},
}

Les agences réglementaires sont aujourd’hui au cœur des politiques de protection des populations et de l’environnement, en France comme en Europe. À chaque fois que les effets sanitaires d’un produit font l’objet d’une controverse publique (bisphénol A, benfluorex, glyphosate), ces agences sont mises en accusation : leurs procédures de gestion des conflits d’intérêts et leurs politiques de transparence seraient insuffisantes. Les débats qui ont récemment entouré les évaluations divergentes du Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (CIRC) et de l’Autorité européenne de sécurité des aliments (EFSA) sur la cancérogénicité du glyphosate suggèrent cependant une situation plus complexe. Plutôt qu’un problème de « conflit d’intérêts », les critiques formulées à l’égard de l’EFSA sont liées au fait que les questions qui lui sont posées, les protocoles sur lesquels elle s’appuie, et les données qu’elle utilise, le sont dans un contexte bien particulier : celui de l’évaluation réglementaire de produits en vue de leur commercialisation.

@phdthesis{pellissierTuerPestesPour2021,
	type = {These de doctorat},
	title = {Tuer les pestes pour protéger les cultures : sociohistoire de l’administration des pesticides en {France}},
	copyright = {Licence Etalab},
	shorttitle = {Tuer les pestes pour protéger les cultures},
	url = {https://theses.fr/2021UEFL2005},
	abstract = {Des produits - appelés « pesticides » - sont utilisés pour tuer des organismes vivants - les « pestes » - pour en protéger d’autres - les plantes cultivées. Ils sont donc destinés à la fois à tuer et à protéger. Il découle de ce paradoxe une tension entre la toxicité de ces produits et leur utilité, tension gérée par l’État qui les autorise. Ils sont à ce titre des « technoproduits », à la fois source de progrès et cause de dégâts. Ce constat constitue le point de départ de ce travail : pourquoi et comment l’État autorise-t-il des pesticides ? Les travaux sur le gouvernement des technoproduits et de leurs dégâts ont montré le rôle des instruments d’action publique et des infrastructures de pouvoir pour assurer la continuité de leur existence malgré la critique toujours renouvelée de leurs impacts. Cependant, ces travaux tendent à donner une impression de toute puissance des gouvernants, sans que l’on ne sache souvent très précisément qui ils sont et ce qu’ils font. À l’inverse, des travaux montrent la diversité des pratiques d’utilisation de ces produits, ou de leur critique, souvent sans que le lien avec le gouvernement des technoproduits ne puisse être clairement établi.Pour dépasser la dichotomie entre permanence des arrangements de pouvoirs et instabilité des dynamiques sociales, nous proposons de placer le regard au cœur de la gestion du paradoxe des pesticides, en nous intéressant sur le temps long à la façon dont l’administration s’organise et s’équipe pour gouverner les problèmes. Pour effectuer cette analyse, nous avons mobilisé la sociologie de l’action publique, en nous décentrant cependant des approches par les problèmes publics pour recentrer l’analyse sur les problèmes d’action publique : il s’agit de s’intéresser à l’action publique sans préjuger de la publicité des problèmes qu’elle traite. Nous avons également utilisé les outils de la sociohistoire et l’approche généalogique pour interroger les modalités contemporaines du gouvernement des pesticides au regard de ses développements passés. En conséquence, l’enquête de terrain s’affranchit de la périodisation habituellement utilisée par les recherches historiennes. Elle couvre une période allant d’une vingtaine d’année à plus de deux siècles selon le problème historicisé. Pour retracer la trajectoire des problèmes d’action publique, nous avons mobilisé de manière originale les textes de droit français et européen, ainsi que des entretiens semi-directifs et un corpus documentaire. Cette approche par le temps long n’a pas la finesse du récit historique. Elle est cependant nécessaire pour réinterroger la tension entre continuité et changement dans le gouvernement des pesticides.La thèse établit trois grands résultats. Premièrement, le gouvernement des dégâts des pesticides s’inscrit dans une temporalité beaucoup plus longue que la seule deuxième moitié du XXe siècle. Il précède la mise en place d’un marché gouverné par la qualité et encadré par l’État dans la première moitié du XXe siècle. Il s’inscrit dans un cadre qui dépasse largement celui des pesticides : celui de l’usage contrôlé, qui repose sur la non interdiction de substances ou d’objets dangereux au nom de leur nécessité, et sur l’encadrement de leur usage. Deuxièmement, la thèse met en évidence l’importance des processus de fragmentation et de réassemblage : si la fragmentation est l’instrument privilégié de l’usage contrôlé en ce qu’il rend les problèmes divisibles et gouvernables, le réassemblage met ponctuellement en échec l’usage contrôlé. Troisièmement, la thèse montre que les changements dans le gouvernement des pesticides ne relèvent pas de la seule intégration de la critique mais qu’ils procèdent par des alignements nouveaux entre connaissances et intérêts},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	school = {Université Gustave Eiffel},
	author = {Pellissier, Fanny},
	collaborator = {Joly, Pierre-Benoît},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {300, Action publique, Agriculture, Instruments, Pesticides, Pesticides -- Application, Pesticides -- Droit, Pesticides -- Politique publique, Pesticides -- histoire, Public action, Regulation, Régulation, Socio-History, Sociohistoire},
}

Des produits - appelés « pesticides » - sont utilisés pour tuer des organismes vivants - les « pestes » - pour en protéger d’autres - les plantes cultivées. Ils sont donc destinés à la fois à tuer et à protéger. Il découle de ce paradoxe une tension entre la toxicité de ces produits et leur utilité, tension gérée par l’État qui les autorise. Ils sont à ce titre des « technoproduits », à la fois source de progrès et cause de dégâts. Ce constat constitue le point de départ de ce travail : pourquoi et comment l’État autorise-t-il des pesticides ? Les travaux sur le gouvernement des technoproduits et de leurs dégâts ont montré le rôle des instruments d’action publique et des infrastructures de pouvoir pour assurer la continuité de leur existence malgré la critique toujours renouvelée de leurs impacts. Cependant, ces travaux tendent à donner une impression de toute puissance des gouvernants, sans que l’on ne sache souvent très précisément qui ils sont et ce qu’ils font. À l’inverse, des travaux montrent la diversité des pratiques d’utilisation de ces produits, ou de leur critique, souvent sans que le lien avec le gouvernement des technoproduits ne puisse être clairement établi.Pour dépasser la dichotomie entre permanence des arrangements de pouvoirs et instabilité des dynamiques sociales, nous proposons de placer le regard au cœur de la gestion du paradoxe des pesticides, en nous intéressant sur le temps long à la façon dont l’administration s’organise et s’équipe pour gouverner les problèmes. Pour effectuer cette analyse, nous avons mobilisé la sociologie de l’action publique, en nous décentrant cependant des approches par les problèmes publics pour recentrer l’analyse sur les problèmes d’action publique : il s’agit de s’intéresser à l’action publique sans préjuger de la publicité des problèmes qu’elle traite. Nous avons également utilisé les outils de la sociohistoire et l’approche généalogique pour interroger les modalités contemporaines du gouvernement des pesticides au regard de ses développements passés. En conséquence, l’enquête de terrain s’affranchit de la périodisation habituellement utilisée par les recherches historiennes. Elle couvre une période allant d’une vingtaine d’année à plus de deux siècles selon le problème historicisé. Pour retracer la trajectoire des problèmes d’action publique, nous avons mobilisé de manière originale les textes de droit français et européen, ainsi que des entretiens semi-directifs et un corpus documentaire. Cette approche par le temps long n’a pas la finesse du récit historique. Elle est cependant nécessaire pour réinterroger la tension entre continuité et changement dans le gouvernement des pesticides.La thèse établit trois grands résultats. Premièrement, le gouvernement des dégâts des pesticides s’inscrit dans une temporalité beaucoup plus longue que la seule deuxième moitié du XXe siècle. Il précède la mise en place d’un marché gouverné par la qualité et encadré par l’État dans la première moitié du XXe siècle. Il s’inscrit dans un cadre qui dépasse largement celui des pesticides : celui de l’usage contrôlé, qui repose sur la non interdiction de substances ou d’objets dangereux au nom de leur nécessité, et sur l’encadrement de leur usage. Deuxièmement, la thèse met en évidence l’importance des processus de fragmentation et de réassemblage : si la fragmentation est l’instrument privilégié de l’usage contrôlé en ce qu’il rend les problèmes divisibles et gouvernables, le réassemblage met ponctuellement en échec l’usage contrôlé. Troisièmement, la thèse montre que les changements dans le gouvernement des pesticides ne relèvent pas de la seule intégration de la critique mais qu’ils procèdent par des alignements nouveaux entre connaissances et intérêts

@article{isgrenEnvironmentalJusticePerspective2021,
	title = {An {Environmental} {Justice} {Perspective} on {Smallholder} {Pesticide} {Use} in {Sub}-{Saharan} {Africa}},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {10704965 (ISSN)},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85097126512&doi=10.1177%2f1070496520974407&partnerID=40&md5=c9b5f08ddb38a16f77709b982dfd9282},
	doi = {10.1177/1070496520974407},
	abstract = {Pesticide use is increasing in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, and many smallholders purchase, handle, and apply toxic pesticides with inadequate equipment, knowledge, and technical support. Through the frame of environmental justice, this literature-based study analyzes characteristics, impacts, and drivers of smallholder pesticide use in sub-Saharan Africa, with particular attention to Uganda as a case. We find that market liberalization, poor regulation enforcement, and persistent neglect of agricultural extension place the burden of risk largely on farmers, while perceived necessity of pesticides and the elusive nature of impacts (especially under conditions of insufficient monitoring) likely delay social mobilization around pesticides. The environmental justice frame, which has seen limited application in smallholder contexts, importantly helps delineate future directions for research and practice. It is particularly effective for redirecting focus from highly limited managerial solutions for “safe use” toward deeper problem drivers and solutions capable of tackling them. © The Author(s) 2020.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Environment and Development},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc.},
	author = {Isgren, E. and Andersson, E.},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Place: Lund University Centre for Sustainability Studies (LUCSUS), Lund, Sweden},
	keywords = {Africa, Africa South of the Sahara, Pesticides, Sub-Saharan Africa, Uganda, agrochemical, agrochemicals, environmental health, environmental justice, farming system, integrated pest management, pest control, pest management, pesticide, pesticides, slow violence, smallholder, smallholder farming},
	pages = {68--97},
}

Pesticide use is increasing in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, and many smallholders purchase, handle, and apply toxic pesticides with inadequate equipment, knowledge, and technical support. Through the frame of environmental justice, this literature-based study analyzes characteristics, impacts, and drivers of smallholder pesticide use in sub-Saharan Africa, with particular attention to Uganda as a case. We find that market liberalization, poor regulation enforcement, and persistent neglect of agricultural extension place the burden of risk largely on farmers, while perceived necessity of pesticides and the elusive nature of impacts (especially under conditions of insufficient monitoring) likely delay social mobilization around pesticides. The environmental justice frame, which has seen limited application in smallholder contexts, importantly helps delineate future directions for research and practice. It is particularly effective for redirecting focus from highly limited managerial solutions for “safe use” toward deeper problem drivers and solutions capable of tackling them. © The Author(s) 2020.

@article{liAnalysisPesticideHandler2021,
	title = {An {Analysis} of {Pesticide} {Handler} {Wages} in the {United} {States}},
	volume = {53},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85112862289&doi=10.1017%2faae.2021.16&partnerID=40&md5=40496ea0d6c0a9c90cb6a019305e6b9d},
	doi = {10.1017/aae.2021.16},
	abstract = {Pesticide handling is a critical component of many food supply chains yet labor markets for pesticide handlers are little studied. This study uses data from the U.S. national survey to show that relative to other farmworkers, pesticide handlers get paid 15\% more. To understand this premium, matching techniques are used to identify workers who are observationally equivalent in every way except pesticide handling. Using these methods, approximately half of the wage premium can be related back to observable characteristics, including crop type, geographic location, legal work authorization, education, experience, and other personal characteristics. ©},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics},
	author = {Li, A. and Reimer, J.J.},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {375--388},
}

Pesticide handling is a critical component of many food supply chains yet labor markets for pesticide handlers are little studied. This study uses data from the U.S. national survey to show that relative to other farmworkers, pesticide handlers get paid 15% more. To understand this premium, matching techniques are used to identify workers who are observationally equivalent in every way except pesticide handling. Using these methods, approximately half of the wage premium can be related back to observable characteristics, including crop type, geographic location, legal work authorization, education, experience, and other personal characteristics. ©

@article{vandelacHerbicidesBaseGlyphosate2021,
	title = {Herbicides à base de glyphosate et enjeux de droits pour la santé, le travail et les dispositifs évaluatifs et réglementaires. Éclairages croisés {France}, États-{Unis} et {Québec}},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2563-9250 (numérique)},
	url = {https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/communitas/2021-v2-n1-communitas07949/1098912ar.pdf},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.7202/1098912ar},
	abstract = {En 2015, la France reconnaissait les hémopathies malignes, dont les lymphomes non hodgkiniens (LNH), comme maladies professionnelles liées aux pesticides. Le CIRC de l’OMS déclarait alors le glyphosate et les herbicides à base de glyphosate génotoxiques et cancérigènes probables. Aux États-Unis, 125 000 victimes américaines de LNH attribué au Roundup de Bayer-Monsanto recourraient aux tribunaux qui autorisèrent la déclassification de 2,5 millions de pages de documents internes, les Monsanto Papers, témoignant de décennies de manipulations des dispositifs évaluatifs et réglementaires pour taire la dangerosité du Roundup. Après trois coûteuses condamnations, Bayer-Monsanto signa un règlement hors cours partiel de 11 milliards de dollars américains, et retira du marché, aux ÉtatsUnis, le Roundup à usage domestique. La hausse structurelle des pesticides, passée de 2,3 à 4,1 millions de tonnes de 1990 à 2018, contribuant aux 385 millions de cas par an d’empoisonnement graves et non intentionnels, et leurs impacts menaçants sur le climat, la biodiversité et les limites planétaires, exigent d’aller au-delà des compensations de certaines maladies pour mettre en évidence les responsabilités des firmes productrices, des instances réglementaires et des pouvoirs publics : c’est le cœur de cet article centré sur les HBC, premiers pesticides au monde, au Canada et au Québec et sur leurs liens avec certains cancers, dont les lymphomes non hodgkiniens (LNH).},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Communitas},
	author = {Vandelac, Louise and Sarrazin, Mia and Bacon, Marie-Hélène and Parent, Lise},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {p. 228--266},
}

En 2015, la France reconnaissait les hémopathies malignes, dont les lymphomes non hodgkiniens (LNH), comme maladies professionnelles liées aux pesticides. Le CIRC de l’OMS déclarait alors le glyphosate et les herbicides à base de glyphosate génotoxiques et cancérigènes probables. Aux États-Unis, 125 000 victimes américaines de LNH attribué au Roundup de Bayer-Monsanto recourraient aux tribunaux qui autorisèrent la déclassification de 2,5 millions de pages de documents internes, les Monsanto Papers, témoignant de décennies de manipulations des dispositifs évaluatifs et réglementaires pour taire la dangerosité du Roundup. Après trois coûteuses condamnations, Bayer-Monsanto signa un règlement hors cours partiel de 11 milliards de dollars américains, et retira du marché, aux ÉtatsUnis, le Roundup à usage domestique. La hausse structurelle des pesticides, passée de 2,3 à 4,1 millions de tonnes de 1990 à 2018, contribuant aux 385 millions de cas par an d’empoisonnement graves et non intentionnels, et leurs impacts menaçants sur le climat, la biodiversité et les limites planétaires, exigent d’aller au-delà des compensations de certaines maladies pour mettre en évidence les responsabilités des firmes productrices, des instances réglementaires et des pouvoirs publics : c’est le cœur de cet article centré sur les HBC, premiers pesticides au monde, au Canada et au Québec et sur leurs liens avec certains cancers, dont les lymphomes non hodgkiniens (LNH).

@article{perez-criadoArsenicDDTPesticides2021,
	title = {From arsenic to {DDT}: {Pesticides}, {Fascism} and the invisibility of toxic risks in the early years of {Francoist} {Spain} (1939-1953)},
	volume = {10},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2021 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)},
	issn = {2253-797X},
	shorttitle = {From arsenic to {DDT}},
	url = {https://cultureandhistory.revistas.csic.es/index.php/cultureandhistory/article/view/202},
	doi = {10.3989/chdj.2021.004},
	abstract = {This paper reviews the way in which Spanish agriculture climbed onto the pesticide treadmill. We claim that Fascist policies and expert advice assembled in the early 1940s accelerated the introduction of pesticides into Spanish agriculture and promoted the emergence of the Spanish pesticide industry in the times of autarky. Agricultural engineers were the key protagonists in this process, but other human and non-human actors also played a pivotal role: a new pest (the Colorado beetle), Francoist politicians, farmers, landowners and industry managers. Our focus is on the use of pesticides against the Colorado beetle (the main threat to the potato crop), and the transition from arsenical pesticides to DDT during the 1940s. We discuss how the politics of autarky offered new opportunities for developing agronomic programmes and the chemical industry and led to the creation of the Register of Pesticides in 1942. We also discuss the role of these regulations in concealing the risks of pesticides from farmers and food consumers. Arsenic pesticides became sources of slow poisoning and tools for social control while reinforcing the alliance of agricultural engineers and Fascist politicians in their autarkic and authoritarian projects. When DDT arrived in Spain, the agricultural engineers praised the low toxicity it had demonstrated (compared to lead arsenate) in its first uses in public health and in military campaigns in Italy. Indeed, the data concerning its potential dangers disappeared from view thanks in part to a large multimedia campaign launched to promote the introduction of the new organic pesticides in Spanish agriculture, which is described at the end of the paper.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-11-19},
	journal = {Culture \& History Digital Journal},
	author = {Pérez-Criado, Silvia and Sánchez, José Ramón Bertomeu},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Number: 1},
	keywords = {Toxic risks},
	pages = {e004--e004},
}

This paper reviews the way in which Spanish agriculture climbed onto the pesticide treadmill. We claim that Fascist policies and expert advice assembled in the early 1940s accelerated the introduction of pesticides into Spanish agriculture and promoted the emergence of the Spanish pesticide industry in the times of autarky. Agricultural engineers were the key protagonists in this process, but other human and non-human actors also played a pivotal role: a new pest (the Colorado beetle), Francoist politicians, farmers, landowners and industry managers. Our focus is on the use of pesticides against the Colorado beetle (the main threat to the potato crop), and the transition from arsenical pesticides to DDT during the 1940s. We discuss how the politics of autarky offered new opportunities for developing agronomic programmes and the chemical industry and led to the creation of the Register of Pesticides in 1942. We also discuss the role of these regulations in concealing the risks of pesticides from farmers and food consumers. Arsenic pesticides became sources of slow poisoning and tools for social control while reinforcing the alliance of agricultural engineers and Fascist politicians in their autarkic and authoritarian projects. When DDT arrived in Spain, the agricultural engineers praised the low toxicity it had demonstrated (compared to lead arsenate) in its first uses in public health and in military campaigns in Italy. Indeed, the data concerning its potential dangers disappeared from view thanks in part to a large multimedia campaign launched to promote the introduction of the new organic pesticides in Spanish agriculture, which is described at the end of the paper.

@article{shattuckToxicUncertaintiesEpistemic2020,
	title = {Toxic {Uncertainties} and {Epistemic} {Emergence}: {Understanding} {Pesticides} and {Health} in {Lao} {PDR}},
	volume = {0},
	issn = {2469-4452},
	shorttitle = {Toxic {Uncertainties} and {Epistemic} {Emergence}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2020.1761285},
	doi = {10.1080/24694452.2020.1761285},
	abstract = {Agrichemicals and other toxicants are now ubiquitous in both human bodies and the environment, yet public debate and scientific practice on their effects are still mired in uncertainty. Recent research in the history of science, feminist science, and technology studies has advanced ways of thinking about ignorance and uncertainty. Combined with key insights from political ecology, specifically the ontological continuity of bodies and environments and the uneven production of both knowledge and exposure, I suggest a conceptual intervention. I propose epistemic emergence—a way of thinking about the relations between forms of often situated, partial, and imperfect evidence that could be greater than the sum of their parts—as a way of working with uncertainty. Epistemic emergence pairs conventional scientific data with lay methods, takes into account the complex ecology in which exposures occur, considers how exposure interacts with social lives, and asks what forms of knowledge might make harm articulate enough for action (Liboiron 2015) in a particular context. Using a case study of community-based biomonitoring in upland Laos where pesticide use was near zero fifteen years ago and today risky levels of biomarkers for insecticide appear in children, I discuss what epistemic emergence might look like in practice.},
	number = {0},
	urldate = {2020-11-30},
	journal = {Annals of the American Association of Geographers},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	author = {Shattuck, Annie},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2020.1761285},
	keywords = {Asia, Chemical geographies, LMICs, Laos, Pesticides, Political ecology of health, science and technology studies, uncertainty},
	pages = {1--15},
}

Agrichemicals and other toxicants are now ubiquitous in both human bodies and the environment, yet public debate and scientific practice on their effects are still mired in uncertainty. Recent research in the history of science, feminist science, and technology studies has advanced ways of thinking about ignorance and uncertainty. Combined with key insights from political ecology, specifically the ontological continuity of bodies and environments and the uneven production of both knowledge and exposure, I suggest a conceptual intervention. I propose epistemic emergence—a way of thinking about the relations between forms of often situated, partial, and imperfect evidence that could be greater than the sum of their parts—as a way of working with uncertainty. Epistemic emergence pairs conventional scientific data with lay methods, takes into account the complex ecology in which exposures occur, considers how exposure interacts with social lives, and asks what forms of knowledge might make harm articulate enough for action (Liboiron 2015) in a particular context. Using a case study of community-based biomonitoring in upland Laos where pesticide use was near zero fifteen years ago and today risky levels of biomarkers for insecticide appear in children, I discuss what epistemic emergence might look like in practice.

@article{nikolPoliticsCounterExpertiseAerial2020,
	title = {The {Politics} of {Counter}-{Expertise} on {Aerial} {Spraying}: {Social} {Movements} {Denouncing} {Pesticide} {Risk} {Governance} in the {Philippines}},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0047-2336},
	shorttitle = {The {Politics} of {Counter}-{Expertise} on {Aerial} {Spraying}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2018.1551962},
	doi = {10.1080/00472336.2018.1551962},
	abstract = {In various places in the world, aerial spraying of pesticides has met with resistance from local communities potentially endangered by toxic pesticide drift. Social movements, and the counter-expertise that they mobilise, often trigger changes in state regulations of the practice. This article describes such struggles over risk regulation in the Philippines, where aerial spraying is common in large monoculture banana plantations. It has provoked local activism contesting the socio-economic power of landed and business elites and has challenged the government’s approach to managing pesticide risks. This article develops the argument that different types of counter-expertise must be recognised. The case shows that it can be difficult for movements to articulate these different types of counter-expertise. Furthermore, the weak state characteristics of the Philippine state has shaped the ambiguous responses of risk governance to multiple actors’ divergent knowledge claims. The result is a legal impasse in which civil society has successfully pushed the issue of aerial spraying onto the national political arena, but the state has as yet been unable to develop a comprehensive pesticide risk regulation independent of powerful business interests.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-05-16},
	journal = {Journal of Contemporary Asia},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Nikol, Lisette J. and Jansen, Kees},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2018.1551962},
	keywords = {Philippines, aerial spraying, counter-expertise, risk governance, weak state},
	pages = {99--124},
}

In various places in the world, aerial spraying of pesticides has met with resistance from local communities potentially endangered by toxic pesticide drift. Social movements, and the counter-expertise that they mobilise, often trigger changes in state regulations of the practice. This article describes such struggles over risk regulation in the Philippines, where aerial spraying is common in large monoculture banana plantations. It has provoked local activism contesting the socio-economic power of landed and business elites and has challenged the government’s approach to managing pesticide risks. This article develops the argument that different types of counter-expertise must be recognised. The case shows that it can be difficult for movements to articulate these different types of counter-expertise. Furthermore, the weak state characteristics of the Philippine state has shaped the ambiguous responses of risk governance to multiple actors’ divergent knowledge claims. The result is a legal impasse in which civil society has successfully pushed the issue of aerial spraying onto the national political arena, but the state has as yet been unable to develop a comprehensive pesticide risk regulation independent of powerful business interests.

@book{hetheringtonGovernmentBeansRegulating2020,
	address = {Durham, London},
	title = {The {Government} of {Beans}: {Regulating} life in the age of monocrops},
	isbn = {978-1-4780-0748-7},
	shorttitle = {The {Government} of {Beans}},
	url = {OSU library: https://library.ohio-state.edu/record=b9449061~S7},
	abstract = {The Government of Beans is about the rough edges of environmental regulation, where tenuous state power and blunt governmental instruments encounter ecological destruction and social injustice. At the turn of the twenty-first century, Paraguay was undergoing dramatic economic, political, and environmental change due to a boom in the global demand for soybeans. Although the country's massive new soy monocrop brought wealth, it also brought deforestation, biodiversity loss, rising inequality, and violence. Kregg Hetherington traces well-meaning attempts by bureaucrats and activists to regulate the destructive force of monocrops that resulted in the discovery that the tools of modern government are at best inadequate to deal with the complex harms of modern agriculture and at worst exacerbate them. The book simultaneously tells a local story of people, plants, and government; a regional story of the rise and fall of Latin America's new left; and a story of the Anthropocene writ large, about the long-term, paradoxical consequences of destroying ecosystems in the name of human welfare.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Duke University Press},
	author = {Hetherington, Kregg},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: V6vdDwAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {Paraguay, Political aspects, Soybean industry, Soyfoods industry, Sustainable agriculture},
}

The Government of Beans is about the rough edges of environmental regulation, where tenuous state power and blunt governmental instruments encounter ecological destruction and social injustice. At the turn of the twenty-first century, Paraguay was undergoing dramatic economic, political, and environmental change due to a boom in the global demand for soybeans. Although the country's massive new soy monocrop brought wealth, it also brought deforestation, biodiversity loss, rising inequality, and violence. Kregg Hetherington traces well-meaning attempts by bureaucrats and activists to regulate the destructive force of monocrops that resulted in the discovery that the tools of modern government are at best inadequate to deal with the complex harms of modern agriculture and at worst exacerbate them. The book simultaneously tells a local story of people, plants, and government; a regional story of the rise and fall of Latin America's new left; and a story of the Anthropocene writ large, about the long-term, paradoxical consequences of destroying ecosystems in the name of human welfare.

@article{maggiGlobalEnvironmentalHazard2020,
	title = {The global environmental hazard of glyphosate use},
	volume = {717},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896972030677X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137167},
	abstract = {Agricultural pesticides can become persistent environmental pollutants. Among many, glyphosate (GLP) is under particular scrutiny because of its extensive use and its alleged threats to the ecosystem and human health. Here, we introduce the first global environmental contamination analysis of GLP and its metabolite, AMPA, conducted with a mechanistic dynamic model at 0.5 × 0.5° spatial resolution (about 55 km at the equator) fed with geographically-distributed agricultural quantities, soil and biogeochemical properties, and hydroclimatic variables. Our analyses reveal that about 1\% of croplands worldwide (385,000 km2) are susceptible to mid to high contamination hazard and less than 0.1\% has a high hazard. Hotspots found in South America, Europe, and East and South Asia were mostly correlated to widespread GLP use in pastures, soybean, and corn; diffuse contributing processes were mainly biodegradation recalcitrance and persistence, while soil residue accumulation and leaching below the root zone contributed locally to the hazard in hotspots. Hydroclimatic and soil variables were major controlling factors of contamination hotspots. The relatively low risk of environmental exposure highlighted in our work for a single active substance does not rule out a greater recognition of environmental pollution by pesticides and calls for worldwide cooperation to develop timely standards and implement regulated strategies to prevent excess global environmental pollution.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-07-15},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Maggi, Federico and la Cecilia, Daniele and Tang, Fiona H. M. and McBratney, Alexander},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {AMPA, Environmental modelling, Global scales, Glyphosate, Hazard analysis},
	pages = {137167},
}

Agricultural pesticides can become persistent environmental pollutants. Among many, glyphosate (GLP) is under particular scrutiny because of its extensive use and its alleged threats to the ecosystem and human health. Here, we introduce the first global environmental contamination analysis of GLP and its metabolite, AMPA, conducted with a mechanistic dynamic model at 0.5 × 0.5° spatial resolution (about 55 km at the equator) fed with geographically-distributed agricultural quantities, soil and biogeochemical properties, and hydroclimatic variables. Our analyses reveal that about 1% of croplands worldwide (385,000 km2) are susceptible to mid to high contamination hazard and less than 0.1% has a high hazard. Hotspots found in South America, Europe, and East and South Asia were mostly correlated to widespread GLP use in pastures, soybean, and corn; diffuse contributing processes were mainly biodegradation recalcitrance and persistence, while soil residue accumulation and leaching below the root zone contributed locally to the hazard in hotspots. Hydroclimatic and soil variables were major controlling factors of contamination hotspots. The relatively low risk of environmental exposure highlighted in our work for a single active substance does not rule out a greater recognition of environmental pollution by pesticides and calls for worldwide cooperation to develop timely standards and implement regulated strategies to prevent excess global environmental pollution.

@article{arancibiaResistenciasBioeconomiaArgentina2020,
	title = {Resistencias a la {Bio}-economía e {Argentina}: {Las} luchas contra los agrotóxicos (2001-2013)},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2684-0251},
	url = {https://uccsnal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CIENCIA-DIGNA-UCCSNAL.pdf},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Ciencia Digna},
	author = {Arancibia, Florencia},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {42--63},
}

@article{liaoResidualGovernmentalityPesticide2020,
	title = {Residual {Governmentality}: {Pesticide} {Policing} in {Neo}-socialist {China}},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1444-2213},
	shorttitle = {Residual {Governmentality}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2020.1827020},
	doi = {10.1080/14442213.2020.1827020},
	abstract = {This article examines how food safety is policed between Shanghai and the primary site of vegetable production in its food supply chain, Lanling, in order to illuminate how neo-socialist governmentality works in contemporary China. I describe the policing web that has taken shape since 2009 as a means of regulating pesticide residues in agri-products. Following Foucault, I analyse this as a form of governmentality, operating through technologies (of surveillance and measurement) and habits (of food producers, distributors and users). I argue that it is critical to understand connections between the biological residues of production (pesticides) and the political residues that influence the processes of distribution and consumption (cultural forms of social trust allowing collective resistance to state regulation). Such intervention draws particular attention to the making of commons and community commitment which, I argue, clearly distinguish China’s neo-socialist biopolitics from neoliberal strategies practised in other places.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2022-05-12},
	journal = {The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Liao, Yue},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2020.1827020},
	keywords = {China, Food Safety, Governmentality, Pesticide Residues, Policing Web},
	pages = {416--433},
}

This article examines how food safety is policed between Shanghai and the primary site of vegetable production in its food supply chain, Lanling, in order to illuminate how neo-socialist governmentality works in contemporary China. I describe the policing web that has taken shape since 2009 as a means of regulating pesticide residues in agri-products. Following Foucault, I analyse this as a form of governmentality, operating through technologies (of surveillance and measurement) and habits (of food producers, distributors and users). I argue that it is critical to understand connections between the biological residues of production (pesticides) and the political residues that influence the processes of distribution and consumption (cultural forms of social trust allowing collective resistance to state regulation). Such intervention draws particular attention to the making of commons and community commitment which, I argue, clearly distinguish China’s neo-socialist biopolitics from neoliberal strategies practised in other places.

@book{leguizamonSeedsPowerEnvironmental2020,
	title = {Seeds of {Power}: {Environmental} injustice and genetically modified soybeans in {Argentina}},
	isbn = {978-1-4780-0978-8},
	url = {https://www.dukeupress.edu/seeds-of-power},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	publisher = {Duke University Press},
	author = {Leguizamón, Amalia},
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Argentina, GMOs Genetically modified crops, Latin America, Soybeans},
}

@article{berndtPostneoliberalismInstitutionalRecalibration2020,
	title = {Postneoliberalism as institutional recalibration: {Reading} {Polanyi} through {Argentina}’s soy boom},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {0308-518X},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space},
	author = {Berndt, Christian and Werner, Marion and Fernández, Víctor Ramiro},
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Argentina, Neoliberalism, Polanyi, Political economy, Soybeans},
	pages = {216--236},
}

@article{faberPoisoningWorldProfit2020,
	title = {Poisoning the {World} for {Profit}: {Petro}-{Chemical} {Capital} and the {Global} {Pesticide} {Crisis}},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1045-5752},
	shorttitle = {Poisoning the {World} for {Profit}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2020.1829794},
	doi = {10.1080/10455752.2020.1829794},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2022-06-26},
	journal = {Capitalism Nature Socialism},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Faber, Daniel},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2020.1829794},
	pages = {1--17},
}

@article{barrazaPesticideRiskPerceptions2020,
	title = {Pesticide risk perceptions among bystanders of aerial spraying on bananas in {Costa} {Rica}},
	volume = {189},
	issn = {0013-9351},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935120307726},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2020.109877},
	abstract = {Little is known about how bystanders perceive risks from pesticide use in areas with frequent aerial spraying of pesticides. This research aims to better understand how bystanders (school workers) from three counties of the Limón province in Costa Rica, who did not have a contractual relationship with agricultural production, perceive risks of pesticides in the areas where they work and live. A face-to-face survey was carried out among 475 school workers, of whom 455 completed all 33 questions on pesticide risk perception. An exploratory factor analysis characterized underlying perceptions of pesticide exposure. Nine factors explained 40\% of total variance and concerned severity and magnitude of perceived risk, manageability, benefits and support of pesticide use, amongst others. We subsequently analyzed what variables explained the five factors with satisfactory internal consistency, using separate multivariable linear regression models. Older school workers, (male) elementary teachers, and women school workers (particularly from schools situated near agricultural fields with aerial spraying of pesticides), felt greater severity and/or magnitude of risk from pesticide use. This study shows that bystanders are concerned about health risks from pesticide use. Their risk perceptions are not only shaped by gender and age like previously reported in the literature, but also by job title and geographical context. Understanding of what hazards people care about and how they deal with them is essential for successful risk management, bystanders should therefore be considered as a relevant actor in debates around pesticide issues and for informing the development of regulations and risk reduction strategies.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	journal = {Environmental Research},
	author = {Barraza, Douglas and Jansen, Kees and Wesseling, Catharina and van Wendel de Joode, Berna},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Gender, Latin America, Risk knowledge, Risk reduction, School workers, Teachers},
	pages = {109877},
}

Little is known about how bystanders perceive risks from pesticide use in areas with frequent aerial spraying of pesticides. This research aims to better understand how bystanders (school workers) from three counties of the Limón province in Costa Rica, who did not have a contractual relationship with agricultural production, perceive risks of pesticides in the areas where they work and live. A face-to-face survey was carried out among 475 school workers, of whom 455 completed all 33 questions on pesticide risk perception. An exploratory factor analysis characterized underlying perceptions of pesticide exposure. Nine factors explained 40% of total variance and concerned severity and magnitude of perceived risk, manageability, benefits and support of pesticide use, amongst others. We subsequently analyzed what variables explained the five factors with satisfactory internal consistency, using separate multivariable linear regression models. Older school workers, (male) elementary teachers, and women school workers (particularly from schools situated near agricultural fields with aerial spraying of pesticides), felt greater severity and/or magnitude of risk from pesticide use. This study shows that bystanders are concerned about health risks from pesticide use. Their risk perceptions are not only shaped by gender and age like previously reported in the literature, but also by job title and geographical context. Understanding of what hazards people care about and how they deal with them is essential for successful risk management, bystanders should therefore be considered as a relevant actor in debates around pesticide issues and for informing the development of regulations and risk reduction strategies.

@article{kudskPesticideRegulationEuropean2020,
	title = {Pesticide regulation in the {European} {Union} and the glyphosate controversy},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {0043-1745, 1550-2759},
	url = {https://www-cambridge-org.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/core/journals/weed-science/article/pesticide-regulation-in-the-european-union-and-the-glyphosate-controversy/280701D3315D9AF5E80B2EB383CF593D},
	doi = {10.1017/wsc.2019.59},
	abstract = {The glyphosate controversy before the renewal of the authorization of glyphosate in the European Union (EU) once again turned the spotlight on pesticide regulation in the EU. In the EU, pesticides are attracting more public attention than in other parts of the world, and many nongovernmental organizations specifically target pesticide regulation, trying to influence politicians and other decision makers. Following an overview of the EU pesticide legislation and the impact hitherto on EU agriculture, this paper outlines the glyphosate controversy and presents the outcome of desk studies conducted in Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Sweden on the potential effects of a glyphosate ban on agricultural productivity and farm income. All studies concluded that the loss of income depends very much on farm type and cropping practice, but they all reached the conclusion that particularly no-tillage farming/conservation agriculture will be facing severe problems without glyphosate to control weeds and terminate cover crops. No-tillage/conservation agriculture is viewed as an effective strategy to prevent soil erosion and loss of nutrients, which could become larger problems without glyphosate. Other issues highlighted in the studies were the impact on resistance management, as glyphosate is largely seen as a “herbicide-resistance breaker.” Without glyphosate, fundamental changes in farming practices in the EU are required, and it is hard to imagine that they will come without a cost, at least in the short term.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-06-10},
	journal = {Weed Science},
	author = {Kudsk, Per and Mathiassen, Solvejg Kopp},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Impact study, Regulation 1107/2009, Sustainable Use Directive, pesticide ban},
	pages = {214--222},
}

The glyphosate controversy before the renewal of the authorization of glyphosate in the European Union (EU) once again turned the spotlight on pesticide regulation in the EU. In the EU, pesticides are attracting more public attention than in other parts of the world, and many nongovernmental organizations specifically target pesticide regulation, trying to influence politicians and other decision makers. Following an overview of the EU pesticide legislation and the impact hitherto on EU agriculture, this paper outlines the glyphosate controversy and presents the outcome of desk studies conducted in Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Sweden on the potential effects of a glyphosate ban on agricultural productivity and farm income. All studies concluded that the loss of income depends very much on farm type and cropping practice, but they all reached the conclusion that particularly no-tillage farming/conservation agriculture will be facing severe problems without glyphosate to control weeds and terminate cover crops. No-tillage/conservation agriculture is viewed as an effective strategy to prevent soil erosion and loss of nutrients, which could become larger problems without glyphosate. Other issues highlighted in the studies were the impact on resistance management, as glyphosate is largely seen as a “herbicide-resistance breaker.” Without glyphosate, fundamental changes in farming practices in the EU are required, and it is hard to imagine that they will come without a cost, at least in the short term.

@incollection{mayanceVerdissementControlePar2020,
	edition = {Eve Fouilleux, Laura Michel},
	title = {Un verdissement contrôlé par la profession. {Le} cas de l’agriculture raisonnée en {France}},
	booktitle = {Quand l’alimentation se fait politique(s)},
	publisher = {PUR},
	author = {Mayance, Pierre},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {143--160},
}

@article{postelMarjorieSpockUnsung2020,
	title = {Marjorie {Spock}: {An} {Unsung} {Hero} in the {Fight} {Against} {DDT} and in the {Rise} of the {Modern} {Environmental} {Movement}},
	shorttitle = {Marjorie {Spock}},
	url = {https://www.considera.org/downloads/Published%20Papers/marjorie-spock-web.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-03-29},
	author = {Postel, Sandra},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{garrigouCriticalReviewRole2020,
	title = {Critical review of the role of {PPE} in the prevention of risks related to agricultural pesticide use},
	volume = {123},
	issn = {0925-7535},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753519321381},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.104527},
	abstract = {Personal protection equipment (PPE) holds a privileged position in safety interventions in many countries, despite the fact that they should only be used as a last resort. This is even more paradoxical because many concerns have arisen as to their actual effectiveness under working conditions and their ability to provide the protection attributed to them by certain occupational safety strategies and marketing authorisation procedures. Are these concerns justified? This article is intended to provide an update on what we know of the issue based on a critical analysis of the literature to date. Analysis focuses on the assessment of the effectiveness of coveralls used to protect from plant protection products in OECD countries. All forms of assessment were retained: discussion of the observed effectiveness of PPE in relation to the underlying assumptions of marketing authorisation procedures, laboratory tests of equipment, practical field tests in which PPE-wearing practices were controlled and uncontrolled, analyses of the efficiency of preventive instructions based on wearing such coveralls. Findings show that recommending the use of PPE is key to the granting of marketing authorisation. Some dangerous products only get marketing authorisation because it is assumed that wearing PPE will considerably limit exposure. They would be banned if it were not for this assumption of protection. However the actual effectiveness of PPE in working conditions may be over-estimated. In addition many factors (cost, availability, thermic and mechanical discomfort) may make instructions to wear PPE inapplicable. Advising the use of PPE does not always mean effective protection.},
	journal = {Safety Science},
	author = {Garrigou, A. and Laurent, C. and Berthet, A. and Colosio, C. and Jas, N. and Daubas-Letourneux, V. and Filho, J.-M. [Jackson and Jouzel, J.-N. and Samuel, O. and Baldi, I. and Lebailly, P. and Galey, L. and Goutille, F. and Judon, N.},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {104527},
}

Personal protection equipment (PPE) holds a privileged position in safety interventions in many countries, despite the fact that they should only be used as a last resort. This is even more paradoxical because many concerns have arisen as to their actual effectiveness under working conditions and their ability to provide the protection attributed to them by certain occupational safety strategies and marketing authorisation procedures. Are these concerns justified? This article is intended to provide an update on what we know of the issue based on a critical analysis of the literature to date. Analysis focuses on the assessment of the effectiveness of coveralls used to protect from plant protection products in OECD countries. All forms of assessment were retained: discussion of the observed effectiveness of PPE in relation to the underlying assumptions of marketing authorisation procedures, laboratory tests of equipment, practical field tests in which PPE-wearing practices were controlled and uncontrolled, analyses of the efficiency of preventive instructions based on wearing such coveralls. Findings show that recommending the use of PPE is key to the granting of marketing authorisation. Some dangerous products only get marketing authorisation because it is assumed that wearing PPE will considerably limit exposure. They would be banned if it were not for this assumption of protection. However the actual effectiveness of PPE in working conditions may be over-estimated. In addition many factors (cost, availability, thermic and mechanical discomfort) may make instructions to wear PPE inapplicable. Advising the use of PPE does not always mean effective protection.

@article{lunaPesticidesAreOur2020,
	title = {‘{Pesticides} are our children now’: cultural change and the technological treadmill in the {Burkina} {Faso} cotton sector},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1572-8366},
	shorttitle = {‘{Pesticides} are our children now’},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-019-09999-y},
	doi = {10.1007/s10460-019-09999-y},
	abstract = {Amidst broad debates about the “New Green Revolution” in Africa, input-intensive agriculture is on the rise in some parts of Africa. This paper examines the underlying drivers of the recent and rapid adoption of herbicides and genetically modified seeds in the Burkina Faso cotton sector. Drawing on 8 months of ethnographic fieldwork in the Houndé region, this article contends that economic and cultural dynamics—often considered separately in analyses of technology adoption—have co-produced a self-reinforcing technological treadmill. On the one hand, male farmers seek to increase cotton production in response to an economic squeeze. At the same time, broader cultural shifts toward individualism have created labor shortages as a result of families splitting apart, parents putting their children in school, and some women and young men refusing to provide free labor. Male cotton farmers thus increase production by turning to labor-saving inputs like herbicides, but these inputs create more debt, further locking farmers into intensive production. This article thus expands on the classic concept of the technological treadmill, demonstrating how economic and cultural processes intersect within a process of agrarian change to drive labor-saving agricultural technology adoption in the Burkinabè cotton sector. This expanded treadmill concept illuminates the complex dynamics compelling farmers’ choices to opt into input-intensive agriculture, and also helps explain rising farmer differentiation, as poorer farmers struggle to stay afloat and wealthier farmers expand.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	journal = {Agriculture and Human Values},
	author = {Luna, Jessie K.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Africa, Agricultural technology adoption, Bt cotton, Green Revolution, Herbicides, Labor shortages},
	pages = {449--462},
}

Amidst broad debates about the “New Green Revolution” in Africa, input-intensive agriculture is on the rise in some parts of Africa. This paper examines the underlying drivers of the recent and rapid adoption of herbicides and genetically modified seeds in the Burkina Faso cotton sector. Drawing on 8 months of ethnographic fieldwork in the Houndé region, this article contends that economic and cultural dynamics—often considered separately in analyses of technology adoption—have co-produced a self-reinforcing technological treadmill. On the one hand, male farmers seek to increase cotton production in response to an economic squeeze. At the same time, broader cultural shifts toward individualism have created labor shortages as a result of families splitting apart, parents putting their children in school, and some women and young men refusing to provide free labor. Male cotton farmers thus increase production by turning to labor-saving inputs like herbicides, but these inputs create more debt, further locking farmers into intensive production. This article thus expands on the classic concept of the technological treadmill, demonstrating how economic and cultural processes intersect within a process of agrarian change to drive labor-saving agricultural technology adoption in the Burkinabè cotton sector. This expanded treadmill concept illuminates the complex dynamics compelling farmers’ choices to opt into input-intensive agriculture, and also helps explain rising farmer differentiation, as poorer farmers struggle to stay afloat and wealthier farmers expand.

@article{berman-arevaloOrdinaryGeographiesCare2020,
	title = {Ordinary {Geographies}: {Care}, violence, and agrarian extractivism in “post‐conflict” {Colombia}},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {0066-4812, 1467-8330},
	shorttitle = {Ordinary {Geographies}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anti.12667},
	doi = {10.1111/anti.12667},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2023-01-25},
	journal = {Antipode},
	author = {Berman‐Arévalo, Eloísa and Ojeda, Diana},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1583--1602},
}

@article{sanchezbarbaKeepingThem2020,
	title = {‘{Keeping} {Them} {Down}’},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2380-3312},
	url = {https://catalystjournal.org/index.php/catalyst/article/view/32253},
	doi = {10.28968/cftt.v6i1.32253},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience},
	author = {Sánchez Barba, Mayra G.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Chemical geographies, Feminist science studies, Pesticides, United States},
}

@article{hendlinOilWaterPolitics2020,
	title = {Like {Oil} and {Water}: {The} {Politics} of ({Not}) {Assessing} {Glyphosate} {Concentrations} in {Aquatic} {Ecosystems}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1867-299X, 2190-8249},
	shorttitle = {Like {Oil} and {Water}},
	url = {https://www-cambridge-org.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/core/journals/european-journal-of-risk-regulation/article/like-oil-and-water-the-politics-of-not-assessing-glyphosate-concentrations-in-aquatic-ecosystems/9DF1C7251DFEEA008BB305583C662F45},
	doi = {10.1017/err.2020.65},
	abstract = {Since the International Agency on Cancer Research’s monograph found glyphosate to be a likely carcinogen, the regulatory focus on the chemical has centred on this determinative criterion for regulatory action. Yet, other pertinent factors, such as the effects of glyphosate on fresh and ground water and ensuing effects on biodiversity, have received less attention as legitimate rationales for regulating the chemical. This underrepresentation prevents a wider policy discussion on the environmental and human health effects of the chemical and fails to disrupt assumptions of path-dependently continuing on agriculture’s chemical treadmill. To avoid ad hoc post hoc chemical regulation, we assess four areas of chemical regulatory oversight in Europe with regard to glyphosate affecting water: (1) the undue emphasis on in laboratorio versus in situ testing; (2) assessing single chemicals (isolated glyphosate) versus admixtures (glyphosate plus surfactants and adjuvants) that are used in practice; (3) the tendency to downplay harms to non-human life; and (4) the lack of policy coherence in the existing regulatory framework. Focusing on European Union regulation of pesticide and water policy affecting aquatic environments, we conclude that issues of measurement and priority have become highly politicised in both science and policy, requiring preventative, precautionary frameworks utilising plural forms of measurement.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-05-30},
	journal = {European Journal of Risk Regulation},
	author = {Hendlin, Yogi Hale and Arcuri, Alessandra and Lepenies, Robert and Hüesker, Frank},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {539--564},
}

Since the International Agency on Cancer Research’s monograph found glyphosate to be a likely carcinogen, the regulatory focus on the chemical has centred on this determinative criterion for regulatory action. Yet, other pertinent factors, such as the effects of glyphosate on fresh and ground water and ensuing effects on biodiversity, have received less attention as legitimate rationales for regulating the chemical. This underrepresentation prevents a wider policy discussion on the environmental and human health effects of the chemical and fails to disrupt assumptions of path-dependently continuing on agriculture’s chemical treadmill. To avoid ad hoc post hoc chemical regulation, we assess four areas of chemical regulatory oversight in Europe with regard to glyphosate affecting water: (1) the undue emphasis on in laboratorio versus in situ testing; (2) assessing single chemicals (isolated glyphosate) versus admixtures (glyphosate plus surfactants and adjuvants) that are used in practice; (3) the tendency to downplay harms to non-human life; and (4) the lack of policy coherence in the existing regulatory framework. Focusing on European Union regulation of pesticide and water policy affecting aquatic environments, we conclude that issues of measurement and priority have become highly politicised in both science and policy, requiring preventative, precautionary frameworks utilising plural forms of measurement.

@incollection{marquezDriftCatchersCombatting2020,
	address = {Oakland, CA},
	title = {Drift {Catchers} {Combatting} {Pesticide} {Power}},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {Bite {Back}: {People} taking on corporate food and winning},
	publisher = {University of California Press},
	author = {Marquez, Emily and Ishii-Eiteman, Marcia and Schafer, Kristin},
	editor = {Jayaraman, Saru and De Master, Kathryn},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {63--72},
}

@article{vanderploegFarmersUpheavalClimate2020,
	title = {Farmers’ {Upheaval}, {Climate} {Crisis} and {Populism}},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0306-6150, 1743-9361},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03066150.2020.1725490},
	doi = {10.1080/03066150.2020.1725490},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2023-01-24},
	journal = {The Journal of Peasant Studies},
	author = {Van der Ploeg, Jan Douwe},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {589--605},
}

@article{bazzanExpertisePoliticsPublic2020,
	title = {Expertise, politics and public opinion at the crossroads of the {European} {Commission}’s decision-making: {The} case of {Glyphosate}.},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
	issn = {2679-3873},
	shorttitle = {Expertise, politics and public opinion at the crossroads of the {European} {Commission}’s decision-making},
	url = {https://journals.openedition.org/irpp/849},
	doi = {10.4000/irpp.849},
	abstract = {With the growing politicisation of European Union (EU) integration, the European Commission is increasingly facing a tension between technocratic and responsive decision-making. How does this tension play out in the process of supranational implementation under comitology rules? We argue that the tension between the Commission´s role as a technocrat and as a responsive bureaucrat takes place during the implementation process when the issue at stake becomes politicised. We test our argument through the analysis of the Glyphosate renewal procedure (2015-2017). We process-trace the case by means of semi-structured interviews, media and document analysis. We find that with the increase of issue visibility and subsequent politicisation, the Commission progressively abandons a purely technocratic behaviour. First, it puts in place political strategies such as delays and blame-shifting to release itself from the burden of unpopular decisions. Secondly, it seeks to respond to concerns expressed by consumers by proposing compromise-based measures closer to public interest. Ultimately, we show how the outcome of the policy process is mediated by politicisation and characterised by a shift from technocratic to responsive decision making.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-05-30},
	journal = {International Review of Public Policy},
	publisher = {International Public Policy Association},
	author = {Bazzan, Giulia and Migliorati, Marta},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Number: 1},
	keywords = {EU Commission, comitology, consumer protection, decision-making, politicization, public opinion, responsiveness},
	pages = {68--89},
}

With the growing politicisation of European Union (EU) integration, the European Commission is increasingly facing a tension between technocratic and responsive decision-making. How does this tension play out in the process of supranational implementation under comitology rules? We argue that the tension between the Commission´s role as a technocrat and as a responsive bureaucrat takes place during the implementation process when the issue at stake becomes politicised. We test our argument through the analysis of the Glyphosate renewal procedure (2015-2017). We process-trace the case by means of semi-structured interviews, media and document analysis. We find that with the increase of issue visibility and subsequent politicisation, the Commission progressively abandons a purely technocratic behaviour. First, it puts in place political strategies such as delays and blame-shifting to release itself from the burden of unpopular decisions. Secondly, it seeks to respond to concerns expressed by consumers by proposing compromise-based measures closer to public interest. Ultimately, we show how the outcome of the policy process is mediated by politicisation and characterised by a shift from technocratic to responsive decision making.

@article{chezeUnderstandingFarmersReluctance2020,
	title = {Understanding farmers' reluctance to reduce pesticide use: {A} choice experiment},
	volume = {167},
	issn = {0921-8009},
	shorttitle = {Understanding farmers' reluctance to reduce pesticide use},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800919300552},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.06.004},
	abstract = {Despite reducing the use of pesticides being a major challenge in developed countries, dedicated agri-environmental policies have not yet proven successful in doing so. We analyze conventional farmers' willingness to reduce their use of synthetic pesticides. To do so, we conduct a discrete choice experiment that includes the risk of large production losses due to pests. Our results indicate that this risk strongly limits farmers' willingness to change their practices, regardless of the consequences on average profit. Furthermore, the administrative burden has a significant effect on farmers' decisions. Reducing the negative health and environmental impacts of pesticides is a significant motivator only when respondents believe that pesticides affect the environment. Farmers who earn revenue from outside their farms and/or believe that yields can be maintained while reducing the use of pesticides are significantly more willing to adopt low-pesticide practices. Policy recommendations are derived from our results.},
	urldate = {2024-06-17},
	journal = {Ecological Economics},
	author = {Chèze, Benoît and David, Maia and Martinet, Vincent},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Agricultural practices, Discrete choice experiment, Pesticides, Production risk},
	pages = {106349},
}

Despite reducing the use of pesticides being a major challenge in developed countries, dedicated agri-environmental policies have not yet proven successful in doing so. We analyze conventional farmers' willingness to reduce their use of synthetic pesticides. To do so, we conduct a discrete choice experiment that includes the risk of large production losses due to pests. Our results indicate that this risk strongly limits farmers' willingness to change their practices, regardless of the consequences on average profit. Furthermore, the administrative burden has a significant effect on farmers' decisions. Reducing the negative health and environmental impacts of pesticides is a significant motivator only when respondents believe that pesticides affect the environment. Farmers who earn revenue from outside their farms and/or believe that yields can be maintained while reducing the use of pesticides are significantly more willing to adopt low-pesticide practices. Policy recommendations are derived from our results.

@article{grimonprezPesticidesRiverainsLimpossible2020,
	title = {Pesticides et riverains: l'impossible conciliation juridique?},
	volume = {Doctrine 174},
	language = {fr},
	number = {6},
	journal = {La Semaine juridique. Editions Législatives.},
	author = {Grimonprez, Benoît and Bouchema, Inès},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{dedieuDomesticationLepidemiologieMaladies2020,
	title = {La domestication de l’épidémiologie. {Les} maladies professionnelles liées aux pesticides, de la science à la reconnaissance},
	volume = {VOL. 9},
	issn = {2260-0965},
	shorttitle = {La domestication de l’épidémiologie},
	url = {https://www.cairn.info/revue-gouvernement-et-action-publique-2020-2-page-15.htm},
	doi = {10.3917/gap.202.0015},
	abstract = {Ce numéro varia débute par un article d’une grande actualité en ces temps de Covid-19 : il met en évidence les
limites de la conversion des données épidémiologiques en instruments d’action publique en soulignant le poids des logiques administratives. Les deux articles suivants portent sur des processus de mise en oeuvre : l’un étudie l’appropriation de la réforme de 2015 de l’enseignement moral et civique (EMC) par les professeurs de lycée à l’aune de leur rapport complexe aux prescriptions ; l’autre examine la manière dont les comportements des artistes sont façonnés par les normes d’activation du RSA et leurs interactions avec les agents de l’État social. La dernière
contribution montre comment les Points conseils budget (PCB), développés en 2016 pour améliorer la situation financière des ménages et leur inclusion bancaire dans le cadre du plan de lutte contre la pauvreté, font bouger les frontières à la fois entre le privé et le public, et entre l’économique et le social.},
	language = {fr},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-01-25},
	journal = {Gouvernement et action publique},
	publisher = {Presses de Sciences Po},
	author = {Dedieu, François and Jouzel, Jean-Noël},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Place: Paris},
	keywords = {agriculture, expertise, maladies professionnelles, pesticides, épidémiologie},
	pages = {15--40},
}

Ce numéro varia débute par un article d’une grande actualité en ces temps de Covid-19 : il met en évidence les limites de la conversion des données épidémiologiques en instruments d’action publique en soulignant le poids des logiques administratives. Les deux articles suivants portent sur des processus de mise en oeuvre : l’un étudie l’appropriation de la réforme de 2015 de l’enseignement moral et civique (EMC) par les professeurs de lycée à l’aune de leur rapport complexe aux prescriptions ; l’autre examine la manière dont les comportements des artistes sont façonnés par les normes d’activation du RSA et leurs interactions avec les agents de l’État social. La dernière contribution montre comment les Points conseils budget (PCB), développés en 2016 pour améliorer la situation financière des ménages et leur inclusion bancaire dans le cadre du plan de lutte contre la pauvreté, font bouger les frontières à la fois entre le privé et le public, et entre l’économique et le social.

@article{benkoPeopleNeedKnow2020,
	title = {People need to know! {Notification} and the regulation of pesticide use near public schools in {California}},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2514-8486},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2514848619851102},
	doi = {10.1177/2514848619851102},
	abstract = {This article takes up a recent proposal by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation to regulate pesticide use near public schools with the goal of examining notifications and the public debate over their use. Entailing an exchange of information between growers and schools, notifications provide schools with information about pesticide applications taking place nearby. While the procedural aspects are coherent, the regulatory purpose behind notification and its subsequent effects are considerably less so. I draw on literature related to pesticide drift and the politics of scale in order to discuss the strategic differences between notifications and their better known regulatory counterpart, buffer zones, and to highlight the significance of these differences for public debate over the problem of pesticide drift, and how best to regulate it. I argue that Department of Pesticide Regulation’s proposal presents conflicting imperatives that obfuscate the scale of pesticide drift risk and correspond to disparate sets of actors and prescribed actions. This central contradiction has put stakeholders in the position of being unsure about what notifications can do, and has led them to invoke disparate justifications for and against the proposed requirements. I argue, however, that the on-the-ground effects of notifications are the same, regardless of discursive framing. Intended to function as a protective measure, notifications instead shift the burden of protection on to individual school staff and parents through a neoliberal process of responsibilization. Literature on governmentality and health risk management animates the ways that information dissemination can work as responsibilizing policy. This effect is especially problematic considering the limitations faced by Latinx farmworker communities. As this case shows, the lack of choice in a governmental structure that ostensibly provides more freedom to take action when pesticide drift is imminent is a constraint on poor, minority communities, even while it is considered an increased freedom by others.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-11-12},
	journal = {Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd STM},
	author = {Benko, Keli},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {164--185},
}

This article takes up a recent proposal by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation to regulate pesticide use near public schools with the goal of examining notifications and the public debate over their use. Entailing an exchange of information between growers and schools, notifications provide schools with information about pesticide applications taking place nearby. While the procedural aspects are coherent, the regulatory purpose behind notification and its subsequent effects are considerably less so. I draw on literature related to pesticide drift and the politics of scale in order to discuss the strategic differences between notifications and their better known regulatory counterpart, buffer zones, and to highlight the significance of these differences for public debate over the problem of pesticide drift, and how best to regulate it. I argue that Department of Pesticide Regulation’s proposal presents conflicting imperatives that obfuscate the scale of pesticide drift risk and correspond to disparate sets of actors and prescribed actions. This central contradiction has put stakeholders in the position of being unsure about what notifications can do, and has led them to invoke disparate justifications for and against the proposed requirements. I argue, however, that the on-the-ground effects of notifications are the same, regardless of discursive framing. Intended to function as a protective measure, notifications instead shift the burden of protection on to individual school staff and parents through a neoliberal process of responsibilization. Literature on governmentality and health risk management animates the ways that information dissemination can work as responsibilizing policy. This effect is especially problematic considering the limitations faced by Latinx farmworker communities. As this case shows, the lack of choice in a governmental structure that ostensibly provides more freedom to take action when pesticide drift is imminent is a constraint on poor, minority communities, even while it is considered an increased freedom by others.

@phdthesis{aulagnierReduireSansContraindre2020,
	type = {Thèse de doctorat},
	title = {Réduire sans contraindre. {Le} gouvernement des pratiques agricoles à l'épreuve des pesticides},
	copyright = {Licence Etalab},
	shorttitle = {La substitution dans l’action publique},
	url = {https://www.theses.fr/s151004},
	urldate = {2023-01-27},
	school = {Paris, Institut d'études politiques},
	author = {Aulagnier, Alexis},
	collaborator = {Dubuisson-Quellier, Sophie and Jouzel, Jean-Noël},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{jouzelMicroscopeMacroscopeConflits2020,
	title = {Le microscope et le macroscope. {Conflits} de perspectives disciplinaires sur les liens entre pesticides et santé au travail},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1635-0421},
	url = {https://stm.cairn.info/revue-environnement-risques-et-sante-2020-2-page-106?lang=fr&tab=resume},
	language = {fr},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-09-18},
	journal = {Environnement, Risques \& Santé},
	publisher = {JLE Editions},
	author = {Jouzel, Jean-Noël},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {106--112},
}

@book{foucartGardiensRaisonEnquete2020,
	address = {Paris},
	title = {Les gardiens de la raison. {Enquête} sur la désinformation scientifique},
	url = {https://www.editionsladecouverte.fr/les_gardiens_de_la_raison-9782348046155},
	urldate = {2022-07-07},
	publisher = {La Découverte},
	author = {Foucart, Stéphane and Horel, Stéphane and Laurens, Sylvain},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{meftaulControversiesHumanHealth2020,
	title = {Controversies over human health and ecological impacts of glyphosate: {Is} it to be banned in modern agriculture?},
	volume = {263},
	issn = {0269-7491},
	shorttitle = {Controversies over human health and ecological impacts of glyphosate},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749119368265},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114372},
	abstract = {Glyphosate, introduced by Monsanto Company under the commercial name Roundup in 1974, became the extensively used herbicide worldwide in the last few decades. Glyphosate has excellent properties of fast sorption in soil, biodegradation and less toxicity to nontarget organisms. However, glyphosate has been reported to increase the risk of cancer, endocrine-disruption, celiac disease, autism, effect on erythrocytes, leaky-gut syndrome, etc. The reclassification of glyphosate in 2015 as ‘probably carcinogenic’ under Group 2A by the International Agency for Research on Cancer has been broadly circulated by anti-chemical and environmental advocacy groups claiming for restricted use or ban of glyphosate. In contrast, some comprehensive epidemiological studies involving farmers with long-time exposure to glyphosate in USA and elsewhere coupled with available toxicological data showed no correlation with any kind of carcinogenic or genotoxic threat to humans. Moreover, several investigations confirmed that the surfactant, polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA), contained in the formulations of glyphosate like Roundup, is responsible for the established adverse impacts on human and ecological health. Subsequent to the evolution of genetically modified glyphosate-resistant crops and the extensive use of glyphosate over the last 45 years, about 38 weed species developed resistance to this herbicide. Consequently, its use in the recent years has been either restricted or banned in 20 countries. This critical review on glyphosate provides an overview of its behaviour, fate, detrimental impacts on ecological and human health, and the development of resistance in weeds and pathogens. Thus, the ultimate objective is to help the authorities and agencies concerned in resolving the existing controversies and in providing the necessary regulations for safer use of the herbicide. In our opinion, glyphosate can be judiciously used in agriculture with the inclusion of safer surfactants in commercial formulations sine POEA, which is toxic by itself is likely to increase the toxicity of glyphosate.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-06-11},
	journal = {Environmental Pollution},
	author = {Meftaul, Islam Md. and Venkateswarlu, Kadiyala and Dharmarajan, Rajarathnam and Annamalai, Prasath and Asaduzzaman, Md and Parven, Aney and Megharaj, Mallavarapu},
	month = aug,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), Glyphosate, Herbicide resistance, Human and ecological health, Polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA)},
	pages = {114372},
}

Glyphosate, introduced by Monsanto Company under the commercial name Roundup in 1974, became the extensively used herbicide worldwide in the last few decades. Glyphosate has excellent properties of fast sorption in soil, biodegradation and less toxicity to nontarget organisms. However, glyphosate has been reported to increase the risk of cancer, endocrine-disruption, celiac disease, autism, effect on erythrocytes, leaky-gut syndrome, etc. The reclassification of glyphosate in 2015 as ‘probably carcinogenic’ under Group 2A by the International Agency for Research on Cancer has been broadly circulated by anti-chemical and environmental advocacy groups claiming for restricted use or ban of glyphosate. In contrast, some comprehensive epidemiological studies involving farmers with long-time exposure to glyphosate in USA and elsewhere coupled with available toxicological data showed no correlation with any kind of carcinogenic or genotoxic threat to humans. Moreover, several investigations confirmed that the surfactant, polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA), contained in the formulations of glyphosate like Roundup, is responsible for the established adverse impacts on human and ecological health. Subsequent to the evolution of genetically modified glyphosate-resistant crops and the extensive use of glyphosate over the last 45 years, about 38 weed species developed resistance to this herbicide. Consequently, its use in the recent years has been either restricted or banned in 20 countries. This critical review on glyphosate provides an overview of its behaviour, fate, detrimental impacts on ecological and human health, and the development of resistance in weeds and pathogens. Thus, the ultimate objective is to help the authorities and agencies concerned in resolving the existing controversies and in providing the necessary regulations for safer use of the herbicide. In our opinion, glyphosate can be judiciously used in agriculture with the inclusion of safer surfactants in commercial formulations sine POEA, which is toxic by itself is likely to increase the toxicity of glyphosate.

@article{shohanBuildingTheoryGreen2020,
	title = {Building theory of green supply chain management for the chemical industry {An} emerging economy context},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1477-7835},
	doi = {10.1108/MEQ-11-2019-0239},
	abstract = {Purpose In Bangladesh, the chemical industry is one of the expanding industries based on current statistical data analysis. Green supply chain management (GSCM) is pivotal in order to compete with the global competition. This paper main aim is to discuss a systematic approach to build a structural outline. The purpose of the proposed structural outline is to predict the constructive implementation of GSCM especially on chemical industry in Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach This proposed structural framework evaluates the suitable interrelationship next to the barriers of GSCM in the Bangladesh's chemical industry. Here, on the basis of literature review and survey from expert opinions by the use of the Delphi methodology in total eight barriers were concluded. Here additionally, MICMAC analyses were applied to determine the driving and dependence power. Furthermore, the frameworks outline for the barriers were included by means of total interpretive structural modeling (TISM) method. Findings Based on the analysis, the most significant barriers were found lack of supporting laws and guidance from the government and cost of disposal of hazardous products. Originality/value In this research, Delphi method questionnaire generated based on the GSCM in the Bangladesh chemical sector. This study will assist the industrial managers to assess and evaluate the crucial sectors, whereas they should give priority to apply the GSCM in the Bangladesh chemical industry.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	journal = {MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY},
	author = {Shohan, Shohanuzzaman and Ali, Syed Mithun and Kabir, Golam and Ahmed, S. K. Kafi and Haque, Tasmiah and Suhi, Saima Ahmed},
	month = aug,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1285--1308},
}

Purpose In Bangladesh, the chemical industry is one of the expanding industries based on current statistical data analysis. Green supply chain management (GSCM) is pivotal in order to compete with the global competition. This paper main aim is to discuss a systematic approach to build a structural outline. The purpose of the proposed structural outline is to predict the constructive implementation of GSCM especially on chemical industry in Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach This proposed structural framework evaluates the suitable interrelationship next to the barriers of GSCM in the Bangladesh's chemical industry. Here, on the basis of literature review and survey from expert opinions by the use of the Delphi methodology in total eight barriers were concluded. Here additionally, MICMAC analyses were applied to determine the driving and dependence power. Furthermore, the frameworks outline for the barriers were included by means of total interpretive structural modeling (TISM) method. Findings Based on the analysis, the most significant barriers were found lack of supporting laws and guidance from the government and cost of disposal of hazardous products. Originality/value In this research, Delphi method questionnaire generated based on the GSCM in the Bangladesh chemical sector. This study will assist the industrial managers to assess and evaluate the crucial sectors, whereas they should give priority to apply the GSCM in the Bangladesh chemical industry.

@article{lajmanovichConsecuenciasModeloTransgenico2020,
	title = {Consecuencias del {Modelo} {Transgénico} de {Cultivos} {Resistente} a {Herbicidas} en {Argentina}: ¿es solo un problema de distancias?},
	volume = {1},
	url = {https://uccsnal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/REVISTA-UCCSNAL-mayo-2020-Nro-1.pdf},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Ciencia Digna},
	author = {Lajmanovich, Rafael Carlos},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {62--67},
}

@article{phillipsAgrochemicalIndustryDevelopment2020,
	title = {Agrochemical industry development, trends in {R}\&{D} and the impact of regulation},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {1526-4998},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ps.5728},
	doi = {10.1002/ps.5728},
	abstract = {Over the last 20 years the share of the crop protection market attributable to the leading markets (North America, EU-15 and Japan) that are the major focus of new active ingredient research and development (R\&D) has declined. Greater growth has been recorded in developing markets, questioning the focus of current R\&D strategy. R\&D budgets within the major companies have seen a shift toward genetically modified (GM) trait development away from agrochemicals, such that the rate of new active ingredients entering development and subsequently being introduced has declined. As a result, the industry has become more reliant on older, off-patent chemistry, although the availability of older products has been affected by re-registration requirements, particularly in the EU. Current criteria often preclude the registration of broad-spectrum agrochemicals, resulting in many new active ingredients being single site active, which is perceived to increase the potential for resistance development, particularly for herbicides, although this is not always the case. © 2019 The Author. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2023-02-07},
	journal = {Pest Management Science},
	author = {Phillips, Matthew William Archer},
	year = {2020},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ps.5728},
	keywords = {GM traits, R\&D, agrochemical, hazard, registration, resistance, risk, strategy},
	pages = {3348--3356},
}

Over the last 20 years the share of the crop protection market attributable to the leading markets (North America, EU-15 and Japan) that are the major focus of new active ingredient research and development (R&D) has declined. Greater growth has been recorded in developing markets, questioning the focus of current R&D strategy. R&D budgets within the major companies have seen a shift toward genetically modified (GM) trait development away from agrochemicals, such that the rate of new active ingredients entering development and subsequently being introduced has declined. As a result, the industry has become more reliant on older, off-patent chemistry, although the availability of older products has been affected by re-registration requirements, particularly in the EU. Current criteria often preclude the registration of broad-spectrum agrochemicals, resulting in many new active ingredients being single site active, which is perceived to increase the potential for resistance development, particularly for herbicides, although this is not always the case. © 2019 The Author. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

@article{nielsenSyntheticisingScandinaviaIntroduction2020,
	title = {Syntheticising {Scandinavia}: {The} {Introduction} of {Synthetic} {Pesticides} to {Scandinavian} {Gardens}, 1945-1952},
	volume = {14},
	shorttitle = {Syntheticising {Scandinavia}},
	url = {https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/host-2020-0006},
	doi = {10.2478/host-2020-0006},
	abstract = {This study examines the introduction of prescriptive pesticide technologies into Scandinavian family gardens. It analyses pesticide propaganda and...},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-04-10},
	journal = {HoST - Journal of History of Science and Technology},
	author = {Nielsen, May-Brith Ohman},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {113--159},
}

This study examines the introduction of prescriptive pesticide technologies into Scandinavian family gardens. It analyses pesticide propaganda and...

@article{durantIgnoranceLoopsHow2020,
	title = {Ignorance loops: {How} non-knowledge about bee-toxic agrochemicals is iteratively produced},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0306-3127, 1460-3659},
	shorttitle = {Ignorance loops},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0306312720923390},
	doi = {10.1177/0306312720923390},
	abstract = {In this article, I examine the knowledge politics around pesticides in the United States and the role it plays in honey bee declines. Since 2006, US beekeepers have lost an average of one-third of their colonies each year. Though a number of factors influence bee health, beekeepers, researchers and policymakers cite pesticides as a primary contributor. In the US, pesticide registration is overseen by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), with the required tests conducted by chemical companies applying for registration. Until 2016, the EPA only required chemical companies to measure acute toxicity for non-target species, which means that many pesticides with sublethal toxicities are not labeled bee-toxic, and farmers can apply them without penalty while bees are on their farms or orchards. In addition, California state and county regulators will typically only investigate a bee kill caused by a labeled bee-toxic pesticide, and so emergent data on non-labeled, sublethal pesticides goes uncollected. These gaps in data collection frustrate beekeepers and disincentivize them from reporting colony losses to regulatory agencies – thus reinforcing ignorance about which chemicals are toxic to bees. I term the iterative cycle of nonknowledge co-constituted by regulatory shortfalls and stakeholder regulatory disengagement an ‘ignorance loop’. I conclude with a discussion of what this dynamic can tell us about the politics of knowledge production and pesticide governance and the consequences of ‘ignorance loops’ for stakeholders and the environment.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2022-09-26},
	journal = {Social Studies of Science},
	author = {Durant, Jennie L},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {751--777},
}

In this article, I examine the knowledge politics around pesticides in the United States and the role it plays in honey bee declines. Since 2006, US beekeepers have lost an average of one-third of their colonies each year. Though a number of factors influence bee health, beekeepers, researchers and policymakers cite pesticides as a primary contributor. In the US, pesticide registration is overseen by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), with the required tests conducted by chemical companies applying for registration. Until 2016, the EPA only required chemical companies to measure acute toxicity for non-target species, which means that many pesticides with sublethal toxicities are not labeled bee-toxic, and farmers can apply them without penalty while bees are on their farms or orchards. In addition, California state and county regulators will typically only investigate a bee kill caused by a labeled bee-toxic pesticide, and so emergent data on non-labeled, sublethal pesticides goes uncollected. These gaps in data collection frustrate beekeepers and disincentivize them from reporting colony losses to regulatory agencies – thus reinforcing ignorance about which chemicals are toxic to bees. I term the iterative cycle of nonknowledge co-constituted by regulatory shortfalls and stakeholder regulatory disengagement an ‘ignorance loop’. I conclude with a discussion of what this dynamic can tell us about the politics of knowledge production and pesticide governance and the consequences of ‘ignorance loops’ for stakeholders and the environment.

@article{villnowExaminingGermanMedia2019,
	title = {Examining {German} {Media} {Coverage} of the {Re}-{Evaluation} of {Glyphosate}},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2071-1050},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/7/1910},
	doi = {10.3390/su11071910},
	abstract = {This study investigates media coverage of the re-evaluation process of glyphosate from 1 January 2015 to 31 March 2018. In a comparative, qualitative print media analysis, the promotion of claims and the use of narratives of Die Zeit, a weekly newspaper, and top agrar, an agricultural trade journal, are explored. Results identify noticeable differences in both media outlets’ news reporting. Whereas Die Zeit focused on potential health risks and the scientific controversy, top agrar’s coverage emphasized the harmlessness of glyphosate. The multifaceted use of narratives by Die Zeit contrasts with the comparatively low use of narratives by top agrar.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2024-05-30},
	journal = {Sustainability},
	publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	author = {Villnow, Veronika and Rombach, Meike and Bitsch, Vera},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Number: 7},
	keywords = {agriculture, claims-making, narratives, news values, qualitative content analysis},
	pages = {1910},
}

This study investigates media coverage of the re-evaluation process of glyphosate from 1 January 2015 to 31 March 2018. In a comparative, qualitative print media analysis, the promotion of claims and the use of narratives of Die Zeit, a weekly newspaper, and top agrar, an agricultural trade journal, are explored. Results identify noticeable differences in both media outlets’ news reporting. Whereas Die Zeit focused on potential health risks and the scientific controversy, top agrar’s coverage emphasized the harmlessness of glyphosate. The multifaceted use of narratives by Die Zeit contrasts with the comparatively low use of narratives by top agrar.

@article{tosunCaseMuddlingPolitics2019,
	title = {A {Case} of ‘{Muddling} {Through}’? {The} {Politics} of {Renewing} {Glyphosate} {Authorization} in the {European} {Union}},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2071-1050},
	shorttitle = {A {Case} of ‘{Muddling} {Through}’?},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/2/440},
	doi = {10.3390/su11020440},
	abstract = {Between 2012 and 2017, the European Commission struggled to achieve the renewal of glyphosate, an active ingredient of some broad-spectrum herbicides. As indicated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the chemical kills or suppresses all plant types; when applied at lower rates, it is a plant-growth regulator and desiccant. Glyphosate is used worldwide for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes. Once uncontroversial, new scientific evidence concerning the potential hazards of the substance has sparked a considerable debate in public and political spheres. In light of this sustained controversy, it came as a surprise when a qualified majority of European Union member states voted in favor of the Commission’s proposal to renew the approval of glyphosate for another five years. How was this outcome reached after many ‘no opinion’ votes? How are the member states dealing with the authorization’s renewal? Relying on document analyses and process tracing, we show in this study that the aforementioned renewal was attained due to a change in position on the part of German delegates, who voted in favor of the proposal instead of abstaining. By examining how the member states are addressing the renewal of the authorization, we found that both the countries that opposed renewal and those that supported it are now taking steps to reduce the use—or preparing the phaseout—of glyphosate. Due to domestic political considerations, however, the realization of these steps has so far proven to be difficult.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-05-30},
	journal = {Sustainability},
	publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	author = {Tosun, Jale and Lelieveldt, Herman and Wing, Trevelyan S.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Number: 2},
	keywords = {European Union, comitology procedure, domestic politics, glyphosate, voting behavior},
	pages = {440},
}

Between 2012 and 2017, the European Commission struggled to achieve the renewal of glyphosate, an active ingredient of some broad-spectrum herbicides. As indicated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the chemical kills or suppresses all plant types; when applied at lower rates, it is a plant-growth regulator and desiccant. Glyphosate is used worldwide for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes. Once uncontroversial, new scientific evidence concerning the potential hazards of the substance has sparked a considerable debate in public and political spheres. In light of this sustained controversy, it came as a surprise when a qualified majority of European Union member states voted in favor of the Commission’s proposal to renew the approval of glyphosate for another five years. How was this outcome reached after many ‘no opinion’ votes? How are the member states dealing with the authorization’s renewal? Relying on document analyses and process tracing, we show in this study that the aforementioned renewal was attained due to a change in position on the part of German delegates, who voted in favor of the proposal instead of abstaining. By examining how the member states are addressing the renewal of the authorization, we found that both the countries that opposed renewal and those that supported it are now taking steps to reduce the use—or preparing the phaseout—of glyphosate. Due to domestic political considerations, however, the realization of these steps has so far proven to be difficult.

@article{sponslerPesticidesPollinatorsSocioecological2019,
	title = {Pesticides and {Pollinators}: {A} socioecological synthesis},
	volume = {662},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	shorttitle = {Pesticides and pollinators},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719300166},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.016},
	abstract = {The relationship between pesticides and pollinators, while attracting no shortage of attention from scientists, regulators, and the public, has proven resistant to scientific synthesis and fractious in matters of policy and public opinion. This is in part because the issue has been approached in a compartmentalized and intradisciplinary way, such that evaluations of organismal pesticide effects remain largely disjoint from their upstream drivers and downstream consequences. Here, we present a socioecological framework designed to synthesize the pesticide-pollinator system and inform future scholarship and action. Our framework consists of three interlocking domains-pesticide use, pesticide exposure, and pesticide effects–each consisting of causally linked patterns, processes, and states. We elaborate each of these domains and their linkages, reviewing relevant literature and providing empirical case studies. We then propose guidelines for future pesticide-pollinator scholarship and action agenda aimed at strengthening knowledge in neglected domains and integrating knowledge across domains to provide decision support for stakeholders and policymakers. Specifically, we emphasize (1) stakeholder engagement, (2) mechanistic study of pesticide exposure, (3) understanding the propagation of pesticide effects across levels of organization, and (4) full-cost accounting of the externalities of pesticide use and regulation. Addressing these items will require transdisciplinary collaborations within and beyond the scientific community, including the expertise of farmers, agrochemical developers, and policymakers in an extended peer community.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-11-30},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Sponsler, Douglas B. and Grozinger, Christina M. and Hitaj, Claudia and Rundlöf, Maj and Botías, Cristina and Code, Aimee and Lonsdorf, Eric V. and Melathopoulos, Andony P. and Smith, David J. and Suryanarayanan, Sainath and Thogmartin, Wayne E. and Williams, Neal M. and Zhang, Minghua and Douglas, Margaret R.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Bee, Ecosystem services, Ecotoxicity, Framework, Pesticide, Pollinators, Risk},
	pages = {1012--1027},
}

The relationship between pesticides and pollinators, while attracting no shortage of attention from scientists, regulators, and the public, has proven resistant to scientific synthesis and fractious in matters of policy and public opinion. This is in part because the issue has been approached in a compartmentalized and intradisciplinary way, such that evaluations of organismal pesticide effects remain largely disjoint from their upstream drivers and downstream consequences. Here, we present a socioecological framework designed to synthesize the pesticide-pollinator system and inform future scholarship and action. Our framework consists of three interlocking domains-pesticide use, pesticide exposure, and pesticide effects–each consisting of causally linked patterns, processes, and states. We elaborate each of these domains and their linkages, reviewing relevant literature and providing empirical case studies. We then propose guidelines for future pesticide-pollinator scholarship and action agenda aimed at strengthening knowledge in neglected domains and integrating knowledge across domains to provide decision support for stakeholders and policymakers. Specifically, we emphasize (1) stakeholder engagement, (2) mechanistic study of pesticide exposure, (3) understanding the propagation of pesticide effects across levels of organization, and (4) full-cost accounting of the externalities of pesticide use and regulation. Addressing these items will require transdisciplinary collaborations within and beyond the scientific community, including the expertise of farmers, agrochemical developers, and policymakers in an extended peer community.

@article{elmoreRoundupGroundSupplySide2019,
	title = {Roundup from the {Ground} {Up}: {A} {Supply}-{Side} {Story} of the {World}'s {Most} {Widely} {Used} {Herbicide}},
	volume = {93},
	doi = {10.3098/ah.2019.093.1.102},
	abstract = {Digging deep into the history of phosphate mining, this article engages contempo- rary debates about the environmental sustainability of using Roundup to produce to make Roundup an effective herbicide is elemental phosphorus, which comes from a cycle. Though many people may not know it, the critical raw material Monsanto uses our food by focusing on the front end rather than the back end of the product’s life processing plant in southeast Idaho that remains an operating Superfund site to this that there are some troubling realities about producing Roundup in the first place. between Monsanto’s herbicide and carcinogenesis. But if we look to history, we see day. In the years ahead, scholars may well demonstrate a clear and irrefutable link Documenting the supply-side ecological costs of Roundup manufacture, this article environment more than a quarter century after it had achieved national priority 1990s, that allowed an operating facility to continue releasing pollutants into the questions the efficacy of a decentralized EPA remediation strategy, honed in the listing under the Superfund program.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Agricultural History},
	author = {Elmore, Bartow},
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Glyphosate, Glyphosate history, Monsanto},
	pages = {102},
}

Digging deep into the history of phosphate mining, this article engages contempo- rary debates about the environmental sustainability of using Roundup to produce to make Roundup an effective herbicide is elemental phosphorus, which comes from a cycle. Though many people may not know it, the critical raw material Monsanto uses our food by focusing on the front end rather than the back end of the product’s life processing plant in southeast Idaho that remains an operating Superfund site to this that there are some troubling realities about producing Roundup in the first place. between Monsanto’s herbicide and carcinogenesis. But if we look to history, we see day. In the years ahead, scholars may well demonstrate a clear and irrefutable link Documenting the supply-side ecological costs of Roundup manufacture, this article environment more than a quarter century after it had achieved national priority 1990s, that allowed an operating facility to continue releasing pollutants into the questions the efficacy of a decentralized EPA remediation strategy, honed in the listing under the Superfund program.

@article{agaMarketingCorporateAgrichemicals2019,
	title = {The {Marketing} of {Corporate} {Agrichemicals} in {Western} {India}: {Theorizing} graded informality},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0306-6150},
	shorttitle = {The marketing of corporate agrichemicals in {Western} {India}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2018.1534833},
	doi = {10.1080/03066150.2018.1534833},
	abstract = {This article focuses on the young men from agrarian backgrounds who work as field marketing agents for companies like Monsanto in western Maharashtra, India. They promote pesticides, herbicides and other agrichemicals to farmers who often belong to higher castes. My ethnography suggests that the promotion of agrichemicals deploys the idiom of agricultural extension, upsetting India's tenacious social hierarchies on the one hand, and driving corporate profits and indebtedness among farmers on the other. With respect to the subordination of agriculture to industrial capital, I contend that farmers and marketing agents can neither be arrayed against one another, nor is their relation to industrial capital alike. Agrichemicals marketing troubles dichotomous frameworks, such as farmers against industrial capital. Ultimately, I call for re-conceiving political economy in terms of graded informality, where opportunities and constraints for accumulation map onto a gradient, rather than fall on opposite ends of a binary.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2021-04-18},
	journal = {The Journal of Peasant Studies},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Aga, Aniket},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2018.1534833},
	keywords = {Corporate marketing, agricultural extension, capitalism, caste, informal, pesticides},
	pages = {1458--1476},
}

This article focuses on the young men from agrarian backgrounds who work as field marketing agents for companies like Monsanto in western Maharashtra, India. They promote pesticides, herbicides and other agrichemicals to farmers who often belong to higher castes. My ethnography suggests that the promotion of agrichemicals deploys the idiom of agricultural extension, upsetting India's tenacious social hierarchies on the one hand, and driving corporate profits and indebtedness among farmers on the other. With respect to the subordination of agriculture to industrial capital, I contend that farmers and marketing agents can neither be arrayed against one another, nor is their relation to industrial capital alike. Agrichemicals marketing troubles dichotomous frameworks, such as farmers against industrial capital. Ultimately, I call for re-conceiving political economy in terms of graded informality, where opportunities and constraints for accumulation map onto a gradient, rather than fall on opposite ends of a binary.

@article{arcuriChemicalAnthropoceneGlyphosate2019,
	title = {The {Chemical} {Anthropocene}: {Glyphosate} as a {Case} {Study} of {Pesticide} {Exposures}},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0961-5768},
	shorttitle = {The {Chemical} {Anthropocene}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09615768.2019.1645436},
	doi = {10.1080/09615768.2019.1645436},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-11-12},
	journal = {King's Law Journal},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Arcuri, Alessandra and Hendlin, Yogi Hale},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09615768.2019.1645436},
	keywords = {Anthropocene, Chemical geographies, Exposure, Glyphosate, Glyphosate history, Pesticide, Regulation},
	pages = {234--253},
}

@article{perryProductConcentrationUsage2019,
	title = {Product concentration and usage: {Behavioral} effects in the glyphosate market},
	volume = {158},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85059775676&doi=10.1016%2fj.jebo.2018.12.027&partnerID=40&md5=2e18828985ab81101a17fe16bd7bd639},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jebo.2018.12.027},
	abstract = {People often ignore or misunderstand information that would help them make better decisions. For products that differ by concentration level, a critical choice concerns the correct dosage rate. We study the effects of changing glyphosate product concentration levels on farmers’ glyphosate usage behavior. Glyphosate is the world's most widely used herbicide. After glyphosate went off patent in 2000, product variants with higher concentration levels entered the market. Using detailed farm-level glyphosate use data in U.S. corn and soybeans over the period 1998–2011, we estimate the impact of product concentration levels on glyphosate application rates. We control for prices and other sources of heterogeneity by means of individual and time fixed effects. Our findings indicate that increasing the baseline concentration level by 10\% increases the application rate by nearly 6\%, despite the fact that labels on more concentrated products provide instructions on how to correctly adjust dosage rates downwards. We attribute part of the concentration effect to rational behavior and part of it to label confusion and/or habit, with smaller farms and late adopters being more likely to resort to habit. A counterfactual simulation predicts that label confusion and/or habit was responsible for a 4.6\% increase in total glyphosate use and an additional \$59 million per year (4.7\%) in glyphosate sellers’ revenues. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization},
	author = {Perry, E.D. and Hennessy, D.A. and Moschini, G.},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {543--559},
}

People often ignore or misunderstand information that would help them make better decisions. For products that differ by concentration level, a critical choice concerns the correct dosage rate. We study the effects of changing glyphosate product concentration levels on farmers’ glyphosate usage behavior. Glyphosate is the world's most widely used herbicide. After glyphosate went off patent in 2000, product variants with higher concentration levels entered the market. Using detailed farm-level glyphosate use data in U.S. corn and soybeans over the period 1998–2011, we estimate the impact of product concentration levels on glyphosate application rates. We control for prices and other sources of heterogeneity by means of individual and time fixed effects. Our findings indicate that increasing the baseline concentration level by 10% increases the application rate by nearly 6%, despite the fact that labels on more concentrated products provide instructions on how to correctly adjust dosage rates downwards. We attribute part of the concentration effect to rational behavior and part of it to label confusion and/or habit, with smaller farms and late adopters being more likely to resort to habit. A counterfactual simulation predicts that label confusion and/or habit was responsible for a 4.6% increase in total glyphosate use and an additional $59 million per year (4.7%) in glyphosate sellers’ revenues. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.

@article{nishimotoGlobalTrendsCrop2019,
	title = {Global trends in the crop protection industry},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1348-589X},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6718354/},
	doi = {10.1584/jpestics.D19-101},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-07-05},
	journal = {Journal of Pesticide Science},
	author = {Nishimoto, Ray},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {141--147},
}

@article{preteStagingInternationalEnvironmental2019,
	title = {Staging {International} {Environmental} {Justice}: {The} {International} {Monsanto} {Tribunal}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {1555-2934},
	shorttitle = {Staging {International} {Environmental} {Justice}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/plar.12310},
	doi = {10.1111/plar.12310},
	abstract = {Opinions tribunals dealing with environmental issues have multiplied over the last several years as a consequence of the rise of international environmental law and its promotion by international networks. Drawing on an ethnographic investigation of one of those tribunals—the International Monsanto Tribunal— this article reflects on the many objectives they often pursue: strengthening political positions, publicizing environmental and health social struggles, and promoting legal theories. In our case, we show that articulating those objectives involved intense work to stage the tribunal's legitimacy. We analyze this work and how it was put to the test during and after the sessions of the tribunal. Our article broadly suggests that environmental opinion tribunals are political arenas where rights and identities are not only asserted but also negotiated and legitimized.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-07-07},
	journal = {PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review},
	author = {Prete, Giovanni and Cournil, Christel},
	year = {2019},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/plar.12310},
	keywords = {International Monsanto Tribunal, ecocide, environment, law, opinion tribunal},
	pages = {191--209},
}

Opinions tribunals dealing with environmental issues have multiplied over the last several years as a consequence of the rise of international environmental law and its promotion by international networks. Drawing on an ethnographic investigation of one of those tribunals—the International Monsanto Tribunal— this article reflects on the many objectives they often pursue: strengthening political positions, publicizing environmental and health social struggles, and promoting legal theories. In our case, we show that articulating those objectives involved intense work to stage the tribunal's legitimacy. We analyze this work and how it was put to the test during and after the sessions of the tribunal. Our article broadly suggests that environmental opinion tribunals are political arenas where rights and identities are not only asserted but also negotiated and legitimized.

@article{bertomeu-sanchezIntroductionPesticidesPresent2019,
	title = {Introduction. {Pesticides}: {Past} and {Present}},
	volume = {13},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0},
	issn = {1646-7752},
	shorttitle = {Introduction. {Pesticides}},
	url = {https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/host-2019-0001},
	doi = {10.2478/host-2019-0001},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-09-14},
	journal = {HoST - Journal of History of Science and Technology},
	author = {Bertomeu-Sánchez, José Ramón},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1--27},
}

@article{zikankubaPesticideRegulationsTheir2019,
	title = {Pesticide regulations and their malpractice implications on food and environment safety},
	volume = {5},
	doi = {10.1080/23311932.2019.1601544},
	abstract = {Although pesticides have a positive effect on plant health in terms of insect pests and diseases control, increased productivity and improved crop storage, their malpractice impacts on food safety negatively. Pesticide residues and corre- sponding metabolites are left as runoff to the environment affecting non-targeted organisms like fish, bees, butterflies, birds and other beneficial organisms in soil and water bodies. Moreover, the application of pesticides in non-agriculture activities goes unnoticed, such as spraying for anopheles mosquito to control malaria. Human health effects caused by pesticide residues in food include headache, vomiting, itching and skin irritation, restlessness, dizziness, breathing difficulties, neurotoxicity and chronic poisoning-related diseases such as cancer and death incidences. Maximum residue limits are the maximum pesticide residues limit in food consid- ered safe to human as set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and the joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization meeting on pesticide residues. The residues of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and chlorpyrifos are reported in various foods globally. Additionally, food safety is largely obstructed by illegal use of pesticides and the presence of counterfeit pesticides in the market. This review provides detail on pesticide control and regulations, residues in food their health impacts and link approaches like good agricultural practices for ensur- ing sustainability on safe food production.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Cogent Food \& Agriculture},
	author = {Zikankuba, Vumilia Lwoga and Mwanyika, Gaspary and Ntwenya, Julius Edward and James, Armachius},
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Food safety, GAP, MRLs, Pesticide, Pesticide regulations, Pesticide residues, Regulation},
	pages = {1--15},
}

Although pesticides have a positive effect on plant health in terms of insect pests and diseases control, increased productivity and improved crop storage, their malpractice impacts on food safety negatively. Pesticide residues and corre- sponding metabolites are left as runoff to the environment affecting non-targeted organisms like fish, bees, butterflies, birds and other beneficial organisms in soil and water bodies. Moreover, the application of pesticides in non-agriculture activities goes unnoticed, such as spraying for anopheles mosquito to control malaria. Human health effects caused by pesticide residues in food include headache, vomiting, itching and skin irritation, restlessness, dizziness, breathing difficulties, neurotoxicity and chronic poisoning-related diseases such as cancer and death incidences. Maximum residue limits are the maximum pesticide residues limit in food consid- ered safe to human as set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and the joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization meeting on pesticide residues. The residues of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and chlorpyrifos are reported in various foods globally. Additionally, food safety is largely obstructed by illegal use of pesticides and the presence of counterfeit pesticides in the market. This review provides detail on pesticide control and regulations, residues in food their health impacts and link approaches like good agricultural practices for ensur- ing sustainability on safe food production.

@article{bureau-pointSubstancesChimiquesPeurs2019,
	title = {Substances chimiques et peurs alimentaires au {Cambodge}},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/},
	issn = {1620-3224},
	url = {https://journals.openedition.org/moussons/5417},
	doi = {10.4000/moussons.5417},
	abstract = {Les substances chimiques (ជាតិគីមី jāti gīmī) présentes dans l’alimentation font l’objet d’une préoccupation collective croissante au Cambodge. Malgré leur caractère invisible, l’idée selon laquelle les aliments contiennent des résidus chimiques néfastes pour la santé, a fait son chemin. Tout un ensemble de peurs alimentaires émergent. Un nouvel imaginaire des aliments se répand et chacun tente de mettre en place des stratégies pour s’arranger avec la peur de la contamination. À partir d’une étude ethnographique réalisée au Cambodge entre juin 2018 et mars 2019 auprès de citadins, d’agriculteurs, de vendeurs de riz, de produits frais et de vendeurs d’intrants agricoles, cet article rend compte des imaginaires collectifs des aliments et des accommodements qui s’élaborent en réaction à la peur de la contamination.},
	language = {fr},
	number = {34},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	journal = {Moussons. Recherche en sciences humaines sur l’Asie du Sud-Est},
	author = {Bureau-Point, Ève and Doeurn, Seyha},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Cambodge, imaginaire, invisibilité, pesticides, peurs alimentaires, santé},
	pages = {109--140},
}

Les substances chimiques (ជាតិគីមី jāti gīmī) présentes dans l’alimentation font l’objet d’une préoccupation collective croissante au Cambodge. Malgré leur caractère invisible, l’idée selon laquelle les aliments contiennent des résidus chimiques néfastes pour la santé, a fait son chemin. Tout un ensemble de peurs alimentaires émergent. Un nouvel imaginaire des aliments se répand et chacun tente de mettre en place des stratégies pour s’arranger avec la peur de la contamination. À partir d’une étude ethnographique réalisée au Cambodge entre juin 2018 et mars 2019 auprès de citadins, d’agriculteurs, de vendeurs de riz, de produits frais et de vendeurs d’intrants agricoles, cet article rend compte des imaginaires collectifs des aliments et des accommodements qui s’élaborent en réaction à la peur de la contamination.

@book{foucartMondeDevintSilencieux2019,
	edition = {Seuil},
	title = {Et le monde devint silencieux {Comment} l'agrochimie a détruit les insectes},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	author = {Foucart, Stéphane},
	year = {2019},
}

@book{boudiaGouvernerMondeToxique2019,
	address = {Versailles},
	edition = {Quae},
	series = {Sciences en question},
	title = {Gouverner un monde toxique},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	url = {https://journals.openedition.org/lectures/35475},
	abstract = {Depuis plusieurs années, Soraya Boudia et Nathalie Jas participent au développement d’une réflexion collective, entre sociologie, histoire et science politique, sur la contamination du monde par des substances toxiques, sur ses conséquences concrètes, et sur les modes de gouvernement qui l’ont rendue – et continuent de la rendre – possible. Parmi les jalons de ce programme de recherche, on peut citer deux livres qu’elles ont codirigés, Toxicants, Health and Regulation since 1945 et Powerless ...},
	language = {fr},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	author = {Boudia, Soraya and Jas, Nathalie},
	year = {2019},
}

Depuis plusieurs années, Soraya Boudia et Nathalie Jas participent au développement d’une réflexion collective, entre sociologie, histoire et science politique, sur la contamination du monde par des substances toxiques, sur ses conséquences concrètes, et sur les modes de gouvernement qui l’ont rendue – et continuent de la rendre – possible. Parmi les jalons de ce programme de recherche, on peut citer deux livres qu’elles ont codirigés, Toxicants, Health and Regulation since 1945 et Powerless ...

@article{arancibiaUndoneScienceCounterExpertise2019,
	title = {Undone {Science} and {Counter}-{Expertise}: {Fighting} for {Justice} in an {Argentine} {Community} {Contaminated} by {Pesticides}},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {0950-5431},
	shorttitle = {Undone {Science} and {Counter}-{Expertise}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2018.1533936},
	doi = {10.1080/09505431.2018.1533936},
	abstract = {STS and social movement scholars have shown the importance of ‘getting undone science done’ to advance the goals of social movements fighting environmental health injustice. The production and mobilization of counter-expertise, meaning the reliance on expertise, broadly construed, to contest regulatory decisions based on scientific knowledge, must be further analyzed by differentiating among types of expertise and strategies to mobilize them. In social mobilization against the unrestricted use of pesticides in Argentina, the affected community in Ituzaingó Anexo developed three types of expertise. The community first drew upon its own local knowledge of cases of illness and, as lay people, produced the first epidemiological map of this area. Then, they enrolled scientists and NGOs as allies to jointly learn about pesticide contamination as an explanation for illness. The enlisted scientists produced new knowledge by conducting environmental and epidemiological studies. Finally, sympathetic public health authorities, legal experts, and a district attorney designed a successful legal strategy to stop fumigations in that area and enforce local regulations. The case confirms the importance of producing undone science, and shows that its effectiveness can be explained by intertwined strategies deployed by a triad of lay/local, scientific, and legal experts to overcome the expertise barrier.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-01-23},
	journal = {Science as Culture},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Arancibia, Florencia and Motta, Renata},
	month = jul,
	year = {2019},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2018.1533936},
	keywords = {Argentina, Health-environmental justice, expertise, pesticides, social movements, undone science},
	pages = {277--302},
}

STS and social movement scholars have shown the importance of ‘getting undone science done’ to advance the goals of social movements fighting environmental health injustice. The production and mobilization of counter-expertise, meaning the reliance on expertise, broadly construed, to contest regulatory decisions based on scientific knowledge, must be further analyzed by differentiating among types of expertise and strategies to mobilize them. In social mobilization against the unrestricted use of pesticides in Argentina, the affected community in Ituzaingó Anexo developed three types of expertise. The community first drew upon its own local knowledge of cases of illness and, as lay people, produced the first epidemiological map of this area. Then, they enrolled scientists and NGOs as allies to jointly learn about pesticide contamination as an explanation for illness. The enlisted scientists produced new knowledge by conducting environmental and epidemiological studies. Finally, sympathetic public health authorities, legal experts, and a district attorney designed a successful legal strategy to stop fumigations in that area and enforce local regulations. The case confirms the importance of producing undone science, and shows that its effectiveness can be explained by intertwined strategies deployed by a triad of lay/local, scientific, and legal experts to overcome the expertise barrier.

@article{siOneFamilyTwo2019,
	title = {“{One} {Family}, {Two} {Systems}”: {Food} safety crisis as a catalyst for agrarian changes in rural {China}},
	volume = {69},
	issn = {0743-0167},
	shorttitle = {“{One} family, two systems”},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0743016718307770},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.04.011},
	abstract = {The political economy of agrarian changes in rural China has attracted much scholarly attention. Yet these studies have placed limited emphasis on the role of food safety crisis, a critical issue that not only motivated consumption changes of urban residents, but also catalyzed a differentiated food production and supply scheme in rural China. Our extensive fieldwork revealed that more than 60\% of rural farming households in China are adopting two distinctive farming approaches: conventional production with intensive usage of agrochemicals for selling to the market and ecological production with limited or no usage of agrochemicals for self-consumption, relatives and people with close social ties. This is what we call ‘one family, two systems���. This paper conceptualizes and illustrates the widespread yet rarely discussed phenomenon with specific cases. We argue that ‘one family, two systems’ is farmers' self-protection response to the heightened food safety crisis. It reveals that the access to ecologically produced food in the common phenomenon is determined by farmers' social relations and thus is embedded in local social network. ‘One family, two systems’ fosters agrarian changes in at least two dimensions – the farmer-driven ecologicalization of food production and the re-embedding of food production and consumption in ecological systems and social relations in rural China.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-05-20},
	journal = {Journal of Rural Studies},
	author = {Si, Zhenzhong and Li, Yanyan and Fang, Ping and Zhou, Li},
	month = jul,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Agrarian changes, China, Food safety, One family, Two systems, Rural development, Self-protection},
	pages = {87--96},
}

The political economy of agrarian changes in rural China has attracted much scholarly attention. Yet these studies have placed limited emphasis on the role of food safety crisis, a critical issue that not only motivated consumption changes of urban residents, but also catalyzed a differentiated food production and supply scheme in rural China. Our extensive fieldwork revealed that more than 60% of rural farming households in China are adopting two distinctive farming approaches: conventional production with intensive usage of agrochemicals for selling to the market and ecological production with limited or no usage of agrochemicals for self-consumption, relatives and people with close social ties. This is what we call ‘one family, two systems���. This paper conceptualizes and illustrates the widespread yet rarely discussed phenomenon with specific cases. We argue that ‘one family, two systems’ is farmers' self-protection response to the heightened food safety crisis. It reveals that the access to ecologically produced food in the common phenomenon is determined by farmers' social relations and thus is embedded in local social network. ‘One family, two systems’ fosters agrarian changes in at least two dimensions – the farmer-driven ecologicalization of food production and the re-embedding of food production and consumption in ecological systems and social relations in rural China.

@techreport{ipbesGlobalAssessmentReport2019,
	address = {Bonn, Germany},
	title = {Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the {Intergovernmental} {Science}-{Policy} {Platform} on {Biodiversity} and {Ecosystem} {Services}. {E}. {S}. {Brondizio}, {J}. {Settele}, {S}. {Díaz}, and {H}. {T}. {Ngo} (editors).},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/record/6417333},
	doi = {10.5281/zenodo.6417333},
	abstract = {IPBES is to perform regular and timely assessments of knowledge on biodiversity and ecosystem services and their interlinkages at the global level. Also addressing an invitation by the Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to prepare a global assessment of biodiversity and ecosystem services building, inter alia, on its own and other relevant regional, subregional and thematic assessments, as well as on national reports. The overall scope of the assessment is to assess the status and trends with regard to biodiversity and ecosystem services, the impact of biodiversity and ecosystem services on human well-being and the effectiveness of responses, including the Strategic Plan and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets. It is anticipated that this deliverable will contribute to the process for the evaluation and renewal of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets. The IPBES Global Assessment on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services is composed of 1) a Summary for Policymakers (SPM), approved by the IPBES Plenary at its 7th session in May 2019 in Paris, France (IPBES-7); and 2) a set of six Chapters, accepted by the IPBES Plenary.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-04-07},
	institution = {IPBES secretariat},
	author = {IPBES},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Full assessment report, Global Assessment, IPBES},
	pages = {1148 pages},
}

IPBES is to perform regular and timely assessments of knowledge on biodiversity and ecosystem services and their interlinkages at the global level. Also addressing an invitation by the Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to prepare a global assessment of biodiversity and ecosystem services building, inter alia, on its own and other relevant regional, subregional and thematic assessments, as well as on national reports. The overall scope of the assessment is to assess the status and trends with regard to biodiversity and ecosystem services, the impact of biodiversity and ecosystem services on human well-being and the effectiveness of responses, including the Strategic Plan and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets. It is anticipated that this deliverable will contribute to the process for the evaluation and renewal of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets. The IPBES Global Assessment on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services is composed of 1) a Summary for Policymakers (SPM), approved by the IPBES Plenary at its 7th session in May 2019 in Paris, France (IPBES-7); and 2) a set of six Chapters, accepted by the IPBES Plenary.

@article{raucheckerTerritorialSectoralDimensions2019,
	title = {The territorial and sectoral dimensions of advocacy – {The} conflicts about pesticide use in {Argentina}},
	volume = {75},
	issn = {0962-6298},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0962629818304724},
	doi = {10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.102067},
	abstract = {The massive increase of pesticide use in transgenic agriculture has sparked conflicts in the heartland of Argentinean agriculture. These political conflicts have led to an extension of pesticide regulation from the national and provincial to the municipal scale, and – simultaneously – to an extension from agrarian policy to environmental and health policy, and later to urban and regional planning. These intertwined territorial and sectoral changes to pesticide regulation cannot be explained by the existing literature about advocacy strategies which separates territorial and sectoral analyses. Based on the concepts of boundary control, politics of scale, and venue shopping, I elaborate three advocacy strategies: closing, opening, and change of territorial and sectoral decision arenas. I conducted a single case study of the conflict about pesticide use near the urban area of San Francisco (province of Córdoba) based on qualitative data collected during research trips to Argentina. The success and failure of the advocacy strategies applied by the pro-pesticide and the anti-pesticide coalitions explain the adoption of a strict municipal pesticide law in the town San Francisco dominated by agriculture, the subsequent failure of the implementation of a (unanimously adopted) law, and the later reform attempt to water down the municipal pesticide law. The empirical case shows that the advocacy strategies are not only selected based on the position of an advocacy group in the power relations, as stated in the literature, but that they are also based on the accordance of the beliefs and interests of an advocacy group to the valid policy definition.},
	urldate = {2024-01-23},
	journal = {Political Geography},
	author = {Rauchecker, Markus},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Argentina, Boundary control, Environmental conflicts, Glyphosate, Politics of scale, Venue shopping},
	pages = {102067},
}

The massive increase of pesticide use in transgenic agriculture has sparked conflicts in the heartland of Argentinean agriculture. These political conflicts have led to an extension of pesticide regulation from the national and provincial to the municipal scale, and – simultaneously – to an extension from agrarian policy to environmental and health policy, and later to urban and regional planning. These intertwined territorial and sectoral changes to pesticide regulation cannot be explained by the existing literature about advocacy strategies which separates territorial and sectoral analyses. Based on the concepts of boundary control, politics of scale, and venue shopping, I elaborate three advocacy strategies: closing, opening, and change of territorial and sectoral decision arenas. I conducted a single case study of the conflict about pesticide use near the urban area of San Francisco (province of Córdoba) based on qualitative data collected during research trips to Argentina. The success and failure of the advocacy strategies applied by the pro-pesticide and the anti-pesticide coalitions explain the adoption of a strict municipal pesticide law in the town San Francisco dominated by agriculture, the subsequent failure of the implementation of a (unanimously adopted) law, and the later reform attempt to water down the municipal pesticide law. The empirical case shows that the advocacy strategies are not only selected based on the position of an advocacy group in the power relations, as stated in the literature, but that they are also based on the accordance of the beliefs and interests of an advocacy group to the valid policy definition.

@book{jouzelPesticidesCommentIgnorer2019,
	address = {Paris},
	title = {Pesticides, comment ignorer ce que l'on sait ?},
	isbn = {978-2-7246-2522-6},
	abstract = {Les pesticides sont des produits dangereux. Pour cette raison, ils comptent parmi les substances chimiques les plus surveillées et ce, depuis des décennies. Des agences d’évaluation des risques contrôlent leur mise sur le marché et assurent une toxico-vigilance de leurs effets sur la santé. Comment alors expliquer l’accumulation de données épidémiologiques qui attestent la sur-incidence de pathologies chroniques – maladies neurodégénératives, hémopathies malignes, cancers – parmi les populations humaines les plus exposées, et en particulier les agriculteurs ? Pourquoi des résultats aussi inquiétants sont-ils si peu de répercussion sur les autorisations de mise en vente ? Le sociologue Jean-Noël Jouzel a mené l’enquête en France et aux États-Unis pour comprendre ce qui conduit les agences d’évaluation à ignorer volontairement certaines données scientifiques lorsqu’elles n’ont pas été élaborées selon les normes de la toxicologie réglementaire. Les industriels ont bien compris le profit qu’ils pouvaient tirer de cette routine normative. Ils ont en effet tout intérêt à suivre ce cadre, disposant par ailleurs des ressources matérielles nécessaires pour s’y conformer.},
	language = {fr},
	publisher = {Presses de Sciences Po},
	author = {Jouzel, Jean-Noël},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Business \& Economics / Consumer Behavior, Business \& Economics / General, Business \& Economics / Industries / Agribusiness, Political Science / General, Political Science / Public Policy / Agriculture \& Food Policy, Social Science / Disease \& Health Issues},
}

Les pesticides sont des produits dangereux. Pour cette raison, ils comptent parmi les substances chimiques les plus surveillées et ce, depuis des décennies. Des agences d’évaluation des risques contrôlent leur mise sur le marché et assurent une toxico-vigilance de leurs effets sur la santé. Comment alors expliquer l’accumulation de données épidémiologiques qui attestent la sur-incidence de pathologies chroniques – maladies neurodégénératives, hémopathies malignes, cancers – parmi les populations humaines les plus exposées, et en particulier les agriculteurs ? Pourquoi des résultats aussi inquiétants sont-ils si peu de répercussion sur les autorisations de mise en vente ? Le sociologue Jean-Noël Jouzel a mené l’enquête en France et aux États-Unis pour comprendre ce qui conduit les agences d’évaluation à ignorer volontairement certaines données scientifiques lorsqu’elles n’ont pas été élaborées selon les normes de la toxicologie réglementaire. Les industriels ont bien compris le profit qu’ils pouvaient tirer de cette routine normative. Ils ont en effet tout intérêt à suivre ce cadre, disposant par ailleurs des ressources matérielles nécessaires pour s’y conformer.

@article{bertomeu-sanchezArsenicalPesticidesEarly2019,
	title = {Arsenical {Pesticides} in {Early} {Francoist} {Spain}: {Fascism}, {Autarky}, {Agricultural} {Engineers} and the {Invisibility} of {Toxic} {Risks}},
	volume = {13},
	shorttitle = {Arsenical {Pesticides} in {Early} {Francoist} {Spain}},
	url = {https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/host-2019-0004},
	doi = {10.2478/host-2019-0004},
	abstract = {AbstractLead arsenate was introduced on a massive scale in agriculture in Spain in the early 1940s. With the support of a network of agricultural engineers, the new Francoist state encouraged the production and use of lead arsenate as the main weapon against a newly arrived pest, the Colorado potato beetle. In this paper I discuss arsenical pesticides as sociotechnological products which played a pivotal role in the joint production of both chemical-based agriculture and the emerging Francoist regime in Spain during the 1940s. I review the campaigns organized by agriculture engineers and the making of the new National Register for Phytosanitary Products in 1942. The new regulations promoted research in pesticide quality control but also contributed to concealing the health hazards. This invisibilization of the risks took shape in the confluence of interests of the emerging Francoist state, the new pesticide industry, and the large network of agricultural engineers.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-07-06},
	journal = {HoST - Journal of History of Science and Technology},
	author = {Bertomeu-Sánchez, José Ramón},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {76--105},
}

AbstractLead arsenate was introduced on a massive scale in agriculture in Spain in the early 1940s. With the support of a network of agricultural engineers, the new Francoist state encouraged the production and use of lead arsenate as the main weapon against a newly arrived pest, the Colorado potato beetle. In this paper I discuss arsenical pesticides as sociotechnological products which played a pivotal role in the joint production of both chemical-based agriculture and the emerging Francoist regime in Spain during the 1940s. I review the campaigns organized by agriculture engineers and the making of the new National Register for Phytosanitary Products in 1942. The new regulations promoted research in pesticide quality control but also contributed to concealing the health hazards. This invisibilization of the risks took shape in the confluence of interests of the emerging Francoist state, the new pesticide industry, and the large network of agricultural engineers.

@article{cederbergBordersBurdensSwedish2019,
	title = {Beyond the borders – burdens of {Swedish} food consumption due to agrochemicals, greenhouse gases and land-use change},
	volume = {214},
	issn = {0959-6526},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652618340447},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.313},
	abstract = {Sweden's environmental policy aims to solve domestic environmental problems without increasing environmental and health impacts overseas. Realizing this aim requires an indicator system with a consumption-based (or “footprint”) perspective that captures both local and global impacts and their development over time. In this paper, we present a set of novel footprint indicators to measure environmental pressures from Swedish food consumption. The indicators are calculated by combining data and statistics on agrochemicals and deforestation emissions with EXIOBASE3, a global Multi-Regional Input Output (MRIO) database with a unique and high level of product detail across countries. We estimate the use of pesticides and antimicrobial veterinary medicines associated with current Swedish food consumption and compare those footprint indicators with the EU-28. Carbon emissions from deforestation are calculated with a land balance model and included in the overall carbon footprint of food. We find that Sweden, with its large reliance of food imports, exert a significant agro-chemical and climate footprint overseas, mainly in the EU and Latin America. We point to a need for better data and statistics on the use of pesticides, veterinary medicines and agrochemicals residuals (especially in developing countries) as well as improved spatial data on agricultural activity to further reduce uncertainty in the environmental footprint of Swedish food consumption.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
	author = {Cederberg, Christel and Persson, U. Martin and Schmidt, Sarah and Hedenus, Fredrik and Wood, Richard},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Agrochemical Footprint, Carbon footprint, EXIOBASE, Food consumption, Land-change science, Pesticide footprint},
	pages = {644--652},
}

Sweden's environmental policy aims to solve domestic environmental problems without increasing environmental and health impacts overseas. Realizing this aim requires an indicator system with a consumption-based (or “footprint”) perspective that captures both local and global impacts and their development over time. In this paper, we present a set of novel footprint indicators to measure environmental pressures from Swedish food consumption. The indicators are calculated by combining data and statistics on agrochemicals and deforestation emissions with EXIOBASE3, a global Multi-Regional Input Output (MRIO) database with a unique and high level of product detail across countries. We estimate the use of pesticides and antimicrobial veterinary medicines associated with current Swedish food consumption and compare those footprint indicators with the EU-28. Carbon emissions from deforestation are calculated with a land balance model and included in the overall carbon footprint of food. We find that Sweden, with its large reliance of food imports, exert a significant agro-chemical and climate footprint overseas, mainly in the EU and Latin America. We point to a need for better data and statistics on the use of pesticides, veterinary medicines and agrochemicals residuals (especially in developing countries) as well as improved spatial data on agricultural activity to further reduce uncertainty in the environmental footprint of Swedish food consumption.

@article{kranakisTaleTwoInventions2019,
	title = {A tale of two inventions: {Monsanto}, biotechnology, and the geography of postmodern science},
	volume = {110},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076465915&doi=10.1086%2f706819&partnerID=40&md5=139442cbbd00a152789250c4f50878e8},
	doi = {10.1086/706819},
	abstract = {This essay explores the geography of postmodern science in nonaca-demic settings, focusing on two research breakthroughs by Monsanto scientists, in 1985–1986 and 1989–1991, that created plants resistant to the company’sher-bicide, glyphosate. The essay follows this new knowledge as it was mobilized into refereed publications and patents, comparing and contrasting the two forms of scientific discourse that resulted. The patents are then traced further as they were challenged, interpreted, and transformed in patent offices and courtrooms across time and space, specifically in the United States, Canada, and Europe. Whereas the crucial peer-reviewed knowledge claims remained fixed, the patent knowledge claims morphed and became fragmented, spatially and temporally. Analyzing lawsuits that Monsanto launched in Britain, Canada, and the United States, the essay shows how the company used spatial-epistemic fragmentation to modify the pat-ents’ meanings in desired ways in particular locations, sometimes with significant social and epistemic consequences. The essay concludes by reflecting more broadly on the expansion of biotechnology patenting as a form of nondisinterested knowledge production and how this trend has shaped the path and characteristics of postmodern science in this realm. © 2019 by The History of Science Society. All rights reserved.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	journal = {ISIS},
	author = {Kranakis, E.},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {701--725},
}

This essay explores the geography of postmodern science in nonaca-demic settings, focusing on two research breakthroughs by Monsanto scientists, in 1985–1986 and 1989–1991, that created plants resistant to the company’sher-bicide, glyphosate. The essay follows this new knowledge as it was mobilized into refereed publications and patents, comparing and contrasting the two forms of scientific discourse that resulted. The patents are then traced further as they were challenged, interpreted, and transformed in patent offices and courtrooms across time and space, specifically in the United States, Canada, and Europe. Whereas the crucial peer-reviewed knowledge claims remained fixed, the patent knowledge claims morphed and became fragmented, spatially and temporally. Analyzing lawsuits that Monsanto launched in Britain, Canada, and the United States, the essay shows how the company used spatial-epistemic fragmentation to modify the pat-ents’ meanings in desired ways in particular locations, sometimes with significant social and epistemic consequences. The essay concludes by reflecting more broadly on the expansion of biotechnology patenting as a form of nondisinterested knowledge production and how this trend has shaped the path and characteristics of postmodern science in this realm. © 2019 by The History of Science Society. All rights reserved.

@article{hedlundAgriculturePesticideUse2019,
	title = {Agriculture, {Pesticide} {Use}, and {Economic} {Development}: {A} {Global} {Examination} (1990–2014)},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {0036-0112},
	doi = {10.1111/ruso.12303},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Rural Sociology},
	author = {Hedlund, John and Longo, Stefano B and York, Richard},
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Agricultural development, Fertilizer agrichemicals, Glyphosate, LMICs, Pesticide, Pesticide footprint, Phosphorus},
	pages = {519--544},
}

@article{froyenInfluencingResultsBees2019,
	title = {Influencing for {Results}: {Bees}, {Beekeepers} and {Norwegian} {Pesticide} {Legislation}},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1646-7752},
	shorttitle = {Influencing for {Results}},
	url = {https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/host-2019-0002},
	doi = {10.2478/host-2019-0002},
	abstract = {Many who are worried about the disappearance of pollinating insects, question the role of pesticides and point to the need for stricter legislation regulating the use of these chemicals. This article studies the years between 1933 and 1953, when legislation regulating the use of pesticides against insects and weeds was established in Norway. It analyses how knowledge about effects of pesticides circulated from Norwegian honeybees, to their beekeepers and their network. It suggests that the actors’ position and standing influenced what knowledge they put into circulation and what knowledge they suppressed. A knowledge hierarchy meant that some actors were powerful enough to influence the discourse on toxicity, established in those years.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-02-08},
	journal = {HoST - Journal of History of Science and Technology},
	author = {Frøyen, Anne Jorunn},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {28--50},
}

Many who are worried about the disappearance of pollinating insects, question the role of pesticides and point to the need for stricter legislation regulating the use of these chemicals. This article studies the years between 1933 and 1953, when legislation regulating the use of pesticides against insects and weeds was established in Norway. It analyses how knowledge about effects of pesticides circulated from Norwegian honeybees, to their beekeepers and their network. It suggests that the actors’ position and standing influenced what knowledge they put into circulation and what knowledge they suppressed. A knowledge hierarchy meant that some actors were powerful enough to influence the discourse on toxicity, established in those years.

@article{williamsThatWeMay2018,
	title = {“{That} {We} {May} {Live}”: {Pesticides}, plantations, and environmental racism in the {United} {States} {South}},
	volume = {1},
	doi = {10.1177/2514848618778085},
	abstract = {This article situates pesticides as technologies marked by both continuities and discontinuities from previous modes of agrarian racism in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta, a plantation region of the United States South. Attention to the historical-geographical specificity of pesticide intensification, I argue, provides the means to understand pesticide intensification as a mode of what I term agro-environmental racism. Anti-Black racism shaped the politics of pesticides, underpinning policies and material practices that were destructive of both the environment and human welfare in the Delta and beyond. The structures and ideologies of plantation racism helped position the Delta as one of the most pesticide-intensive sectors of U.S. agriculture during the mid-20th century—a particularly consequential period for both the intensification of pesticides and the formation of contemporary environmentalism. Pesticides were defended by agro-industrial interests as technologies supporting agricultural production—and particularly that of cotton, the most pesticide-intensive commodity crop. Simultaneously, they were figured as technologies crucial to a normative way of life. Although pesticides were articulated without explicit mention of race by the 1960s, I argue that the freedom struggle activism of the Mississippi Freedom Labor Union and Fannie Lou Hamer provide context necessary to explain the pesticide politics of the Delta’s plantation bloc. These mobilizations to enact more just, sustainable, and livable geographies were an indictment of a plantation politics which put the health of cotton and profitability of plantations above all else.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1-2},
	journal = {Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space},
	author = {Williams, Brian},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Chemical geographies, Pesticides, Political ecology, United States, agriculture, black geographies, case study, cotton plantations, environmental justice, environmental racism},
	pages = {243--267},
}

This article situates pesticides as technologies marked by both continuities and discontinuities from previous modes of agrarian racism in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta, a plantation region of the United States South. Attention to the historical-geographical specificity of pesticide intensification, I argue, provides the means to understand pesticide intensification as a mode of what I term agro-environmental racism. Anti-Black racism shaped the politics of pesticides, underpinning policies and material practices that were destructive of both the environment and human welfare in the Delta and beyond. The structures and ideologies of plantation racism helped position the Delta as one of the most pesticide-intensive sectors of U.S. agriculture during the mid-20th century—a particularly consequential period for both the intensification of pesticides and the formation of contemporary environmentalism. Pesticides were defended by agro-industrial interests as technologies supporting agricultural production—and particularly that of cotton, the most pesticide-intensive commodity crop. Simultaneously, they were figured as technologies crucial to a normative way of life. Although pesticides were articulated without explicit mention of race by the 1960s, I argue that the freedom struggle activism of the Mississippi Freedom Labor Union and Fannie Lou Hamer provide context necessary to explain the pesticide politics of the Delta’s plantation bloc. These mobilizations to enact more just, sustainable, and livable geographies were an indictment of a plantation politics which put the health of cotton and profitability of plantations above all else.

@article{shuqinZeroGrowthChemical2018,
	title = {Zero {Growth} of {Chemical} {Fertilizer} and {Pesticide} {Use}: {China}'s {Objectives}, {Progress} and {Challenges}},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1674-764X},
	shorttitle = {Zero {Growth} of {Chemical} {Fertilizer} and {Pesticide} {Use}},
	url = {https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-resources-and-ecology/volume-9/issue-1/j.issn.1674-764x.2018.01.006/Zero-Growth-of-Chemical-Fertilizer-and-Pesticide-Use--Chinas/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2018.01.006.full},
	doi = {10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2018.01.006},
	abstract = {In 2015 China's Ministry of Agriculture introduced two Actions that seek to achieve zero growth in the use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides by 2020. Success in reaching these targets will help control agricultural non-point source pollution, increase cost efficiency, energy conservation and emission reductions, help to ensure the safety and quality of the national grain supply and agricultural products and the safety of the ecological environment, and realize the sustainable development of agriculture. However, successful implementation will be crucial. This article considers the main contents of the Actions and analyzes their feasibility from the perspectives of policy formulation, local practices, technical support and achievements. We identify problems and challenges and suggest that zero growth of chemical fertilizer and pesticide use can be achieved by undertaking basic research on the factors that shape the use of farm chemicals, making improvements to the monitoring and statistical system for chemical fertilizer and pesticide use, setting up demonstration projects and enhancing policies formulated to reduce chemical fertilizer and pesticide use.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-04-07},
	journal = {Journal of Resources and Ecology},
	publisher = {Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Shuqin, Jin and Fang, Zhou},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {50--58},
}

In 2015 China's Ministry of Agriculture introduced two Actions that seek to achieve zero growth in the use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides by 2020. Success in reaching these targets will help control agricultural non-point source pollution, increase cost efficiency, energy conservation and emission reductions, help to ensure the safety and quality of the national grain supply and agricultural products and the safety of the ecological environment, and realize the sustainable development of agriculture. However, successful implementation will be crucial. This article considers the main contents of the Actions and analyzes their feasibility from the perspectives of policy formulation, local practices, technical support and achievements. We identify problems and challenges and suggest that zero growth of chemical fertilizer and pesticide use can be achieved by undertaking basic research on the factors that shape the use of farm chemicals, making improvements to the monitoring and statistical system for chemical fertilizer and pesticide use, setting up demonstration projects and enhancing policies formulated to reduce chemical fertilizer and pesticide use.

@article{zwetslootGeneralBanAerial2018,
	title = {The general ban on aerial spraying of pesticides of the {European} {Union}: the policy-making process between 1993-2009},
	shorttitle = {The general ban on aerial spraying of pesticides of the {European} {Union}},
	url = {https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/the-general-ban-on-aerial-spraying-of-pesticides-of-the-european-},
	doi = {10.18174/442443},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-05-31},
	publisher = {Wageningen University},
	author = {Zwetsloot, Hannah M. and Nikol, Lisette and Jansen, Kees},
	year = {2018},
}

@article{eviabertullovictoriaSaberesExperienciasSobre2018,
	title = {Saberes y {Experiencias} {Sobre} la {Exposión} a {Plaguicidas} {Entre} {Mujeres} que {Residen} en {Contextos} {Agrícolas} en {Soriano}, {Uruguay}},
	volume = {9},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Revista Trama},
	author = {{Evia Bertullo, Victoria}},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {13--35},
}

@article{elmoreCommercialEcologyScavenger2018,
	title = {The {Commercial} {Ecology} of {Scavenger} {Capitalism}: {Monsanto}, {Fossil} {Fuels}, and the {Remaking} of a {Chemical} {Giant}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1467-2227},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Enterprise \& Society},
	author = {Elmore, Bartow J},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Glyphosate, Glyphosate history, Monsanto},
	pages = {153--178},
}

@incollection{lozanoPublicParticipationScience2018,
	address = {Cham},
	series = {Philosophy of {Engineering} and {Technology}},
	title = {Public {Participation} in {Science} and {Technology} and {Social} {Conflict}: {The} {Case} of {Aerial} {Spraying} with {Glyphosate} in the {Fight} {Against} {Drugs} in {Colombia}},
	isbn = {978-3-319-71958-0},
	shorttitle = {Public {Participation} in {Science} and {Technology} and {Social} {Conflict}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71958-0_19},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-71958-0_19},
	abstract = {In October 2015, the government of Colombia suspended aerial spraying with glyphosate as a means of controlling illicit crops in the country. That decision marked the beginning of a new stage in the over 30-year history of aerial spraying in the fight against drugs. This article analyzes the role that science and technology has played in shaping the social conflict generated by the use of glyphosate fumigation and the forms of public participation that subsequently emerged. There are three mechanisms whereby actors have participated in that conflict, each of which involved scientific-technological representation in the dispute: (1) definition of the conflict; (2) establishment of alliances; and (3) performance, or placing the conflict in the spotlight. I propose the term ‘Rashomon effect for science and technology’ to describe the phenomenon characterized by the fact that, in situations of social conflict, science and technology are appropriated by the actors involved in the conflict. This leads to a multiplicity of perspectives depending on the actors’ interests, values, and beliefs and are based on different representations of science. The analysis of these mechanisms reveals an undesired effect in terms of democratic participation: the loss of direct dialogue with the affected communities, including considerations of their social and political perspectives. Instead of helping to establish a basis for better political decision making, scientific and technological representation ends up contributing to the exclusion of the communities directly affected by the spraying from the decision-making process.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-11-12},
	booktitle = {Spanish {Philosophy} of {Technology}: {Contemporary} {Work} from the {Spanish} {Speaking} {Community}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Lozano, Mónica},
	editor = {Laspra, Belén and López Cerezo, José Antonio},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Colombia, Decision making, Drugs, Glyphosate, Public participation in science and technology, Rashomon effect},
	pages = {267--282},
}

In October 2015, the government of Colombia suspended aerial spraying with glyphosate as a means of controlling illicit crops in the country. That decision marked the beginning of a new stage in the over 30-year history of aerial spraying in the fight against drugs. This article analyzes the role that science and technology has played in shaping the social conflict generated by the use of glyphosate fumigation and the forms of public participation that subsequently emerged. There are three mechanisms whereby actors have participated in that conflict, each of which involved scientific-technological representation in the dispute: (1) definition of the conflict; (2) establishment of alliances; and (3) performance, or placing the conflict in the spotlight. I propose the term ‘Rashomon effect for science and technology’ to describe the phenomenon characterized by the fact that, in situations of social conflict, science and technology are appropriated by the actors involved in the conflict. This leads to a multiplicity of perspectives depending on the actors’ interests, values, and beliefs and are based on different representations of science. The analysis of these mechanisms reveals an undesired effect in terms of democratic participation: the loss of direct dialogue with the affected communities, including considerations of their social and political perspectives. Instead of helping to establish a basis for better political decision making, scientific and technological representation ends up contributing to the exclusion of the communities directly affected by the spraying from the decision-making process.

@article{brisboisPoliticalEcologiesGlobal2018,
	title = {Political {Ecologies} of {Global} {Health}: {Pesticide} {Exposure} in {Southwestern} {Ecuador}'s {Banana} {Industry}},
	volume = {50},
	doi = {10.1111/anti.12340},
	abstract = {Pesticide exposure in Ecuador's banana industry reflects political economic and ecological processes that interact across scales to affect human health. We use this case study to illustrate opportunities for applying political ecology of health scholarship in the burgeoning field of global health. Drawing on an historical literature review and ethnographic data collected in Ecuador's El Oro province, we present three main areas where a political ecological approach can enrich global health scholarship: perceptive characterization of multi-scalar and ecologically entangled pathways to health outcomes; critical analysis of discursive dynamics such as competing scalar narratives; and appreciation of the environment-linked subjectivities and emotions of people experiencing globalized health impacts. Rapprochement between these fields may also provide political ecologists with access to valuable empirical data on health outcomes, venues for engaged scholarship, and opportunities to synthesize numerous insightful case studies and discern broader patterns. La exposición a agroquímicos en la industria bananera del Ecuador evidencia procesos de ecología y economía política interactuando en diferentes escalas y que terminan afectando a la salud humana. Este estudio de caso ilustra como la ecología política de la salud puede aportar al creciente campo de la salud global. A partir de una revisión histórica de literatura y de datos etnográficos recopilados en la provincia de El Oro, Ecuador, presentamos tres áreas principales donde la perspectiva de ecología política puede enriquecer el campo de la salud global: caracterización perspicaz de trayectorias multi‐escalares y ecológicamente relacionadas que afectan a la salud; valoración crítica de dinámicas discursivas tales como las narrativas escalares contrapuestas; y apreciación de subjetividades y emociones relacionadas con el ambiente entre personas que viven impactos de salud global. El acercamiento entre estos dos campos también puede proporcionar a los ecólogos políticos acceso a valiosos datos empíricos sobre salud, espacios para la praxis y oportunidades para sintetizar numerosos estudios de casos perspicaces para discernir patrones más amplios.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Antipode},
	author = {Brisbois, Ben Wesley and Harris, Leila and Spiegel, Jerry M.},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Latin America, Occupational exposure, Political ecology, case study, ecosystem health, engaged scholarship, global health},
	pages = {61--81},
}

Pesticide exposure in Ecuador's banana industry reflects political economic and ecological processes that interact across scales to affect human health. We use this case study to illustrate opportunities for applying political ecology of health scholarship in the burgeoning field of global health. Drawing on an historical literature review and ethnographic data collected in Ecuador's El Oro province, we present three main areas where a political ecological approach can enrich global health scholarship: perceptive characterization of multi-scalar and ecologically entangled pathways to health outcomes; critical analysis of discursive dynamics such as competing scalar narratives; and appreciation of the environment-linked subjectivities and emotions of people experiencing globalized health impacts. Rapprochement between these fields may also provide political ecologists with access to valuable empirical data on health outcomes, venues for engaged scholarship, and opportunities to synthesize numerous insightful case studies and discern broader patterns. La exposición a agroquímicos en la industria bananera del Ecuador evidencia procesos de ecología y economía política interactuando en diferentes escalas y que terminan afectando a la salud humana. Este estudio de caso ilustra como la ecología política de la salud puede aportar al creciente campo de la salud global. A partir de una revisión histórica de literatura y de datos etnográficos recopilados en la provincia de El Oro, Ecuador, presentamos tres áreas principales donde la perspectiva de ecología política puede enriquecer el campo de la salud global: caracterización perspicaz de trayectorias multi‐escalares y ecológicamente relacionadas que afectan a la salud; valoración crítica de dinámicas discursivas tales como las narrativas escalares contrapuestas; y apreciación de subjetividades y emociones relacionadas con el ambiente entre personas que viven impactos de salud global. El acercamiento entre estos dos campos también puede proporcionar a los ecólogos políticos acceso a valiosos datos empíricos sobre salud, espacios para la praxis y oportunidades para sintetizar numerosos estudios de casos perspicaces para discernir patrones más amplios.

@book{martPesticidesLoveStory2018,
	title = {Pesticides, {A} {Love} {Story}: {America}'s {Enduring} {Embrace} of {Dangerous} {Chemicals}},
	isbn = {978-0-7006-2649-6},
	shorttitle = {Pesticides, {A} {Love} {Story}},
	abstract = {\"Presto! No More Pests!\" proclaimed a 1955 article introducing two new pesticides, \"miracle-workers for the housewife and back-yard farmer.\" Easy to use, effective, and safe: who wouldn\&\#39;t love synthetic pesticides? Apparently most Americans did—and apparently still do. Why—in the face of dire warnings, rising expense, and declining effectiveness—do we cling to our chemicals? Michelle Mart wondered. Her book, a cultural history of pesticide use in postwar America, offers an answer.America\&\#39;s embrace of synthetic pesticides began when they burst on the scene during World War II and has held steady into the 21st century—for example, more than 90\% of soybeans grown in the US in 2008 are Roundup Ready GMOs, dependent upon generous use of the herbicide glyphosate to control weeds. Mart investigates the attraction of pesticides, with their up-to-the-minute promise of modernity, sophisticated technology, and increased productivity—in short, their appeal to human dreams of controlling nature. She also considers how they reinforced Cold War assumptions of Western economic and material superiority.Though the publication of Rachel Carson\&\#39;s Silent Spring and the rise of environmentalism might have marked a turning point in Americans\&\#39; faith in pesticides, statistics tell a different story. Pesticides, a Love Story recounts the campaign against DDT that famously ensued; but the book also shows where our notions of Silent Spring\&\#39;s revolutionary impact falter—where, in spite of a ban on DDT, farm use of pesticides in the United States more than doubled in the thirty years after the book was published. As a cultural survey of popular and political attitudes toward pesticides, Pesticides, a Love Story tries to make sense of this seeming paradox. At heart, it is an exploration of the story we tell ourselves about the costs and benefits of pesticides—and how corporations, government officials, ordinary citizens, and the press shape that story to reflect our ideals, interests, and emotions.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {University Press of Kansas},
	author = {Mart, Michelle},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: kQitEAAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {History / United States / 20th Century},
}

"Presto! No More Pests!" proclaimed a 1955 article introducing two new pesticides, "miracle-workers for the housewife and back-yard farmer." Easy to use, effective, and safe: who wouldn't love synthetic pesticides? Apparently most Americans did—and apparently still do. Why—in the face of dire warnings, rising expense, and declining effectiveness—do we cling to our chemicals? Michelle Mart wondered. Her book, a cultural history of pesticide use in postwar America, offers an answer.America's embrace of synthetic pesticides began when they burst on the scene during World War II and has held steady into the 21st century—for example, more than 90% of soybeans grown in the US in 2008 are Roundup Ready GMOs, dependent upon generous use of the herbicide glyphosate to control weeds. Mart investigates the attraction of pesticides, with their up-to-the-minute promise of modernity, sophisticated technology, and increased productivity—in short, their appeal to human dreams of controlling nature. She also considers how they reinforced Cold War assumptions of Western economic and material superiority.Though the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring and the rise of environmentalism might have marked a turning point in Americans' faith in pesticides, statistics tell a different story. Pesticides, a Love Story recounts the campaign against DDT that famously ensued; but the book also shows where our notions of Silent Spring's revolutionary impact falter—where, in spite of a ban on DDT, farm use of pesticides in the United States more than doubled in the thirty years after the book was published. As a cultural survey of popular and political attitudes toward pesticides, Pesticides, a Love Story tries to make sense of this seeming paradox. At heart, it is an exploration of the story we tell ourselves about the costs and benefits of pesticides—and how corporations, government officials, ordinary citizens, and the press shape that story to reflect our ideals, interests, and emotions.

@article{kirchhelleToxicTalesRecent2018,
	title = {Toxic {Tales}—{Recent} {Histories} of {Pollution}, {Poisoning}, and {Pesticides} (ca. 1800–2010)},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1420-9144},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00048-018-0190-2},
	doi = {10.1007/s00048-018-0190-2},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2025-09-20},
	journal = {NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin},
	author = {Kirchhelle, Claas},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Blind Love, Love Canal Residents, Medical Jurisprudence, Toxic Hazards, Toxic Histories},
	pages = {213--229},
}

@article{villemaineFideliserServirRendre2018,
	title = {Fidéliser, servir, rendre dépendant. {Le} travail d’attachement au sein d’une grande coopérative agricole},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {0038-0296, 1777-5701},
	url = {http://journals.openedition.org/sdt/2756},
	doi = {10.4000/sdt.2756},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2025-09-14},
	journal = {Sociologie du travail},
	author = {Villemaine, Robin},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
}

@article{stoneOxFallPathbreaking2018,
	title = {The ox fall down: path-breaking and technology treadmills in {Indian} cotton agriculture},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0306-6150},
	shorttitle = {The ox fall down},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2017.1291505},
	doi = {10.1080/03066150.2017.1291505},
	abstract = {Although India’s cotton sector has been penetrated by various input- and capital-intensive methods, penetration by herbicide has been largely stymied. In Telangana State, the main obstacle has been the practice of ‘double-lining’, in which cotton plants are spaced widely to allow weeding by ox-plow. Path dependency theory primarily explains the persistence of sub-optimal practices, but double-lining is an example of an advantageous path for cash-poor farmers. However, it is being actively undermined by parties intent on expanding herbicide markets and opening a niche for next-generation genetically modified cotton. We use the case to explicate the role of treadmills in technology ‘lock-in’. We also examine how an adaptive locked-in path may be broken by external interests, drawing on recent analyses of ‘didactic’ learning by farmers.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2020-04-28},
	journal = {The Journal of Peasant Studies},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Stone, Glenn Davis and Flachs, Andrew},
	month = nov,
	year = {2018},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2017.1291505},
	keywords = {Agricultural industrialization, biotechnology, knowledge production, path dependency},
	pages = {1272--1296},
}

Although India’s cotton sector has been penetrated by various input- and capital-intensive methods, penetration by herbicide has been largely stymied. In Telangana State, the main obstacle has been the practice of ‘double-lining’, in which cotton plants are spaced widely to allow weeding by ox-plow. Path dependency theory primarily explains the persistence of sub-optimal practices, but double-lining is an example of an advantageous path for cash-poor farmers. However, it is being actively undermined by parties intent on expanding herbicide markets and opening a niche for next-generation genetically modified cotton. We use the case to explicate the role of treadmills in technology ‘lock-in’. We also examine how an adaptive locked-in path may be broken by external interests, drawing on recent analyses of ‘didactic’ learning by farmers.

@article{agaMerchantsKnowledgePetty2018,
	title = {Merchants of knowledge: {Petty} retail and differentiation without consolidation among farmers in {Maharashtra}, {India}},
	volume = {18},
	doi = {10.1111/joac.12249},
	abstract = {This article focuses on the intermediary figure of the village‐level petty retailer of chemical inputs, providing an account of the everyday relationships of farmers with transnational and domestic agribusiness capital. Retailers are figures from whom farmers purchase seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and other chemicals. The article traces the rise of village‐level retailers in western Maharashtra, India, since the 1990s, and finds that Maratha (a dominant landholding cultivator caste) households have ventured into retailing. Further, farmers depend on retailers for credit, technical knowledge, and for the sale of their harvest. By analysing the pressures and risks of petty retail, visible in interactions with farmers, the article argues that even as retailing provides avenues for upward mobility to petty agricultural commodity producers, the trade is too volatile for the gains to sustain. Thus, the entry of Marathas into petty retail is akin to an attempt at class differentiation but without consolidation.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Journal of Agrarian Change},
	author = {Aga, Aniket},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {India, agribusiness capital, case study, chemical inputs, intermediaries, petty commodity production, petty retail},
	pages = {658--676},
}

This article focuses on the intermediary figure of the village‐level petty retailer of chemical inputs, providing an account of the everyday relationships of farmers with transnational and domestic agribusiness capital. Retailers are figures from whom farmers purchase seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and other chemicals. The article traces the rise of village‐level retailers in western Maharashtra, India, since the 1990s, and finds that Maratha (a dominant landholding cultivator caste) households have ventured into retailing. Further, farmers depend on retailers for credit, technical knowledge, and for the sale of their harvest. By analysing the pressures and risks of petty retail, visible in interactions with farmers, the article argues that even as retailing provides avenues for upward mobility to petty agricultural commodity producers, the trade is too volatile for the gains to sustain. Thus, the entry of Marathas into petty retail is akin to an attempt at class differentiation but without consolidation.

@article{palmisanoAgriculturasAlternativasContexto2018,
	title = {Las {Agriculturas} {Alternativas} en el {Contexto} del {Agronegocio}: {Experiencias} en la provincia de {Buenos} {Aires}, {Argentina}},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {2395-9169, 0188-4557},
	url = {https://www.ciad.mx/estudiosociales/index.php/es/article/view/513},
	doi = {10.24836/es.v28i51.513},
	abstract = {Objetivo: recoger diversas experiencias de agricultura alternativa en la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; las cuales se desarrollan en un contexto signado por la hegemonía de la lógica del agronegocio. Metodología: los casos se sistematizaron en una base de datos de experiencias construida a partir de entrevistas, artículos periodísticos y documentos públicos. Para ciertos elementos contextuales, se examinó la legislación local y estadísticas públicas. Buena parte de esta información fue volcada en un mapa para graficar más claramente el alcance de este proceso. Resultados: la investigación demuestra la existencia de numerosas y diversas experiencias de agricultura alternativa. Limitaciones: la amplitud del universo abordado impidió estudiar en profundidad la estructura interna de algunos casos, como así también ahondar en la relación entre las legislaciones y ciertas agriculturas alternativas. Conclusiones: la extensión de experiencias de agricultura alternativa se vincula con un creciente y complejo proceso de problematización pública y privada de la cuestión alimentaria, en la cual la disputa con el agronegocio es central. Además su inserción en tramas sociales amplias revela nuevas formas de conexión de lo rural y lo urbano, como es el caso de la diversificación de los canales de comercialización.},
	language = {en},
	number = {51},
	urldate = {2023-01-23},
	journal = {Estudios Sociales. Revista de Alimentación Contemporánea y Desarrollo Regional},
	author = {Palmisano, Tomás},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
}

Objetivo: recoger diversas experiencias de agricultura alternativa en la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; las cuales se desarrollan en un contexto signado por la hegemonía de la lógica del agronegocio. Metodología: los casos se sistematizaron en una base de datos de experiencias construida a partir de entrevistas, artículos periodísticos y documentos públicos. Para ciertos elementos contextuales, se examinó la legislación local y estadísticas públicas. Buena parte de esta información fue volcada en un mapa para graficar más claramente el alcance de este proceso. Resultados: la investigación demuestra la existencia de numerosas y diversas experiencias de agricultura alternativa. Limitaciones: la amplitud del universo abordado impidió estudiar en profundidad la estructura interna de algunos casos, como así también ahondar en la relación entre las legislaciones y ciertas agriculturas alternativas. Conclusiones: la extensión de experiencias de agricultura alternativa se vincula con un creciente y complejo proceso de problematización pública y privada de la cuestión alimentaria, en la cual la disputa con el agronegocio es central. Además su inserción en tramas sociales amplias revela nuevas formas de conexión de lo rural y lo urbano, como es el caso de la diversificación de los canales de comercialización.

@article{lunaGettingOutDirt2018,
	title = {Getting out of the {Dirt}: {Racialized} modernity and environmental inequality in the cotton sector of {Burkina} {Faso}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {null},
	shorttitle = {Getting out of the dirt},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2017.1396657},
	doi = {10.1080/23251042.2017.1396657},
	abstract = {Scholarship on environmental inequality has long focused on racial inequalities in exposure to environmental pollution. In explaining this, previous scholarship has identified mechanisms such as intentional discrimination, structural and institutional racism, and dynamics of political power. Here, I demonstrate an additional mechanism: that racist cultural ideologies can influence marginalized people themselves to act in ways that produce and justify environmental inequalities. Using ethnographic data from Burkina Faso, I examine the environmental inequality of rising pesticide use, where poor Burkinabe farmers are disparately exposed to the toxic burden of capitalist cotton production. Drawing on Bourdieusian cultural sociology, I describe Burkina’s racialized cultural field – a social arena with racially coded status positions – in which modernity, wealth, and scientific technology are coded as ‘white’ and high status, while poverty, backwardness, and physical labor are coded as ‘black’ and low status. I argue that many actors embrace technologies, including pesticides, in part to achieve status in this field, and that this paradoxically increases rural peoples’ exposure to chemicals, creates barriers to sustainable agriculture, and devalues black African bodies. My findings demonstrate a hitherto unidentified mechanism through which structures of racism translate into environmental inequalities: through aspirations for status within a racialized culture.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-01-25},
	journal = {Environmental Sociology},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Luna, Jessie K.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2018},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2017.1396657},
	keywords = {Environmental inequality, modernity, pesticides, postcolonialism, race},
	pages = {221--234},
}

Scholarship on environmental inequality has long focused on racial inequalities in exposure to environmental pollution. In explaining this, previous scholarship has identified mechanisms such as intentional discrimination, structural and institutional racism, and dynamics of political power. Here, I demonstrate an additional mechanism: that racist cultural ideologies can influence marginalized people themselves to act in ways that produce and justify environmental inequalities. Using ethnographic data from Burkina Faso, I examine the environmental inequality of rising pesticide use, where poor Burkinabe farmers are disparately exposed to the toxic burden of capitalist cotton production. Drawing on Bourdieusian cultural sociology, I describe Burkina’s racialized cultural field – a social arena with racially coded status positions – in which modernity, wealth, and scientific technology are coded as ‘white’ and high status, while poverty, backwardness, and physical labor are coded as ‘black’ and low status. I argue that many actors embrace technologies, including pesticides, in part to achieve status in this field, and that this paradoxically increases rural peoples’ exposure to chemicals, creates barriers to sustainable agriculture, and devalues black African bodies. My findings demonstrate a hitherto unidentified mechanism through which structures of racism translate into environmental inequalities: through aspirations for status within a racialized culture.

@article{clausingPesticidesPublicHealth2018,
	chapter = {Essay},
	title = {Pesticides and public health: an analysis of the regulatory approach to assessing the carcinogenicity of glyphosate in the {European} {Union}},
	volume = {72},
	copyright = {© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.. This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/},
	issn = {0143-005X, 1470-2738},
	shorttitle = {Pesticides and public health},
	url = {https://jech.bmj.com/content/72/8/668},
	doi = {10.1136/jech-2017-209776},
	abstract = {The present paper scrutinises the European authorities’ assessment of the carcinogenic hazard posed by glyphosate based on Regulation (EC) 1272/2008. We use the authorities’ own criteria as a benchmark to analyse their weight of evidence (WoE) approach. Therefore, our analysis goes beyond the comparison of the assessments made by the European Food Safety Authority and the International Agency for Research on Cancer published by others. We show that not classifying glyphosate as a carcinogen by the European authorities, including the European Chemicals Agency, appears to be not consistent with, and in some instances, a direct violation of the applicable guidance and guideline documents. In particular, we criticise an arbitrary attenuation by the authorities of the power of statistical analyses; their disregard of existing dose–response relationships; their unjustified claim that the doses used in the mouse carcinogenicity studies were too high and their contention that the carcinogenic effects were not reproducible by focusing on quantitative and neglecting qualitative reproducibility. Further aspects incorrectly used were historical control data, multisite responses and progression of lesions to malignancy. Contrary to the authorities’ evaluations, proper application of statistical methods and WoE criteria inevitably leads to the conclusion that glyphosate is ‘probably carcinogenic’ (corresponding to category 1B in the European Union).},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2023-02-02},
	journal = {J Epidemiol Community Health},
	publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group Ltd},
	author = {Clausing, Peter and Robinson, Claire and Burtscher-Schaden, Helmut},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {ECHA, EFSA, carcinogenicity, glyphosate, weight of evidence},
	pages = {668--672},
}

The present paper scrutinises the European authorities’ assessment of the carcinogenic hazard posed by glyphosate based on Regulation (EC) 1272/2008. We use the authorities’ own criteria as a benchmark to analyse their weight of evidence (WoE) approach. Therefore, our analysis goes beyond the comparison of the assessments made by the European Food Safety Authority and the International Agency for Research on Cancer published by others. We show that not classifying glyphosate as a carcinogen by the European authorities, including the European Chemicals Agency, appears to be not consistent with, and in some instances, a direct violation of the applicable guidance and guideline documents. In particular, we criticise an arbitrary attenuation by the authorities of the power of statistical analyses; their disregard of existing dose–response relationships; their unjustified claim that the doses used in the mouse carcinogenicity studies were too high and their contention that the carcinogenic effects were not reproducible by focusing on quantitative and neglecting qualitative reproducibility. Further aspects incorrectly used were historical control data, multisite responses and progression of lesions to malignancy. Contrary to the authorities’ evaluations, proper application of statistical methods and WoE criteria inevitably leads to the conclusion that glyphosate is ‘probably carcinogenic’ (corresponding to category 1B in the European Union).

@book{amietRiveraineteLepreuvePesticides2018,
	title = {La riveraineté à l'épreuve des pesticides: analyse exploratoire d'un risque diffus},
	isbn = {979-10-92006-06-3},
	shorttitle = {La riveraineté à l'épreuve des pesticides},
	language = {fr},
	publisher = {La discussion.},
	author = {Amiet, Etienne},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: phORwgEACAAJ},
}

@article{leonelliGlyphosateSagaFading2018,
	title = {The glyphosate saga and the fading democratic legitimacy of {European} {Union} risk regulation},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1023-263X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X18796981},
	doi = {10.1177/1023263X18796981},
	abstract = {This article endeavours to explore the glyphosate saga through the prism of a socially acceptable risk approach to the governance of public health and environmental risks in the European Union. After a brief overview on the nature and rationale of socially acceptable risk approaches, the article analyses the controversial case of glyphosate’s renewal of approval, casting light on the position of the agencies and institutions involved throughout the risk assessment and risk management phases. Against this overall backdrop, the article deconstructs the European Commission’s artificial legal narrative on ‘sound’ science and glyphosate and contends that the Commission had scientific and legal grounds, as well as compelling political reasons, to accept the requests put forward by the ‘Ban Glyphosate’ European Citizens’ Initiative and the European Parliament. The Commission relied on a narrow evidence-based approach, disregarding the widespread public perception that the uncertain risks posed by glyphosate are socially unacceptable, and ignoring the argument that the existing risk management measures are insufficient to achieve the intended EU level of public health and environmental protection. In so doing, the Commission has ultimately lost a crucial opportunity to re-legitimise and re-democratise EU risk regulation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-11-11},
	journal = {Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},
	author = {Leonelli, Giulia Claudia},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {582--606},
}

This article endeavours to explore the glyphosate saga through the prism of a socially acceptable risk approach to the governance of public health and environmental risks in the European Union. After a brief overview on the nature and rationale of socially acceptable risk approaches, the article analyses the controversial case of glyphosate’s renewal of approval, casting light on the position of the agencies and institutions involved throughout the risk assessment and risk management phases. Against this overall backdrop, the article deconstructs the European Commission’s artificial legal narrative on ‘sound’ science and glyphosate and contends that the Commission had scientific and legal grounds, as well as compelling political reasons, to accept the requests put forward by the ‘Ban Glyphosate’ European Citizens’ Initiative and the European Parliament. The Commission relied on a narrow evidence-based approach, disregarding the widespread public perception that the uncertain risks posed by glyphosate are socially unacceptable, and ignoring the argument that the existing risk management measures are insufficient to achieve the intended EU level of public health and environmental protection. In so doing, the Commission has ultimately lost a crucial opportunity to re-legitimise and re-democratise EU risk regulation.

@article{salarisVersEthnographieComparee2018,
	title = {Vers une ethnographie comparée des émotions : des victimes du {Distilbène} aux victimes des pesticides},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {9782807392106},
	url = {https://www.cairn.info/revue-internationale-de-politique-comparee-2018-3-4-page-71.htm},
	doi = {10.3917/ripc.253.0071},
	abstract = {Longtemps délaissée ou décriée par les sciences sociales, l’étude des émotions connaît un regain d’intérêt ces dernières années, notamment dans la sociologie des mobilisations. La normalisation progressive de cet objet de recherche ne va cependant pas sans poser un certain nombre de questions – voire de « tourments » – pour l’enquêteur impliqué dans une recherche de ce type. Cela est d’autant plus vrai dans le cadre d’enquêtes ethnographiques où le chercheur se trouve directement engagé auprès de ses enquêtés et donc confronté à leurs affects et émotions. Pourtant, la combinaison d’une approche ethnographique et comparative dans le travail de recherche sur les émotions propose de nombreuses perspectives scientifiques. Ces méthodes permettent de saisir au mieux les états affectifs qui s’exercent et se manifestent empiriquement. Du fait, malgré les nombreuses difficultés méthodologiques de ce type d’enquêtes, l’approche comparative et l’investissement sur plusieurs terrains facilitent le travail de distanciation du chercheur. En s’appuyant sur l’expérience d’une enquête sur deux mobilisations émotionnelles – les mobilisations de victimes du Distilbène et les agriculteurs victimes des pesticides – cet article méthodologique se propose de présenter les apports de l’ethnographie comparée des émotions pour la sociologie et la science politique.},
	language = {FR},
	number = {3-4},
	journal = {Revue internationale de politique comparée},
	publisher = {De Boeck Supérieur},
	author = {Salaris, Coline},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Place: Louvain-la-Neuve},
	pages = {71--97},
}

Longtemps délaissée ou décriée par les sciences sociales, l’étude des émotions connaît un regain d’intérêt ces dernières années, notamment dans la sociologie des mobilisations. La normalisation progressive de cet objet de recherche ne va cependant pas sans poser un certain nombre de questions – voire de « tourments » – pour l’enquêteur impliqué dans une recherche de ce type. Cela est d’autant plus vrai dans le cadre d’enquêtes ethnographiques où le chercheur se trouve directement engagé auprès de ses enquêtés et donc confronté à leurs affects et émotions. Pourtant, la combinaison d’une approche ethnographique et comparative dans le travail de recherche sur les émotions propose de nombreuses perspectives scientifiques. Ces méthodes permettent de saisir au mieux les états affectifs qui s’exercent et se manifestent empiriquement. Du fait, malgré les nombreuses difficultés méthodologiques de ce type d’enquêtes, l’approche comparative et l’investissement sur plusieurs terrains facilitent le travail de distanciation du chercheur. En s’appuyant sur l’expérience d’une enquête sur deux mobilisations émotionnelles – les mobilisations de victimes du Distilbène et les agriculteurs victimes des pesticides – cet article méthodologique se propose de présenter les apports de l’ethnographie comparée des émotions pour la sociologie et la science politique.

@article{cardonPublicConvictionNo2018,
	title = {Public conviction with no scientific evidence: undone popular epidemiology and the denunciation of the health effects of pesticides in a {French} apple-growing region},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {null},
	shorttitle = {Public conviction with no scientific evidence},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2017.1374231},
	doi = {10.1080/23251042.2017.1374231},
	abstract = {Popular epidemiology refers to processes in which a group of individuals collects, produces, and analyses heterogeneous data, in order to prove the negative effects of specific economic activities or infrastructures on their health and the environment. Despite the attention they receive, social movements that engage in popular epidemiology seldom come into being and, if they do, are often abandoned before they achieve their goal. This article draws on a qualitative sociological investigation carried out in a French region, where for many years, the development of industrial agriculture has led to concerns regarding the impact of pesticides on the population’s health. It describes the emergence of a protest movement and analyses the factors that encouraged this movement to accept a certain level of uncertainty regarding the toxicity of pesticides and to devote few resources to scientific activities. More generally, this article suggests that taking into account the national structuration of environmental movements and their legal contexts is crucial to understanding popular epidemiology processes and the relationship between social movements and science.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-11-01},
	journal = {Environmental Sociology},
	author = {Cardon, Vincent and Prete, Giovanni},
	month = apr,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Public health, popular epidemiology, risk, risk perception, undone science},
	pages = {253--263},
}

Popular epidemiology refers to processes in which a group of individuals collects, produces, and analyses heterogeneous data, in order to prove the negative effects of specific economic activities or infrastructures on their health and the environment. Despite the attention they receive, social movements that engage in popular epidemiology seldom come into being and, if they do, are often abandoned before they achieve their goal. This article draws on a qualitative sociological investigation carried out in a French region, where for many years, the development of industrial agriculture has led to concerns regarding the impact of pesticides on the population’s health. It describes the emergence of a protest movement and analyses the factors that encouraged this movement to accept a certain level of uncertainty regarding the toxicity of pesticides and to devote few resources to scientific activities. More generally, this article suggests that taking into account the national structuration of environmental movements and their legal contexts is crucial to understanding popular epidemiology processes and the relationship between social movements and science.

@article{fabbriInfluenceIndustrySponsorship2018,
	title = {The {Influence} of {Industry} {Sponsorship} on the {Research} {Agenda}: {A} {Scoping} {Review}},
	volume = {108},
	issn = {0090-0036},
	shorttitle = {The {Influence} of {Industry} {Sponsorship} on the {Research} {Agenda}},
	url = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304677},
	doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2018.304677},
	abstract = {Background. Corporate interests have the potential to influence public debate and policymaking by influencing the research agenda, namely the initial step in conducting research, in which the purpose of the study is defined and the questions are framed.

Objectives. We conducted a scoping review to identify and synthesize studies that explored the influence of industry sponsorship on research agendas across different fields.

Search Methods. We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, and Embase (from inception to September 2017) for all original research and systematic reviews addressing corporate influence on the research agenda. We hand searched the reference lists of included studies and contacted experts in the field to identify additional studies.

Selection Criteria. We included empirical articles and systematic reviews that explored industry sponsorship of research and its influence on research agendas in any field. There were no restrictions on study design, language, or outcomes measured. We excluded editorials, letters, and commentaries as well as articles that exclusively focused on the influence of industry sponsorship on other phases of research such as methods, results, and conclusions or if industry sponsorship was not reported separately from other funding sources.

Data Collection and Analysis. At least 2 authors independently screened and then extracted any quantitative or qualitative data from each study. We grouped studies thematically for descriptive analysis by design and outcome reported. We developed the themes inductively until all studies were accounted for. Two investigators independently rated the level of evidence of the included studies using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine ratings.

Main Results. We included 36 articles. Nineteen cross-sectional studies quantitatively analyzed patterns in research topics by sponsorship and showed that industry tends to prioritize lines of inquiry that focus on products, processes, or activities that can be commercialized. Seven studies analyzed internal industry documents and provided insight on the strategies the industry used to reshape entire fields of research through the prioritization of topics that supported its policy and legal positions. Ten studies used surveys and interviews to explore the researchers’ experiences and perceptions of the influence of industry funding on research agendas, showing that they were generally aware of the risk that sponsorship could influence the choice of research priorities.

Conclusions. Corporate interests can drive research agendas away from questions that are the most relevant for public health. Strategies to counteract corporate influence on the research agenda are needed, including heightened disclosure of funding sources and conflicts of interest in published articles to allow an assessment of commercial biases. We also recommend policy actions beyond disclosure such as increasing funding for independent research and strict guidelines to regulate the interaction of research institutes with commercial entities.

Public Health Implications. The influence on the research agenda has given the industry the potential to affect policymaking by influencing the type of evidence that is available and the kinds of public health solutions considered. The results of our scoping review support the need to develop strategies to counteract corporate influence on the research agenda.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2022-07-07},
	journal = {American Journal of Public Health},
	publisher = {American Public Health Association},
	author = {Fabbri, Alice and Lai, Alexandra and Grundy, Quinn and Bero, Lisa Anne},
	month = nov,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e9--e16},
}

Background. Corporate interests have the potential to influence public debate and policymaking by influencing the research agenda, namely the initial step in conducting research, in which the purpose of the study is defined and the questions are framed. Objectives. We conducted a scoping review to identify and synthesize studies that explored the influence of industry sponsorship on research agendas across different fields. Search Methods. We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, and Embase (from inception to September 2017) for all original research and systematic reviews addressing corporate influence on the research agenda. We hand searched the reference lists of included studies and contacted experts in the field to identify additional studies. Selection Criteria. We included empirical articles and systematic reviews that explored industry sponsorship of research and its influence on research agendas in any field. There were no restrictions on study design, language, or outcomes measured. We excluded editorials, letters, and commentaries as well as articles that exclusively focused on the influence of industry sponsorship on other phases of research such as methods, results, and conclusions or if industry sponsorship was not reported separately from other funding sources. Data Collection and Analysis. At least 2 authors independently screened and then extracted any quantitative or qualitative data from each study. We grouped studies thematically for descriptive analysis by design and outcome reported. We developed the themes inductively until all studies were accounted for. Two investigators independently rated the level of evidence of the included studies using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine ratings. Main Results. We included 36 articles. Nineteen cross-sectional studies quantitatively analyzed patterns in research topics by sponsorship and showed that industry tends to prioritize lines of inquiry that focus on products, processes, or activities that can be commercialized. Seven studies analyzed internal industry documents and provided insight on the strategies the industry used to reshape entire fields of research through the prioritization of topics that supported its policy and legal positions. Ten studies used surveys and interviews to explore the researchers’ experiences and perceptions of the influence of industry funding on research agendas, showing that they were generally aware of the risk that sponsorship could influence the choice of research priorities. Conclusions. Corporate interests can drive research agendas away from questions that are the most relevant for public health. Strategies to counteract corporate influence on the research agenda are needed, including heightened disclosure of funding sources and conflicts of interest in published articles to allow an assessment of commercial biases. We also recommend policy actions beyond disclosure such as increasing funding for independent research and strict guidelines to regulate the interaction of research institutes with commercial entities. Public Health Implications. The influence on the research agenda has given the industry the potential to affect policymaking by influencing the type of evidence that is available and the kinds of public health solutions considered. The results of our scoping review support the need to develop strategies to counteract corporate influence on the research agenda.

@article{clappMegaMergersMenuCorporate2018,
	title = {Mega-{Mergers} on the {Menu}: {Corporate} {Concentration} and the {Politics} of {Sustainability} in the {Global} {Food} {System}},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1526-3800},
	shorttitle = {Mega-{Mergers} on the {Menu}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00454},
	doi = {10.1162/glep_a_00454},
	abstract = {The agricultural input industry has become more concentrated in the wake of recently announced corporate mergers in the sector. This article examines the environmental implications of corporate concentration in the agricultural input sector and outlines the challenges of establishing effective international policy and governance on this issue. The article makes two arguments. First, corporate concentration matters for food system sustainability. Consolidation in the global seed and agro-chemical industries has been deeply entwined with the rise of industrial agriculture, which has been associated with a host of environmental problems including an increase in agro-chemical use and the loss of agricultural biodiversity. Second, although corporate concentration has important sustainability implications, there is little recognition of the potential connection between these issues in international governance measures. The article outlines a number of factors that discourage the development of policy and governance on these issues, including the lack of a clear scientific consensus on how best to promote sustainable agriculture; the weak and fragmented nature of regulatory frameworks and institutions that oversee competition policy and food system sustainability; the power of agribusiness firms to influence policy outcomes; and the complex and distanced nature of the underlying drivers of corporate concentration in the sector.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-07-05},
	journal = {Global Environmental Politics},
	author = {Clapp, Jennifer},
	month = may,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {12--33},
}

The agricultural input industry has become more concentrated in the wake of recently announced corporate mergers in the sector. This article examines the environmental implications of corporate concentration in the agricultural input sector and outlines the challenges of establishing effective international policy and governance on this issue. The article makes two arguments. First, corporate concentration matters for food system sustainability. Consolidation in the global seed and agro-chemical industries has been deeply entwined with the rise of industrial agriculture, which has been associated with a host of environmental problems including an increase in agro-chemical use and the loss of agricultural biodiversity. Second, although corporate concentration has important sustainability implications, there is little recognition of the potential connection between these issues in international governance measures. The article outlines a number of factors that discourage the development of policy and governance on these issues, including the lack of a clear scientific consensus on how best to promote sustainable agriculture; the weak and fragmented nature of regulatory frameworks and institutions that oversee competition policy and food system sustainability; the power of agribusiness firms to influence policy outcomes; and the complex and distanced nature of the underlying drivers of corporate concentration in the sector.

@inproceedings{demortainAreScientistsAgents2018,
	title = {Are scientists agents of corporate power on public policy? {Food} and chemicals firms, the {International} {Life} {Science} {Institute} ({ILSI}) and the use of science for diffuse lobbying strategies},
	shorttitle = {Are scientists agents of corporate power on public policy?},
	abstract = {The notion of "corporate authority" implies that corporations have achieved a certain degree of legitimacy and credibility in their engagement with the workings of policy. One of these sources of legitimacy and credibility is science, indeed a resource that corporations seem to have learnt to accumulate and leverage. Journalistic investigations, documents released in Courts or historical research suggest that the hiring of scientists and scientific consultants as part of corporate lobbying strategies, is common practice, for instance in the chemical industry at large. Some scientists maintain ties with corporations, sometimes over long periods of time, to such an extent that they are in a position of conflict of interest when they are asked, by public authorities, to review data and help assess risk. They are positioned in expert committees or regulatory agencies to, at least implicitly, comfort the defense of corporate interests. They have become but one component of broader lobbying strategies developed by corporations to circle regulators and policy-makers, and shape their thinking. In this paper, I cover the case of one vehicle of such science-borne strategy of regulatory influence, the International Life Science Institute, to show that the power of corporations on public policy should less be measured by their capacity to shape a given decision concerning their product and commercial interests, and to hire a given scientist to influence the outcome of a regulatory process, than to shape the framework of policy-making by acting simultaneously in a diversity of institutional places. 2},
	author = {Demortain, David},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
}

The notion of "corporate authority" implies that corporations have achieved a certain degree of legitimacy and credibility in their engagement with the workings of policy. One of these sources of legitimacy and credibility is science, indeed a resource that corporations seem to have learnt to accumulate and leverage. Journalistic investigations, documents released in Courts or historical research suggest that the hiring of scientists and scientific consultants as part of corporate lobbying strategies, is common practice, for instance in the chemical industry at large. Some scientists maintain ties with corporations, sometimes over long periods of time, to such an extent that they are in a position of conflict of interest when they are asked, by public authorities, to review data and help assess risk. They are positioned in expert committees or regulatory agencies to, at least implicitly, comfort the defense of corporate interests. They have become but one component of broader lobbying strategies developed by corporations to circle regulators and policy-makers, and shape their thinking. In this paper, I cover the case of one vehicle of such science-borne strategy of regulatory influence, the International Life Science Institute, to show that the power of corporations on public policy should less be measured by their capacity to shape a given decision concerning their product and commercial interests, and to hire a given scientist to influence the outcome of a regulatory process, than to shape the framework of policy-making by acting simultaneously in a diversity of institutional places. 2

@article{fontans-alvarezVinculosEntreInvestigacion2018,
	title = {Los vínculos entre la investigación sobre agrotóxicos y multinacionales agroindustriales: el caso del glifosato},
	volume = {46},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2018 Agro sur},
	issn = {0304-8802},
	shorttitle = {Los vínculos entre la investigación sobre agrotóxicos y multinacionales agroindustriales},
	url = {http://revistas.uach.cl/index.php/agrosur/article/view/5927},
	doi = {10.4206/agrosur.2018.v46n2-09},
	abstract = {Nowadays, glyphosate is the most used herbicide in the southern cone. Its effects on human health, particularly the carcinogenic ones, are evaluated as far as from the 80s. In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer belonging to the WHO classified it as “probably carcinogenic in humans”. A year later this organism and the FAO concluded that it is improbable that it presents carcinogenic effects. The European Commission, after assuring that it was not detrimental, approved in renewing its license; although there was conclusive scientific evidence as being a probable carcinogenic substance. There are antagonistic ideological positions between the economic interests of the technological and farming development and social movements which question the consolidation of this productive model because of their consequences. These social movements question: what scientific knowledge is generated? who generates it? and how? This work contributes to the debate of those questions, characterizing the production of scientific knowledge in the mainstream of the Web of Science (WOS), linked to the 6 greatest world agroindustrial multinationals: Basf, Bayer, Dow Agroscience, Dupont, Monsanto and Syngenta. The results show delay or generalized absence of analysis of the environmental and human health impacts of glyphosate (1970-2011). Currently, in this frame of worldwide and intensive use of glyphosate a slight increase in the evaluation of its effects was detected but still remains low.},
	language = {es},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-07-05},
	journal = {Agro sur},
	author = {Fontans-Álvarez, E. and Sosa, B. and Fonseca, A. Da and Gazzano, I. and Achkar, M. and Altieri, M.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Number: 2},
	pages = {71--80},
}

Nowadays, glyphosate is the most used herbicide in the southern cone. Its effects on human health, particularly the carcinogenic ones, are evaluated as far as from the 80s. In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer belonging to the WHO classified it as “probably carcinogenic in humans”. A year later this organism and the FAO concluded that it is improbable that it presents carcinogenic effects. The European Commission, after assuring that it was not detrimental, approved in renewing its license; although there was conclusive scientific evidence as being a probable carcinogenic substance. There are antagonistic ideological positions between the economic interests of the technological and farming development and social movements which question the consolidation of this productive model because of their consequences. These social movements question: what scientific knowledge is generated? who generates it? and how? This work contributes to the debate of those questions, characterizing the production of scientific knowledge in the mainstream of the Web of Science (WOS), linked to the 6 greatest world agroindustrial multinationals: Basf, Bayer, Dow Agroscience, Dupont, Monsanto and Syngenta. The results show delay or generalized absence of analysis of the environmental and human health impacts of glyphosate (1970-2011). Currently, in this frame of worldwide and intensive use of glyphosate a slight increase in the evaluation of its effects was detected but still remains low.

@article{zinyembaClimateVariabilityPerceptions2018,
	title = {Climate variability, perceptions and political ecology: {Factors} influencing changes in pesticide use over 30 years by {Zimbabwean} smallholder cotton producers},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1111111111},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0196901},
	abstract = {This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Pesticides represent a potential public health hazard of note in farming communities. Accumulating evidence indicates that some pesticides used in agriculture act as hormone disrupters, with the potential to result in chronic health effects. Despite such a growing evidence base, pesticides remain the preferred method of pest control in agriculture worldwide. In many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, usage is on the increase. This qualitative study assessed changes in the usage of pesticides by Zimbabwean smallholder cotton farmers in the past 30 years. Farmers reported an increase in the usage of pesticides, specifically insecticides, since the early 1980s. An increase in pest populations was also reported. The findings suggested a bi-directional causal relationship between the increase in pest population and the increase in pesticide use. Factors which emerged to have collectively impacted on the changes include climate variability, limited agency on the part of farmers, power dynamics involving the government and private cotton companies and farmers’ perceptions and practices. An Integrated Pest Management Policy for Zimbabwe is recommended to facilitate integration of chemical controls with a broad range of other pest control tactics. Continuous farmer education and awareness raising is further recommended, since farmers’ perceptions can influence their practices.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Zinyemba, Cliff and Archer, Emma and Rother, Hanna-Andrea},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Africa, Pesticide, case study},
	pages = {e0196901},
}

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Pesticides represent a potential public health hazard of note in farming communities. Accumulating evidence indicates that some pesticides used in agriculture act as hormone disrupters, with the potential to result in chronic health effects. Despite such a growing evidence base, pesticides remain the preferred method of pest control in agriculture worldwide. In many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, usage is on the increase. This qualitative study assessed changes in the usage of pesticides by Zimbabwean smallholder cotton farmers in the past 30 years. Farmers reported an increase in the usage of pesticides, specifically insecticides, since the early 1980s. An increase in pest populations was also reported. The findings suggested a bi-directional causal relationship between the increase in pest population and the increase in pesticide use. Factors which emerged to have collectively impacted on the changes include climate variability, limited agency on the part of farmers, power dynamics involving the government and private cotton companies and farmers’ perceptions and practices. An Integrated Pest Management Policy for Zimbabwe is recommended to facilitate integration of chemical controls with a broad range of other pest control tactics. Continuous farmer education and awareness raising is further recommended, since farmers’ perceptions can influence their practices.

@article{dixonChemicalFertilizerTransformations2018,
	title = {Chemical fertilizer in transformations in world agriculture and the state system, 1870 to interwar period},
	volume = {18},
	doi = {10.1111/joac.12259},
	abstract = {The role of fertilizer in spreading commercial agriculture during the first food regime (ca 1870 to the First World War) is well established. What is less understood is the role of fertilizer in industry at this time. This paper details superphosphate fertilizer, part of a class of chemical fertilizers that emerged in the metropoles from the 1870s, and its role in the transformations in world agriculture as well as in industry. Superphosphate fertilizer was not just for the soil. The manufacture of superphosphates also provided a base for the growth of chemical industries. This growth was constitutive of industrial transformations in imperial states—the second industrial revolution—in which mass production units became integrated through a handful of chemicals. One of these chemicals is sulphuric acid, of which superphosphates require large amounts in their manufacture. As the main market for sulphuric acid through the interwar period, superphosphate manufacturing created synergies with other industries and thus made sulphuric acid cheaper. By connecting the manufacturing centres of fertilizer to the multiple farming regions undergoing accelerated commodity production, this study shows that the first food regime and the second industrial revolution were mutually constitutive moments to explain transformations in agriculture and the state system in the long 19th century.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Journal of Agrarian Change},
	author = {Dixon, Marion W.},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Agricultural development, Chemical geographies, chemical fertilizer, first food regime, long 19th century, second industrial revolution},
	pages = {768--786},
}

The role of fertilizer in spreading commercial agriculture during the first food regime (ca 1870 to the First World War) is well established. What is less understood is the role of fertilizer in industry at this time. This paper details superphosphate fertilizer, part of a class of chemical fertilizers that emerged in the metropoles from the 1870s, and its role in the transformations in world agriculture as well as in industry. Superphosphate fertilizer was not just for the soil. The manufacture of superphosphates also provided a base for the growth of chemical industries. This growth was constitutive of industrial transformations in imperial states—the second industrial revolution—in which mass production units became integrated through a handful of chemicals. One of these chemicals is sulphuric acid, of which superphosphates require large amounts in their manufacture. As the main market for sulphuric acid through the interwar period, superphosphate manufacturing created synergies with other industries and thus made sulphuric acid cheaper. By connecting the manufacturing centres of fertilizer to the multiple farming regions undergoing accelerated commodity production, this study shows that the first food regime and the second industrial revolution were mutually constitutive moments to explain transformations in agriculture and the state system in the long 19th century.

@article{jorgensenAntibioticPesticideSusceptibility2018,
	title = {Antibiotic and pesticide susceptibility and the {Anthropocene} operating space},
	volume = {1},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Nature Sustainability},
	author = {Jørgensen, Peter Søgaard and Aktipis, Athena and Brown, Zachary and Carriere, Yves and Downes, Sharon and Dunn, Robert R and Epstein, Graham and Frisvold, George B and Hawthorne, David and Grohn, Yrjo T},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Anthropocene, Pesticide, Pesticide footprint, Research agenda, herbicide resistance, weed management},
	pages = {632--641},
}

@article{caceresBiotecnologiaPoderUsan2018,
	title = {Biotecnología y {Poder} . ¿{Usan} los cultivos transgénicos menos agroquímicos?},
	volume = {48},
	abstract = {En distintos ámbitos académicos, productivos y políticos, se afirma que el uso de cultivos transgénicos trae aparejado un menor uso de pesticidas. El trabajo analiza cómo ha variado el uso de agroquímicos en Argentina durante los últimos 25 años, en relación a los dos cul- tivos principales (soja y maíz). Se consideran tres momentos his- tóricos: 1990 (labranza convencional y semilla no transgénica), 2000 (siembra directa y semillas transgénicas) y 2014 (siembra di- recta y variedades transgénicas con genes apilados). Los resultados muestran que se ha producido un aumento importante en el uso de agroquímicos. Esto se traduce en un mayor Indice de Toxicidad Global, lo que genera impactos ambientales y sociales negativos, demanda mayores costos financieros y origina nuevos problemas productivos. A pesar de estos inconvenientes, el abordaje productivo dominante es altamente hegemónico. Se analizan los motivos de tal hegemonía y se presentan las estrategias formuladas por la coalición dominante para construirla, consolidarla y reproducirla. Esta supremacía dificulta visibilizar a otras alternativas tecnológicas como modelos viables, las cuales son descriptas como opciones que desconocen el progreso y los avances científicos, e incapaces de pro- ducir el tipo de resultados que demanda la realidad actual. Palabras},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Revista Interdisciplinaria de Estudios Agrarios},
	author = {Cáceres, Daniel M.},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Argentina},
	pages = {29--55},
}

En distintos ámbitos académicos, productivos y políticos, se afirma que el uso de cultivos transgénicos trae aparejado un menor uso de pesticidas. El trabajo analiza cómo ha variado el uso de agroquímicos en Argentina durante los últimos 25 años, en relación a los dos cul- tivos principales (soja y maíz). Se consideran tres momentos his- tóricos: 1990 (labranza convencional y semilla no transgénica), 2000 (siembra directa y semillas transgénicas) y 2014 (siembra di- recta y variedades transgénicas con genes apilados). Los resultados muestran que se ha producido un aumento importante en el uso de agroquímicos. Esto se traduce en un mayor Indice de Toxicidad Global, lo que genera impactos ambientales y sociales negativos, demanda mayores costos financieros y origina nuevos problemas productivos. A pesar de estos inconvenientes, el abordaje productivo dominante es altamente hegemónico. Se analizan los motivos de tal hegemonía y se presentan las estrategias formuladas por la coalición dominante para construirla, consolidarla y reproducirla. Esta supremacía dificulta visibilizar a otras alternativas tecnológicas como modelos viables, las cuales son descriptas como opciones que desconocen el progreso y los avances científicos, e incapaces de pro- ducir el tipo de resultados que demanda la realidad actual. Palabras

@incollection{mansfieldNewBiopoliticsEnvironmental2018,
	address = {Los Angeles},
	title = {A {New} {Biopolitics} of {Environmental} {Health}: {Permeable} {Bodies} and the {Anthropocene}},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {Sage {Handbook} of {Nature}},
	publisher = {Sage},
	author = {Mansfield, Becky},
	editor = {Marsden, T.},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Anthropocene, Chemical geographies, Health effects},
	pages = {216--235},
}

@article{baconPesticidesTalonDAchille2018,
	title = {Pesticides: {Le} {Talon} d’{Achille} des politiques alimentaires canadiennes et québécoises},
	volume = {5},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2018 Marie-Hélène Bacon, Louise Vandelac, Sébastien Petrie},
	issn = {2292-3071},
	shorttitle = {Pesticides},
	url = {https://canadianfoodstudies.uwaterloo.ca/index.php/cfs/article/view/274},
	doi = {10.15353/cfs-rcea.v5i3.274},
	abstract = {Comment expliquer que le projet de politique alimentaire du Canada ignore le dossier des pesticides alors que la récente politique bioalimentaire du Québec évoque vaguement la question, mais sans engagements significatifs? Pourquoi évacuer ainsi l’analyse des enjeux et des effets sanitaires et environnementaux préoccupants des pesticides et notamment du glyphosate, premier pesticide au monde, en croissance exponentielle, qui, déclaré cancérogène probable par le Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (CIRC) de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) (IARC, 2015), constitue au Canada 56 pour cent des pesticides agricoles et 44 pour cent de ceux du Québec (Santé Canada, 2017a; MDDELCC, 2017)? Presqu’omniprésent dans les champs, les cours d’eau agricoles et dans 30 pour cent des aliments au Canada, le glyphosate est l’objet de vives controverses scientifiques et citoyennes dans le monde entier (Robin, 2008, 2018). En Europe, sa ré-autorisation, suite à deux ans de vives controverses a été limitée à 5 ans. Aux États-Unis, 3,500 victimes d’un lymphome non-hodgkinien attribué au Roundup, premier herbicide à base de glyphosate (HBG) en importance au monde, poursuivent en justice son principal fabricant Monsanto (Gonzague \& Michel, 2017) alors qu’en France et en Argentine, des poursuites pour malformations congénitales s’amorcent également contre Monsanto (Foucart, 2018). 
Cet article examine, dans une approche interdisciplinaire et intersectorielle, les facteurs de la montée en puissance des HBG, leurs principaux effets sur l’environnement et la santé, et les lacunes d’évaluation et d’encadrement des pesticides, contribuant à leur diffusion massive et à leurs effets. Il met aussi en évidence que les projets et politiques alimentaires canadiennes et québécoises, centrés sur le développement de modèles agro-industriels intensifs et technicisés d’exportation soumis à une conception de croissance économique, sont peu compatibles avec les exigences de protection de la biodiversité, de la santé et de la sécurité alimentaire. Or, dans un contexte de globalisation des marchés et d’accords de libre-échange avec l’Europe, plus soucieuse du Principe de Précaution et de droits des consommateurs, la négligence de ces enjeux écologiques et sanitaires risque d’en constituer le talon d’Achille.
How do we account for the fact that the proposed Food Policy for Canada ignores the issue of pesticides while Quebec’s recent Bio-Food policy vaguely evokes the question, but without significant commitments? Why unpack the issues and the worrying health and environmental effects of pesticides and in particular of glyphosate, the foremost pesticide in the world, declared a probable carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) (IARC, 2015)? This compound constitutes 56 percent of agricultural pesticides in Canada and 44 percent of those in Quebec (Health Canada, 2017a; MDDELCC, 2017). Almost ubiquitous in fields, agricultural streams and in 30 percent of food in Canada, glyphosate is the subject of intense scientific and citizen controversy around the world (Robin, 2008, 2018). In Europe, its re-authorization, following two years of heated controversy, was limited to 5 years. In the United States, 3,500 victims of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma attributed to Roundup, the world's leading glyphosate-based (HBG) herbicide, are suing its main manufacturer Monsanto (Gonzague \& Michel, 2017) while in France and Argentina, lawsuits for congenital malformations are also beginning against Monsanto (Foucart, 2018).
Using an interdisciplinary and intersectoral approach, this article examines the factors that have contributed to the rise of HBGs, their main effects on the environment and health, and the gaps in the evaluation and supervision of pesticides, contributing to their mass dissemination. It also highlights that Canadian and Quebec food projects and policies, centered as they are on the development of intensive and technicized agro-industrial models for export and subject to the demand for economic growth, are hardly compatible with the requirements of biodiversity protection, health and food safety. Further, in a context of market globalization and free trade agreements with Europe, more concerned with the Principle of Precaution and consumer rights, neglect of these ecological and health issues constitutes something of an Achille’s heel.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-06-12},
	journal = {Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation},
	author = {Bacon, Marie-Hélène and Vandelac, Louise and Petrie, Sébastien},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Number: 3},
	keywords = {Canada, agroalimentaire, environnement, herbicides à base de glyphosate, pesticides, politique alimentaire, santé, évaluation},
	pages = {153--181},
}

Comment expliquer que le projet de politique alimentaire du Canada ignore le dossier des pesticides alors que la récente politique bioalimentaire du Québec évoque vaguement la question, mais sans engagements significatifs? Pourquoi évacuer ainsi l’analyse des enjeux et des effets sanitaires et environnementaux préoccupants des pesticides et notamment du glyphosate, premier pesticide au monde, en croissance exponentielle, qui, déclaré cancérogène probable par le Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (CIRC) de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) (IARC, 2015), constitue au Canada 56 pour cent des pesticides agricoles et 44 pour cent de ceux du Québec (Santé Canada, 2017a; MDDELCC, 2017)? Presqu’omniprésent dans les champs, les cours d’eau agricoles et dans 30 pour cent des aliments au Canada, le glyphosate est l’objet de vives controverses scientifiques et citoyennes dans le monde entier (Robin, 2008, 2018). En Europe, sa ré-autorisation, suite à deux ans de vives controverses a été limitée à 5 ans. Aux États-Unis, 3,500 victimes d’un lymphome non-hodgkinien attribué au Roundup, premier herbicide à base de glyphosate (HBG) en importance au monde, poursuivent en justice son principal fabricant Monsanto (Gonzague & Michel, 2017) alors qu’en France et en Argentine, des poursuites pour malformations congénitales s’amorcent également contre Monsanto (Foucart, 2018). Cet article examine, dans une approche interdisciplinaire et intersectorielle, les facteurs de la montée en puissance des HBG, leurs principaux effets sur l’environnement et la santé, et les lacunes d’évaluation et d’encadrement des pesticides, contribuant à leur diffusion massive et à leurs effets. Il met aussi en évidence que les projets et politiques alimentaires canadiennes et québécoises, centrés sur le développement de modèles agro-industriels intensifs et technicisés d’exportation soumis à une conception de croissance économique, sont peu compatibles avec les exigences de protection de la biodiversité, de la santé et de la sécurité alimentaire. Or, dans un contexte de globalisation des marchés et d’accords de libre-échange avec l’Europe, plus soucieuse du Principe de Précaution et de droits des consommateurs, la négligence de ces enjeux écologiques et sanitaires risque d’en constituer le talon d’Achille. How do we account for the fact that the proposed Food Policy for Canada ignores the issue of pesticides while Quebec’s recent Bio-Food policy vaguely evokes the question, but without significant commitments? Why unpack the issues and the worrying health and environmental effects of pesticides and in particular of glyphosate, the foremost pesticide in the world, declared a probable carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) (IARC, 2015)? This compound constitutes 56 percent of agricultural pesticides in Canada and 44 percent of those in Quebec (Health Canada, 2017a; MDDELCC, 2017). Almost ubiquitous in fields, agricultural streams and in 30 percent of food in Canada, glyphosate is the subject of intense scientific and citizen controversy around the world (Robin, 2008, 2018). In Europe, its re-authorization, following two years of heated controversy, was limited to 5 years. In the United States, 3,500 victims of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma attributed to Roundup, the world's leading glyphosate-based (HBG) herbicide, are suing its main manufacturer Monsanto (Gonzague & Michel, 2017) while in France and Argentina, lawsuits for congenital malformations are also beginning against Monsanto (Foucart, 2018). Using an interdisciplinary and intersectoral approach, this article examines the factors that have contributed to the rise of HBGs, their main effects on the environment and health, and the gaps in the evaluation and supervision of pesticides, contributing to their mass dissemination. It also highlights that Canadian and Quebec food projects and policies, centered as they are on the development of intensive and technicized agro-industrial models for export and subject to the demand for economic growth, are hardly compatible with the requirements of biodiversity protection, health and food safety. Further, in a context of market globalization and free trade agreements with Europe, more concerned with the Principle of Precaution and consumer rights, neglect of these ecological and health issues constitutes something of an Achille’s heel.

@article{davisInsecticidesAgricultureAnthropocene2017,
	title = {Insecticides, agriculture, and the {Anthropocene}},
	volume = {10},
	url = {https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/abs/10.3197/ge.2017.100105},
	doi = {10.3197/ge.2017.100105},
	abstract = {Over the course of the past century, agricultural chemists have developed insecticides from plants with phytotoxic properties ('botanical' insecticides) and a range of chemicals including heavy metals such as lead and arsenic, chlorinated hydrocarbons like DDT, and organophosphates like parathion. All of the synthetic insecticides carried profound unintended consequences for ecosystems and wildlife alike. In the process of knowledge and technology transfer of the Green Revolution, industrial agriculture as practiced in the US spread to Mexico, China and India, and around the globe. In the constant search for novel insecticides, chemists returned to nature and developed chemical analogues of the botanical insecticides, first with the synthetic pyrethroids and now with the neonicotinoids. Despite recent introduction, neonics have become widely used in agriculture and there are suspicions that these chemicals contribute to declines in bees and grassland birds. The past and present of pesticides use resonates with themes of the Anthropocene and in particular the Great Acceleration following World War II. Along with chemical fertilisers, pesticides contribute to the conversion of natural ecosystems into human-dominated landscapes.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2026-06-09},
	journal = {Global Environment},
	publisher = {Liverpool University Press},
	author = {Davis, Frederick Rowe},
	month = apr,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {114--136},
}

Over the course of the past century, agricultural chemists have developed insecticides from plants with phytotoxic properties ('botanical' insecticides) and a range of chemicals including heavy metals such as lead and arsenic, chlorinated hydrocarbons like DDT, and organophosphates like parathion. All of the synthetic insecticides carried profound unintended consequences for ecosystems and wildlife alike. In the process of knowledge and technology transfer of the Green Revolution, industrial agriculture as practiced in the US spread to Mexico, China and India, and around the globe. In the constant search for novel insecticides, chemists returned to nature and developed chemical analogues of the botanical insecticides, first with the synthetic pyrethroids and now with the neonicotinoids. Despite recent introduction, neonics have become widely used in agriculture and there are suspicions that these chemicals contribute to declines in bees and grassland birds. The past and present of pesticides use resonates with themes of the Anthropocene and in particular the Great Acceleration following World War II. Along with chemical fertilisers, pesticides contribute to the conversion of natural ecosystems into human-dominated landscapes.

@article{schreinemachersTooMuchHandle2017,
	title = {Too much to handle? {Pesticide} dependence of smallholder vegetable farmers in {Southeast} {Asia}},
	volume = {593},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	shorttitle = {Too much to handle?},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969717307027},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.181},
	abstract = {This study aimed to understand farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding agricultural pest management and synthetic pesticide use in Southeast Asia. Data were used from 900 farm households producing leaf mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss.) and yard-long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc.) in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Farmers heavily depended on synthetic pesticides as their main method of pest control. Most farmers were aware of the adverse health effects associated with pesticide use and covered body parts while spraying, but also considered pesticides to be highly effective and indispensable farm inputs. Farmers were largely unable to distinguish between common beneficial and harmful arthropods. Greater knowledge about this was associated with less pesticide use while greater awareness of pesticide health risks was associated with fewer observed poisoning symptoms. For the average farm and while controlling for other factors, farmers who sought advice from friends and neighbors used 45\% less pesticide, but those who sought advice from pesticide shopkeepers used 251\% more pesticide. Pesticide use was 42\% less when a woman was in charge of pest management and 31\% less when farmers had adopted biopesticides. These findings suggest relevant entry points for interventions aimed at reducing pesticide dependence.},
	language = {en},
	number = {Supplement C},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Schreinemachers, Pepijn and Chen, Hsiao-pu and Nguyen, Thi Tan Loc and Buntong, Borarin and Bouapao, Lilao and Gautam, Shriniwas and Le, Nhu Thinh and Pinn, Thira and Vilaysone, Phimchai and Srinivasan, Ramasamy},
	month = sep,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Agriculture, Cambodia, Laos, Pesticide risk, Vietnam, integrated pest management},
	pages = {470--477},
}

This study aimed to understand farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding agricultural pest management and synthetic pesticide use in Southeast Asia. Data were used from 900 farm households producing leaf mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss.) and yard-long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc.) in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Farmers heavily depended on synthetic pesticides as their main method of pest control. Most farmers were aware of the adverse health effects associated with pesticide use and covered body parts while spraying, but also considered pesticides to be highly effective and indispensable farm inputs. Farmers were largely unable to distinguish between common beneficial and harmful arthropods. Greater knowledge about this was associated with less pesticide use while greater awareness of pesticide health risks was associated with fewer observed poisoning symptoms. For the average farm and while controlling for other factors, farmers who sought advice from friends and neighbors used 45% less pesticide, but those who sought advice from pesticide shopkeepers used 251% more pesticide. Pesticide use was 42% less when a woman was in charge of pest management and 31% less when farmers had adopted biopesticides. These findings suggest relevant entry points for interventions aimed at reducing pesticide dependence.

@article{dasguptaRapidDiffusionHerbicides2017,
	title = {The {Rapid} {Diffusion} of {Herbicides} in {Farming} in {India}: {Patterns}, {Determinants}, and {Effects} on {Labor} {Productivity}},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {4128701700916},
	doi = {10.1057/s41287-017-0091-6},
	abstract = {In India, herbicide use has almost tripled in the decade from 2005/2006 to 2015/2016, while cultivated land did not change over that period. This is a striking case of input intensification, driven by rapidly rising rural wages, combined with soaring domestic production of herbicides, and modestly declining herbicide prices. Rural wages are rising, in part due to the rapid growth of rural nonfarm employment, and the tightening opportunity costs of time for rural Indians to manually weed their farms. To explore the household-level determinants and effects of herbicide adoption, we used a unique primary survey dataset of 2418 farm households collected by the authors in 2009 in the more commercialized regions (mainly growing cereals and pulses) over the east, center, and west of each of Uttar Pradesh (UP), Madhya Pradesh (MP), and Andhra Pradesh (AP). These three states range from north to south, and include 330 million people. The survey’s descriptive analysis showed that herbicide diffusion is well advanced, covering one third of farmers in UP and AP, and two-thirds in MP. The share had jumped 1.5, 1.2, and 2.7 times over just five years in the three states (UP, MP, and AP, respectively). The diffusion was broader and faster in the more dynamic regions of the states – in cereals and horticulture compared with legumes – and in larger farms in UP and MP (but in smaller farms in the irrigated rice area of AP). The regression analysis of adoption showed that as the rural nonfarm employment increases, the probability of adoption of herbicides increases very significantly. Herbicide use boosts land and labor yields by about 10\%, and reduces labor use by approximately 5–10\%. Agricultural research should be oriented toward herbicide formulations, which makes them adaptable to evolution of weed and agroclimatic conditions, and as affordable and as safe as possible for workers and the land.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {The European Journal of Development Research},
	author = {Das Gupta, Sunipa and Minten, Bart and Rao, N. Chandrasekhara and Reardon, Thomas},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Herbicide, India, LMICs, Pesticide use, case study, labor markets, technology adoption},
	pages = {596--613},
}

In India, herbicide use has almost tripled in the decade from 2005/2006 to 2015/2016, while cultivated land did not change over that period. This is a striking case of input intensification, driven by rapidly rising rural wages, combined with soaring domestic production of herbicides, and modestly declining herbicide prices. Rural wages are rising, in part due to the rapid growth of rural nonfarm employment, and the tightening opportunity costs of time for rural Indians to manually weed their farms. To explore the household-level determinants and effects of herbicide adoption, we used a unique primary survey dataset of 2418 farm households collected by the authors in 2009 in the more commercialized regions (mainly growing cereals and pulses) over the east, center, and west of each of Uttar Pradesh (UP), Madhya Pradesh (MP), and Andhra Pradesh (AP). These three states range from north to south, and include 330 million people. The survey’s descriptive analysis showed that herbicide diffusion is well advanced, covering one third of farmers in UP and AP, and two-thirds in MP. The share had jumped 1.5, 1.2, and 2.7 times over just five years in the three states (UP, MP, and AP, respectively). The diffusion was broader and faster in the more dynamic regions of the states – in cereals and horticulture compared with legumes – and in larger farms in UP and MP (but in smaller farms in the irrigated rice area of AP). The regression analysis of adoption showed that as the rural nonfarm employment increases, the probability of adoption of herbicides increases very significantly. Herbicide use boosts land and labor yields by about 10%, and reduces labor use by approximately 5–10%. Agricultural research should be oriented toward herbicide formulations, which makes them adaptable to evolution of weed and agroclimatic conditions, and as affordable and as safe as possible for workers and the land.

@article{bonannoPlantProtectionProducts2017,
	title = {The {Plant} {Protection} {Products} ({PPP}) {Sector} in the {European} {Union}: {A} {Special} {View} on {Herbicides}},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {1743-9728},
	shorttitle = {The {Plant} {Protection} {Products} ({PPP}) {Sector} in the {European} {Union}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-017-0088-1},
	doi = {10.1057/s41287-017-0088-1},
	abstract = {The policy debates on plant protection products (PPPs) in the European Union (EU) are dominated by the environmental implications of crop protection (in particular, the use of herbicides) and the concentration of the herbicide industry. This article aims at presenting an overview of the patterns herbicide usage over time between and within European countries, and an overview of the industry structure. Potential determinants driving some of these differences are discussed, such as the recent PPP policies adopted by the EU. Results show that herbicides are the most important input used in crop protection, but regional differences are substantial. The concentration of the industry is high, but below levels that would raise concerns by EU regulators. The sector is also highly regulated, which contributes to a high concentration and a consequent decline in innovations. This finding raises the possibility of substituting bans of active ingredients in herbicides with alternative solutions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-04-07},
	journal = {The European Journal of Development Research},
	author = {Bonanno, Alessandro and Materia, Valentina C. and Venus, Thomas and Wesseler, Justus},
	month = jul,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {European Union, Herbicide, Regulation, agriculture, market concentration, plant protection products},
	pages = {575--595},
}

The policy debates on plant protection products (PPPs) in the European Union (EU) are dominated by the environmental implications of crop protection (in particular, the use of herbicides) and the concentration of the herbicide industry. This article aims at presenting an overview of the patterns herbicide usage over time between and within European countries, and an overview of the industry structure. Potential determinants driving some of these differences are discussed, such as the recent PPP policies adopted by the EU. Results show that herbicides are the most important input used in crop protection, but regional differences are substantial. The concentration of the industry is high, but below levels that would raise concerns by EU regulators. The sector is also highly regulated, which contributes to a high concentration and a consequent decline in innovations. This finding raises the possibility of substituting bans of active ingredients in herbicides with alternative solutions.

@article{dukeHistoryCurrentStatus2017,
	title = {The history and current status of glyphosate},
	volume = {74},
	doi = {10.1002/ps.4652},
	abstract = {Glyphosate is the only herbicide to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS). It is a high use rate, non-selective herbicide that translocates primarily to metabolic sinks, killing meristematic tissues away from the application site. Its phloem-mobile properties and slow action in killing weeds allow the herbicide to move throughout the plant to kill all meristems, making it effective for perennial weed control. Since commercialization in 1974, its use has grown to dominate the herbicide market. Much of its use is on transgenic, glyphosate-resistant crops (GRCs), which have been the dominant transgenic crops worldwide. GRCs with glyphosate provided the most effective and inexpensive weed management technology in history for a decade or more. However, as a consequence of the rapid increase in glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds, the effectiveness of glyphosate use in GRCs is declining. Critics have claimed that glyphosate-treated GRCs have altered mineral nutrition and increased susceptibility to plant pathogens because of glyphosate's ability to chelate divalent metal cations, but the complete resistance of GRCs to glyphosate indicates that chelating metal cations do not contribute to the herbicidal activity or significantly affect mineral nutrition. The rates of increases in yields of maize, soybean, and cotton in the USA have been unchanged after high adoption rates of GRCs. Glyphosate is toxic to some plant pathogens, and thereby can act as a fungicide in GRCs. Ultra-low doses of glyphosate stimulate plant growth in glyphosate-susceptible plants by unknown mechanisms. Despite rapid and widespread increases in GR weeds, glyphosate use has not decreased. However, as GR weeds increase, adoption of alternative technologies will eventually lead to decreased use.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Pest Management Science},
	author = {Duke, Stephen O.},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Glyphosate, Glyphosate history, glyphosate resistance, herbicide-resistant crop},
	pages = {1027--1034},
}

Glyphosate is the only herbicide to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS). It is a high use rate, non-selective herbicide that translocates primarily to metabolic sinks, killing meristematic tissues away from the application site. Its phloem-mobile properties and slow action in killing weeds allow the herbicide to move throughout the plant to kill all meristems, making it effective for perennial weed control. Since commercialization in 1974, its use has grown to dominate the herbicide market. Much of its use is on transgenic, glyphosate-resistant crops (GRCs), which have been the dominant transgenic crops worldwide. GRCs with glyphosate provided the most effective and inexpensive weed management technology in history for a decade or more. However, as a consequence of the rapid increase in glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds, the effectiveness of glyphosate use in GRCs is declining. Critics have claimed that glyphosate-treated GRCs have altered mineral nutrition and increased susceptibility to plant pathogens because of glyphosate's ability to chelate divalent metal cations, but the complete resistance of GRCs to glyphosate indicates that chelating metal cations do not contribute to the herbicidal activity or significantly affect mineral nutrition. The rates of increases in yields of maize, soybean, and cotton in the USA have been unchanged after high adoption rates of GRCs. Glyphosate is toxic to some plant pathogens, and thereby can act as a fungicide in GRCs. Ultra-low doses of glyphosate stimulate plant growth in glyphosate-susceptible plants by unknown mechanisms. Despite rapid and widespread increases in GR weeds, glyphosate use has not decreased. However, as GR weeds increase, adoption of alternative technologies will eventually lead to decreased use.

@article{huangRisingHerbicideUse2017,
	title = {Rising {Herbicide} {Use} and {Its} {Driving} {Forces} in {China}},
	volume = {29},
	doi = {10.1057/s41287-017-0081-8},
	abstract = {China is one of the developing countries that has experienced rapid growth in herbicide use in the past two decades. However, little information is available on what drive this growing use of herbicides. This study aims for a better understanding of the trend and major factors that affect herbicide use in China. Based on national aggregate data and primary household survey data, this study shows that besides falling herbicide prices, rising wages have been a major driver of this rapid growth since the mid-2000s. Analyses based on household data show that off-farm rural labor employment away from home province contributes to the increasing use of herbicides in wheat and maize production. In addition, irrigation and farmers’ education have significant impacts on herbicide use. With increasing wages and off-farm rural labor employment, we expect herbicide use in China to continue rising.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {The European Journal of Development Research},
	author = {Huang, Jikun and Wang, Shukun and Xiao, Zhihua},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {China, Herbicide use, off-farm employment, price, wage},
	pages = {614--627},
}

China is one of the developing countries that has experienced rapid growth in herbicide use in the past two decades. However, little information is available on what drive this growing use of herbicides. This study aims for a better understanding of the trend and major factors that affect herbicide use in China. Based on national aggregate data and primary household survey data, this study shows that besides falling herbicide prices, rising wages have been a major driver of this rapid growth since the mid-2000s. Analyses based on household data show that off-farm rural labor employment away from home province contributes to the increasing use of herbicides in wheat and maize production. In addition, irrigation and farmers’ education have significant impacts on herbicide use. With increasing wages and off-farm rural labor employment, we expect herbicide use in China to continue rising.

@article{silvaSecuritySafetyGlyphosate2017,
	title = {Security and {Safety} in the {Glyphosate} {Debate}: {A} {Chemical} {Cocktail} for {Discussion}},
	volume = {4},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Alternautus},
	author = {Silva, Diego},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Chemical geographies, Colombia, Drugs, Latin America},
	pages = {46--59},
}

@article{panAssociationCoronaryArtery2017,
	title = {The association between coronary artery disease and glyphosate exposure found in pesticide factory workers},
	volume = {1},
	doi = {10.21037/phe.2016.06.07},
	abstract = {Glyphosate is a widely used herbicide in the world. Coronary artery disease (CAD) has been recognized as widespread causes of death and disability. In our study, we aimed to investigate the difference in results of health examination among people whether exposed to glyphosate or not.{\textbackslash}n Methods: We recruited workers from glyphosate production line as the exposed group and workers without doing pesticide production as the non-exposed group. All the participants have taken health examination as well as finished personal health questionnaires. A total of 42 patients with CAD were found among the return patients. Individual and fix-point samplings were performed to monitor the level of glyphosate in workplace air around the production line. Glyphosate and AMPA in the plasma were measured by gas chromatography combined with GC/MS method. The association between measured variables and the incidence of CAD was evaluated in unconditional logistic regression models.{\textbackslash}n Results: The highest levels of permissible concentration-time weighted average (PC-TWA) (0.01–94.59 mg/m 3 ) and permissible concentration-short term exposure limit (PC-STEL) (0.01–20 mg/m 3 ) were separately presented in the jobs like packing and drying. The average concentration of glyphosate and its metabolin aminomethylphonic acid (AMPA) 85481 in blood plasma was 9.13 and 4.20 ng/mL, respectively. Forty-two percent of glyphosate workers admitted wearing gauze mask or spectacles seldom worn when they worked. The incidence rates of hypertension, CAD, abnormal rate of ECG, total liver function index [including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein (TP)] and summary of renal function index were found significantly higher in the exposed group than non-exposed group (P Conclusions: Our results suggested that glyphosate might be a potential hazard factor to CAD.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Public Health and Emergency},
	author = {Pan, Liping and Xu, Ming and Yang, Dandan and Wang, Boshen and Zhao, Qiuni and Ding, En-Min and Zhu, Baoli},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {AMPA, Factory workers, Glyphosate, Health effects, Occupational exposure},
	pages = {8},
}

Glyphosate is a widely used herbicide in the world. Coronary artery disease (CAD) has been recognized as widespread causes of death and disability. In our study, we aimed to investigate the difference in results of health examination among people whether exposed to glyphosate or not.\n Methods: We recruited workers from glyphosate production line as the exposed group and workers without doing pesticide production as the non-exposed group. All the participants have taken health examination as well as finished personal health questionnaires. A total of 42 patients with CAD were found among the return patients. Individual and fix-point samplings were performed to monitor the level of glyphosate in workplace air around the production line. Glyphosate and AMPA in the plasma were measured by gas chromatography combined with GC/MS method. The association between measured variables and the incidence of CAD was evaluated in unconditional logistic regression models.\n Results: The highest levels of permissible concentration-time weighted average (PC-TWA) (0.01–94.59 mg/m 3 ) and permissible concentration-short term exposure limit (PC-STEL) (0.01–20 mg/m 3 ) were separately presented in the jobs like packing and drying. The average concentration of glyphosate and its metabolin aminomethylphonic acid (AMPA) 85481 in blood plasma was 9.13 and 4.20 ng/mL, respectively. Forty-two percent of glyphosate workers admitted wearing gauze mask or spectacles seldom worn when they worked. The incidence rates of hypertension, CAD, abnormal rate of ECG, total liver function index [including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein (TP)] and summary of renal function index were found significantly higher in the exposed group than non-exposed group (P Conclusions: Our results suggested that glyphosate might be a potential hazard factor to CAD.

@article{bainSuperweedsSurvivorsFraming2017,
	title = {‘{Superweeds}’ or ‘survivors’? {Framing} the problem of glyphosate resistant weeds and genetically engineered crops},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {0743-0167},
	shorttitle = {‘{Superweeds}’ or ‘survivors’?},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0743016716304983},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.03.003},
	abstract = {In this paper, we explore how efforts to frame the socio-environmental problem of glyphosate resistant weeds— superweeds—at particular scales shape calls for certain governance strategies and regulatory responses. We use a political agronomy approach and the politics of scale literature to understand the linkages and relationships between socio-political and economic forces and the problem of glyphosate resistant weeds. We draw on in-depth interview data with representatives from farm groups, consumer and environmental advocacy organizations, agriculture and biotech companies, government regulatory agencies, and agricultural extension agents, together with a content analysis of websites of GE supporters and opponents. Together these data are used to explore how the problem of superweeds is being framed by proponents and opponents of GE crops, and among agricultural scientists, advocacy organizations and business. We conclude that when environmental problems associated with pesticide resistance are ‘scaled up’ to incorporate more systemic agricultural issues and are linked with broader socio-economic and political issues that impact a larger public, there are greater possibilities for pushing for government intervention and regulation to address environmental burdens and externalities.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-11-08},
	journal = {Journal of Rural Studies},
	author = {Bain, Carmen and Selfa, Theresa and Dandachi, Tamera and Velardi, Sara},
	month = apr,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Framing, Genetically engineered (GE) crops, Glyphosate resistant weeds, Politics of scale, Superweeds},
	pages = {211--221},
}

In this paper, we explore how efforts to frame the socio-environmental problem of glyphosate resistant weeds— superweeds—at particular scales shape calls for certain governance strategies and regulatory responses. We use a political agronomy approach and the politics of scale literature to understand the linkages and relationships between socio-political and economic forces and the problem of glyphosate resistant weeds. We draw on in-depth interview data with representatives from farm groups, consumer and environmental advocacy organizations, agriculture and biotech companies, government regulatory agencies, and agricultural extension agents, together with a content analysis of websites of GE supporters and opponents. Together these data are used to explore how the problem of superweeds is being framed by proponents and opponents of GE crops, and among agricultural scientists, advocacy organizations and business. We conclude that when environmental problems associated with pesticide resistance are ‘scaled up’ to incorporate more systemic agricultural issues and are linked with broader socio-economic and political issues that impact a larger public, there are greater possibilities for pushing for government intervention and regulation to address environmental burdens and externalities.

@article{rowedavisPesticidesParadoxAnthropocene2017,
	title = {Pesticides and the paradox of the {Anthropocene}: {From} natural to synthetic to synthesised nature},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1973-3739},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Global Environment},
	author = {Rowe Davis, Frederick},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Anthropocene, Chemical geographies, Pesticide, Risk},
	pages = {114--136},
}

@article{jorgensenDownstreamManagementPractices2017,
	title = {Downstream management practices of transnational companies in institutionally vulnerable countries: {Export} and use of hazardous products},
	volume = {140},
	issn = {0959-6526},
	shorttitle = {Downstream management practices of transnational companies in institutionally vulnerable countries},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652616316705},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.060},
	abstract = {Analyses of social and environmental management in transnational product chains focus often upstream on suppliers in socially and institutionally vulnerable countries and these suppliers' hazardous processes. Furthermore focus is on transnational companies' responsibility when they source from such suppliers. On the contrary, not much focus has been on transnational companies' downstream export of hazardous products to vulnerable countries and the product use in those countries. The article uses pesticides as case of hazardous products and identifies mechanisms in the downstream social and environmental management of a Danish pesticide company in vulnerable countries and especially in Brazil. The identified mechanisms are: the transnational company's on-going interpretation of the regulatory and ethical obligations for development and use of its hazardous products in vulnerable countries, path dependency and path creation in the business strategy, geographical and organisational coverage of the management systems and practices, the willingness of the company to address social and institutional vulnerability in use countries, and the roles of users and other actors in development and facilitation of more sustainable practices. The mechanisms are discussed with reference to other analyses. In the conclusion the mechanisms are presented as themes in future research and civil society organisations' activities and as guidance in businesses' development and assessment of more sustainable management practices. The benefits of transnational research cooperation for this type of research are also discussed.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-07-06},
	journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
	author = {Jørgensen, Michael Søgaard and Milanez, Bruno},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Hazardous products, Innovation with users, Institutional vulnerability, Path dependency, Social constitution of company, Transnational company},
	pages = {1095--1104},
}

Analyses of social and environmental management in transnational product chains focus often upstream on suppliers in socially and institutionally vulnerable countries and these suppliers' hazardous processes. Furthermore focus is on transnational companies' responsibility when they source from such suppliers. On the contrary, not much focus has been on transnational companies' downstream export of hazardous products to vulnerable countries and the product use in those countries. The article uses pesticides as case of hazardous products and identifies mechanisms in the downstream social and environmental management of a Danish pesticide company in vulnerable countries and especially in Brazil. The identified mechanisms are: the transnational company's on-going interpretation of the regulatory and ethical obligations for development and use of its hazardous products in vulnerable countries, path dependency and path creation in the business strategy, geographical and organisational coverage of the management systems and practices, the willingness of the company to address social and institutional vulnerability in use countries, and the roles of users and other actors in development and facilitation of more sustainable practices. The mechanisms are discussed with reference to other analyses. In the conclusion the mechanisms are presented as themes in future research and civil society organisations' activities and as guidance in businesses' development and assessment of more sustainable management practices. The benefits of transnational research cooperation for this type of research are also discussed.

@article{villemaineProductivismeAgricoleImages2017,
	title = {Le productivisme agricole en images. {Une} analyse sociohistorique de couvertures illustrées de guides techniques (1959-2014)},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	url = {https://journals.openedition.org/itti/1017},
	doi = {10.4000/itti.1017},
	abstract = {Cet article analyse un corpus iconographique constitué de couvertures de guides techniques agricoles, distribués par des coopératives céréalières à leurs adhérents sur une période de près de cinquante ans (1959-2014). Ces couvertures illustrées témoignent du genre d’agriculture que ces coopératives cherchent à façonner au fil du temps, de la façon dont elles entendent (se) représenter et intéresser les agriculteurs, au sein d’un espace professionnel concurrentiel où elles doivent affirmer et défendre leur position face à des critiques diverses. Elles donnent ainsi à voir comment ces coopératives participent de la construction de l’imaginaire productiviste et de ses transformations. Dans les années 1960 et 1970, la dialectique de la pathologisation-médicalisation des cultures, pour inciter les agriculteurs à traiter, apparaît centrale. Dans les années 1980 et 1990, les pesticides et ennemis des cultures sont occultés au profit de la mise en avant de la production par la coopérative de connaissances technico-scientifiques pour une « agriculture raisonnée ». Au milieu des années 2000, une rhétorique du care se met en place, mettant en scène des chefs d’entreprises agricoles, fins agronomes et responsables, prenant soin du développement durable en bon père de famille.},
	language = {fr},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2022-07-07},
	journal = {Images du travail, travail des images},
	publisher = {Université de Poitiers},
	author = {Villemaine, Robin},
	month = sep,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Number: 4},
	keywords = {France, agriculture, coopérative, productivisme, sociologie visuelle},
}

Cet article analyse un corpus iconographique constitué de couvertures de guides techniques agricoles, distribués par des coopératives céréalières à leurs adhérents sur une période de près de cinquante ans (1959-2014). Ces couvertures illustrées témoignent du genre d’agriculture que ces coopératives cherchent à façonner au fil du temps, de la façon dont elles entendent (se) représenter et intéresser les agriculteurs, au sein d’un espace professionnel concurrentiel où elles doivent affirmer et défendre leur position face à des critiques diverses. Elles donnent ainsi à voir comment ces coopératives participent de la construction de l’imaginaire productiviste et de ses transformations. Dans les années 1960 et 1970, la dialectique de la pathologisation-médicalisation des cultures, pour inciter les agriculteurs à traiter, apparaît centrale. Dans les années 1980 et 1990, les pesticides et ennemis des cultures sont occultés au profit de la mise en avant de la production par la coopérative de connaissances technico-scientifiques pour une « agriculture raisonnée ». Au milieu des années 2000, une rhétorique du care se met en place, mettant en scène des chefs d’entreprises agricoles, fins agronomes et responsables, prenant soin du développement durable en bon père de famille.

@article{ansaloniMarcheCommeInstrument2017,
	title = {Le marché comme instrument politique. {Le} désengagement de l'État dans l'usage des pesticides en {France}},
	volume = {105},
	issn = {1150-1944},
	shorttitle = {Le marché comme instrument politique},
	url = {https://www.cairn.info/revue-societes-contemporaines-2017-1-page-79.htm},
	doi = {10.3917/soco.105.0079},
	abstract = {ResumeÀ partir de l'exemple du marché de la formation préparant à l'obtention du certificat d'usage des pesticides, cet article appréhende une modalité centrale d'exercice du pouvoir politique contemporain par laquelle les agents de l'État initient un marché pour prendre en charge un problème public. Se démarquant des études sur la gouvernementalité, notre enquête révèle dans notre cas d'étude un évidement de la capacité d'action du ministère de l'Agriculture. Cette situation favorise l'autonomisation des pratiques marchandes vis-à-vis de la réglementation, donc l'hétéronomisation de l'action étatique. L'article analyse pourquoi, au moment de la création du marché comme lors de sa régulation, le rapport de force était défavorable aux agents du ministère de l'Agriculture, au profit de ses fournisseurs.},
	language = {fr},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-01-27},
	journal = {Sociétés contemporaines},
	publisher = {Presses de Sciences Po},
	author = {Ansaloni, Matthieu},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Place: Paris},
	pages = {79--102},
}

ResumeÀ partir de l'exemple du marché de la formation préparant à l'obtention du certificat d'usage des pesticides, cet article appréhende une modalité centrale d'exercice du pouvoir politique contemporain par laquelle les agents de l'État initient un marché pour prendre en charge un problème public. Se démarquant des études sur la gouvernementalité, notre enquête révèle dans notre cas d'étude un évidement de la capacité d'action du ministère de l'Agriculture. Cette situation favorise l'autonomisation des pratiques marchandes vis-à-vis de la réglementation, donc l'hétéronomisation de l'action étatique. L'article analyse pourquoi, au moment de la création du marché comme lors de sa régulation, le rapport de force était défavorable aux agents du ministère de l'Agriculture, au profit de ses fournisseurs.

@article{aulagnierTechnologiesControverseesLeurs2017,
	title = {Des technologies controversées et de leurs alternatives. {Le} cas des pesticides agricoles en {France}},
	volume = {59},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/},
	issn = {0038-0296},
	url = {https://journals.openedition.org/sdt/840},
	doi = {10.4000/sdt.840},
	abstract = {Dans cet article nous analysons les débats qui se tiennent au sein d’un plan d’action publique visant à identifier des leviers pour réduire la consommation de pesticides dans l’agriculture française. Nous montrons que la définition d’alternatives à cette technologie controversée est le théâtre de mises en concurrence entre différentes solutions candidates. Alors qu’une approche portée par les agronomes en faveur d’une transformation systémique des pratiques agricoles s’impose dans un premier temps, nous analysons les ressorts de l’irruption et du succès d’une approche concurrente, portée notamment par l’industrie des intrants agricoles et fondée sur la mise au point de produits de substitution aux pesticides. Dans le prolongement des travaux abordant la construction des problèmes publics, l’attention portée à la définition des solutions proposées en réponse à ces problèmes invite à s’interroger sur les temporalités dissonantes auxquelles sont soumis les décideurs publics et les acteurs technoscientifiques, et aux difficultés de ces derniers à faire face aux injonctions d’opérationnalisation de leurs travaux.},
	language = {fr},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	journal = {Sociologie du travail},
	author = {Aulagnier, Alexis and Goulet, Frédéric},
	month = aug,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Agriculture, Industrie, Pesticides, Problèmes publics, Science, Technologies alternatives, État},
}

Dans cet article nous analysons les débats qui se tiennent au sein d’un plan d’action publique visant à identifier des leviers pour réduire la consommation de pesticides dans l’agriculture française. Nous montrons que la définition d’alternatives à cette technologie controversée est le théâtre de mises en concurrence entre différentes solutions candidates. Alors qu’une approche portée par les agronomes en faveur d’une transformation systémique des pratiques agricoles s’impose dans un premier temps, nous analysons les ressorts de l’irruption et du succès d’une approche concurrente, portée notamment par l’industrie des intrants agricoles et fondée sur la mise au point de produits de substitution aux pesticides. Dans le prolongement des travaux abordant la construction des problèmes publics, l’attention portée à la définition des solutions proposées en réponse à ces problèmes invite à s’interroger sur les temporalités dissonantes auxquelles sont soumis les décideurs publics et les acteurs technoscientifiques, et aux difficultés de ces derniers à faire face aux injonctions d’opérationnalisation de leurs travaux.

@article{tamruRapidExpansionHerbicide2017,
	title = {The {Rapid} {Expansion} of {Herbicide} {Use} in {Smallholder} {Agriculture} in {Ethiopia}: {Patterns}, {Drivers}, and {Implications}},
	volume = {29},
	doi = {10.1057/s41287-017-0076-5},
	abstract = {Adoption of herbicides by Ethiopian smallholders has grown rapidly, with application on cereals doubling to more than a quarter of the area under cereals between 2004 and 2014. Relying on unique data from a large-scale survey of producers of teff, the most widely grown cereal in Ethiopia, we find considerable positive labor productivity effects of herbicide use of between 9 and 18 per cent. We show that the adoption of herbicides is strongly related to proximity to urban centers, access to all-weather roads, and levels of local rural wages. All these factors have changed substantially over the last decade in Ethiopia, explaining the rapid take-off in herbicide adoption. The sizable increase in herbicide use in Ethiopia has important implications for rural labor markets, potential environmental and health considerations, and capacity development for the design and effective implementation of regulatory policies on herbicides.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {The European Journal of Development Research},
	author = {Tamru, Seneshaw and Minten, Bart and Alemu, Dawit and Bachewe, Fantu},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Africa, Ethiopia, Herbicide, Sub-Saharan Africa, agriculture, modern input use},
	pages = {628--647},
}

Adoption of herbicides by Ethiopian smallholders has grown rapidly, with application on cereals doubling to more than a quarter of the area under cereals between 2004 and 2014. Relying on unique data from a large-scale survey of producers of teff, the most widely grown cereal in Ethiopia, we find considerable positive labor productivity effects of herbicide use of between 9 and 18 per cent. We show that the adoption of herbicides is strongly related to proximity to urban centers, access to all-weather roads, and levels of local rural wages. All these factors have changed substantially over the last decade in Ethiopia, explaining the rapid take-off in herbicide adoption. The sizable increase in herbicide use in Ethiopia has important implications for rural labor markets, potential environmental and health considerations, and capacity development for the design and effective implementation of regulatory policies on herbicides.

@article{sztulwarkDesarrolloAgrobiotecnologiaArgentina2017,
	title = {El desarrollo de la agro-biotecnología en {Argentina} desde una perspectiva de cambio estructural},
	volume = {9},
	abstract = {El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue analizar el desarrollo de la agro-biotecnología en Argentina desde una perspectiva de cambio estructural. El enfoque propuesto se apoyó en la identificación de funciones estructurales (el desarrollo versus la adopción de nuevos diseños y técnicas productivas) dentro de la industria agro-biotecnología mundial. Desde un punto de vista metodológico, el trabajo se focalizó en el caso de las semillas modificadas genéticamente, a partir de los siguientes ejes: i) caracterización de las principales tendencias recientes en el desarrollo de la industria agro-biotecnológica mundial; ii) caracterización del papel de la Argentina en ese proceso; iii) reflexión y análisis de política pública desde una perspectiva de cambio estructural. Los principales resultados del trabajo fueron: la Argentina se insertó durante los últimos años como un adoptante temprano de las tecnologías y productos más avanzados de la agro-biotecnología mundial, industria que está dominada, casi en su totalidad, por un puñado de firmas multinacionales. A pesar de la existencia de una política de ciencia y tecnología que logró ciertos avances parciales pero significativos, la ausencia de cambio estructural en esta actividad se debe, sobre todo, a la escala de los recursos invertidos y a la débil articulación que se produjo entre las etapas de creación y explotación económica del conocimiento.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Yura: Relaciones internacionales},
	author = {Sztulwark, Sebastián and Girard, Melisa},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Argentina, Latin America},
	pages = {52--70},
}

El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue analizar el desarrollo de la agro-biotecnología en Argentina desde una perspectiva de cambio estructural. El enfoque propuesto se apoyó en la identificación de funciones estructurales (el desarrollo versus la adopción de nuevos diseños y técnicas productivas) dentro de la industria agro-biotecnología mundial. Desde un punto de vista metodológico, el trabajo se focalizó en el caso de las semillas modificadas genéticamente, a partir de los siguientes ejes: i) caracterización de las principales tendencias recientes en el desarrollo de la industria agro-biotecnológica mundial; ii) caracterización del papel de la Argentina en ese proceso; iii) reflexión y análisis de política pública desde una perspectiva de cambio estructural. Los principales resultados del trabajo fueron: la Argentina se insertó durante los últimos años como un adoptante temprano de las tecnologías y productos más avanzados de la agro-biotecnología mundial, industria que está dominada, casi en su totalidad, por un puñado de firmas multinacionales. A pesar de la existencia de una política de ciencia y tecnología que logró ciertos avances parciales pero significativos, la ausencia de cambio estructural en esta actividad se debe, sobre todo, a la escala de los recursos invertidos y a la débil articulación que se produjo entre las etapas de creación y explotación económica del conocimiento.

@article{swintonHoesHerbicidesEconomics2017,
	title = {Hoes to {Herbicides}: {Economics} of {Evolving} {Weed} {Management} in the {United} {States}},
	volume = {29},
	doi = {10.1057/s41287-017-0077-4},
	abstract = {Over the past century, U.S. field crop farmers have controlled weeds with progressively less costly technologies, moving from hoeing and draft cultivation to motorized cultivation to selective herbicides to broad-spectrum herbicides associated with herbicide-tolerant (HT) crops. The advent of herbicides had the effect of reducing both capital and labor costs by reducing the number of field passes required for effective motorized weed control. The advent of HT crops again reduced both labor and capital costs. These innovations have attracted widespread adoption by farmers. Today, HT crops and broad-spectrum weed control are used by virtually all field crop farmers except those producing for markets that will not accept genetically modified crops. The accelerating spread of herbicide-resistant weeds (an adaptive evolutionary response to extensive reliance on a few herbicides) is triggering U.S. farmers to increase and diversify their herbicide use, increasing both financial costs and selected health and environmental risks.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {The European Journal of Development Research},
	author = {Swinton, Scott M. and Van Deynze, Braeden},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {GMOs Genetically modified crops, Herbicide, United States, herbicide-resistant crop, labor saving, technological change, weed control, weed management},
	pages = {560--574},
}

Over the past century, U.S. field crop farmers have controlled weeds with progressively less costly technologies, moving from hoeing and draft cultivation to motorized cultivation to selective herbicides to broad-spectrum herbicides associated with herbicide-tolerant (HT) crops. The advent of herbicides had the effect of reducing both capital and labor costs by reducing the number of field passes required for effective motorized weed control. The advent of HT crops again reduced both labor and capital costs. These innovations have attracted widespread adoption by farmers. Today, HT crops and broad-spectrum weed control are used by virtually all field crop farmers except those producing for markets that will not accept genetically modified crops. The accelerating spread of herbicide-resistant weeds (an adaptive evolutionary response to extensive reliance on a few herbicides) is triggering U.S. farmers to increase and diversify their herbicide use, increasing both financial costs and selected health and environmental risks.

@book{ackerman-leistPrecautionaryTaleHow2017,
	title = {A {Precautionary} {Tale}: {How} {One} {Small} {Town} {Banned} {Pesticides}, {Preserved} {Its} {Food} {Heritage}, and {Inspired} a {Movement}},
	isbn = {978-1-60358-706-8},
	shorttitle = {A {Precautionary} {Tale}},
	abstract = {Mals, Italy, has long been known as the breadbasket of the Tyrol. But recently the tiny town became known for something else entirely. A Precautionary Tale tells us why, introducing readers to an unlikely group of activists and a forward-thinking mayor who came together to ban pesticides in Mals by a referendum vote—making it the first place on Earth to accomplish such a feat, and a model for other towns and regions to follow.  For hundreds of years, the people of Mals had cherished their traditional foodways and kept their local agriculture organic. Their town had become a mecca for tourists drawn by the alpine landscape, the rural and historic character of the villages, and the fine breads, wines, cheeses, herbs, vegetables, and the other traditional foods they produced. Yet Mals is located high up in the eastern Alps, and the valley below was being steadily overtaken by big apple producers, heavily dependent on pesticides. As Big Apple crept further and further up the region’s mountainsides, their toxic spray drifted with the valley’s ever-present winds and began to fall on the farms and fields of Mals—threatening their organic certifications, as well as their health and that of their livestock.   The advancing threats gradually motivated a diverse cast of characters to take action—each in their own unique way, and then in concert in an iconic display of direct democracy in action. As Ackerman-Leist recounts their uprising, we meet an organic dairy farmer who decides to speak up when his hay is poisoned by drift; a pediatrician who engaged other medical professionals to protect the soil, water, and air that the health of her patients depends upon; a hairdresser whose salon conversations mobilized the town’s women in an extraordinarily conceived campaign; and others who together orchestrated one of the rare revolutionary successes of our time and inspired a movement now snaking its way through Europe and the United States.  A foreword by Vandana Shiva calls upon others to follow in Mals’s footsteps.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Chelsea Green Publishing},
	author = {Ackerman-Leist, Philip},
	month = oct,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: EsY7DwAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {History / Europe / General, History / Europe / Italy, Nature / Environmental Conservation \& Protection, Political Science / Public Policy / Agriculture \& Food Policy, Political Science / Public Policy / Environmental Policy, Social Science / Agriculture \& Food},
}

Mals, Italy, has long been known as the breadbasket of the Tyrol. But recently the tiny town became known for something else entirely. A Precautionary Tale tells us why, introducing readers to an unlikely group of activists and a forward-thinking mayor who came together to ban pesticides in Mals by a referendum vote—making it the first place on Earth to accomplish such a feat, and a model for other towns and regions to follow. For hundreds of years, the people of Mals had cherished their traditional foodways and kept their local agriculture organic. Their town had become a mecca for tourists drawn by the alpine landscape, the rural and historic character of the villages, and the fine breads, wines, cheeses, herbs, vegetables, and the other traditional foods they produced. Yet Mals is located high up in the eastern Alps, and the valley below was being steadily overtaken by big apple producers, heavily dependent on pesticides. As Big Apple crept further and further up the region’s mountainsides, their toxic spray drifted with the valley’s ever-present winds and began to fall on the farms and fields of Mals—threatening their organic certifications, as well as their health and that of their livestock. The advancing threats gradually motivated a diverse cast of characters to take action—each in their own unique way, and then in concert in an iconic display of direct democracy in action. As Ackerman-Leist recounts their uprising, we meet an organic dairy farmer who decides to speak up when his hay is poisoned by drift; a pediatrician who engaged other medical professionals to protect the soil, water, and air that the health of her patients depends upon; a hairdresser whose salon conversations mobilized the town’s women in an extraordinarily conceived campaign; and others who together orchestrated one of the rare revolutionary successes of our time and inspired a movement now snaking its way through Europe and the United States. A foreword by Vandana Shiva calls upon others to follow in Mals’s footsteps.

@article{herreroJustExistingResisting2017,
	title = {Just {Existing} {Is} {Resisting}: {The} {Everyday} {Struggle} against the {Expansion} of {GM} {Crops} in {Spain}},
	volume = {57},
	doi = {10.1111/soru.12166},
	abstract = {The attempt to have coexistence between organic, conventional and genetically modified (GM) crops has generated unresolved frictions between agro-food models based on dif- ferent practices, values, worldviews and cultures. This article explores forms of everyday resistance that have emerged against the domineering power and spread of GM maize in Spain, the gateway nation for GM crops in Europe. Drawing on multi-sited ethno- graphic work and interviews, we describe six practices by which social actors throughout the agro-food system are resisting the expansion of GM maize and forming some unlikely alliances. We conclude that a myriad of practical resistance actions are taking place, from actors in both alternative and conventional food systems, as they fight for their survival against the political power and uncontrolled biological spread of GM crops. These practices challenge the regulatory concept of the possibility of a harmoni- ous coexistence between the systems and highlight how an everyday struggle is required for non-GM maize actors to continue to exist.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Sociologia Ruralis},
	author = {Herrero, Amaranta and Binimelis, Rosa and Wickson, Fern},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {GMOs Genetically modified crops},
	pages = {859--880},
}

The attempt to have coexistence between organic, conventional and genetically modified (GM) crops has generated unresolved frictions between agro-food models based on dif- ferent practices, values, worldviews and cultures. This article explores forms of everyday resistance that have emerged against the domineering power and spread of GM maize in Spain, the gateway nation for GM crops in Europe. Drawing on multi-sited ethno- graphic work and interviews, we describe six practices by which social actors throughout the agro-food system are resisting the expansion of GM maize and forming some unlikely alliances. We conclude that a myriad of practical resistance actions are taking place, from actors in both alternative and conventional food systems, as they fight for their survival against the political power and uncontrolled biological spread of GM crops. These practices challenge the regulatory concept of the possibility of a harmoni- ous coexistence between the systems and highlight how an everyday struggle is required for non-GM maize actors to continue to exist.

@article{guthmanLivesLivelihoodsDeepening2017,
	title = {Lives {Versus} {Livelihoods}? {Deepening} the {Regulatory} {Debates} on {Soil} {Fumigants} in {California}'s {Strawberry} {Industry}},
	volume = {49},
	copyright = {© 2016 The Author. Antipode © 2016 Antipode Foundation Ltd.},
	issn = {1467-8330},
	shorttitle = {Lives {Versus} {Livelihoods}?},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/anti.12246},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12246},
	abstract = {Soil fumigants have been critical to the California strawberry industry's success, but they are also highly toxic to farmworkers and nearby residents. This article traces recent regulatory debates over restrictions on their use which were cast as a contest of lives and livelihoods: activists emphasized the danger of the chemicals while industry emphasized their necessity. Activists’ claims were typical of environmental justice battles that focus on disproportionate toxic exposure to marginalized populations, but I problematize that they downplayed industry concern with farmworker jobs. Drawing on Marx, Foucault and recent literature on surplus populations and disposability, I suggest that the analytical separation of lives and livelihoods is complicit in the making of disposable workers such as California farmworkers. Strategically, upholding the separation was a missed opportunity to leverage the strawberry industry's new-found concern with farmworker employment and push for measures that protect current and future farmworker health.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-11-12},
	journal = {Antipode},
	author = {Guthman, Julie},
	year = {2017},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/anti.12246},
	keywords = {Critical GVC, Pesticide regulations, disposable workers, environmental justice, farmworkers, soil fumigation, strawberry production},
	pages = {86--105},
}

Soil fumigants have been critical to the California strawberry industry's success, but they are also highly toxic to farmworkers and nearby residents. This article traces recent regulatory debates over restrictions on their use which were cast as a contest of lives and livelihoods: activists emphasized the danger of the chemicals while industry emphasized their necessity. Activists’ claims were typical of environmental justice battles that focus on disproportionate toxic exposure to marginalized populations, but I problematize that they downplayed industry concern with farmworker jobs. Drawing on Marx, Foucault and recent literature on surplus populations and disposability, I suggest that the analytical separation of lives and livelihoods is complicit in the making of disposable workers such as California farmworkers. Strategically, upholding the separation was a missed opportunity to leverage the strawberry industry's new-found concern with farmworker employment and push for measures that protect current and future farmworker health.

@article{guthmanLifeItselfContract2017,
	title = {Life itself under contract: rent-seeking and biopolitical devolution through partnerships in {California}’s strawberry industry},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {0306-6150},
	shorttitle = {Life itself under contract},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2016.1217843},
	doi = {10.1080/03066150.2016.1217843},
	abstract = {Following the legal demise of sharecropping in California’s strawberry industry, shippers and other intermediaries began to forge contractual ‘partnerships’ with former farmworkers and ranch managers, providing financing and market access, while giving these new growers responsibility for hiring labor and paying other expenses. Within an array of contracting arrangements, these operate in the worst of all worlds with many expenses returning to the shipper and little possibility of upside reward. Yet these arrangements are touted in the name of helping former farmworkers become farmers. Building on the literature on contract farming, this contribution discusses the ability to obtain rents as an under-recognized advantage of contracts for shippers, which further compromises the livelihoods of growers, especially those in ‘partnership’ arrangements who are particularly squeezed. This paper then suggests a further advantage to shippers: the ability to devolve biopolitical responsibility to growers. Growers are put in the impossible position of having to produce healthy berries at low cost while protecting human health through enhanced fumigant regulation. Partner-growers who tend to farm in poor ecological conditions are in the worst position to meet these competing imperatives. Shippers, however, are able to take the high road by claiming to move beyond pesticides.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-04-07},
	journal = {The Journal of Peasant Studies},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Guthman, Julie},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2016.1217843},
	keywords = {biopolitics, contract farming, pesticide use, sharecropping, strawberry production},
	pages = {100--117},
}

Following the legal demise of sharecropping in California’s strawberry industry, shippers and other intermediaries began to forge contractual ‘partnerships’ with former farmworkers and ranch managers, providing financing and market access, while giving these new growers responsibility for hiring labor and paying other expenses. Within an array of contracting arrangements, these operate in the worst of all worlds with many expenses returning to the shipper and little possibility of upside reward. Yet these arrangements are touted in the name of helping former farmworkers become farmers. Building on the literature on contract farming, this contribution discusses the ability to obtain rents as an under-recognized advantage of contracts for shippers, which further compromises the livelihoods of growers, especially those in ‘partnership’ arrangements who are particularly squeezed. This paper then suggests a further advantage to shippers: the ability to devolve biopolitical responsibility to growers. Growers are put in the impossible position of having to produce healthy berries at low cost while protecting human health through enhanced fumigant regulation. Partner-growers who tend to farm in poor ecological conditions are in the worst position to meet these competing imperatives. Shippers, however, are able to take the high road by claiming to move beyond pesticides.

@incollection{resurreccionGenderEnvironmentGlobal2017,
	title = {Gender and {Environment} in the {Global} {South}: {From} ‘women, environment, and development’ to feminist political ecology},
	isbn = {978-1-315-88657-2},
	shorttitle = {Gender and {Environment} in the {Global} {South}},
	abstract = {This chapter provides an overview of gender, environment, and development scholarship that explains how early ideas and debates have shaped subsequent work. Interconnections between economic development, environmental change, and gender politics are an important topic of analysis in feminist scholarship. Inspired by rural women actively resisting deforestation in the Global South, scholars theorized the relationship between people's gender roles and identities and their attitudes toward nature. Early women, environment, and development (WED) work involved compelling narratives of poor rural and indigenous women and claims about them being among the hardest hit by – and the most active in trying to address – environmental degradation. Intellectual unease with the prominence of a simplified and centred feminine subject in WED and ecofeminist policy discourses spurred new directions in understanding the connections between gender and environment. WED discourses were prominent throughout 1990s and 2000s in gender, livelihoods, and natural resource planning and development organizations.},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {Routledge {Handbook} of {Gender} and {Environment}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Resurrección, Bernadette P.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Num Pages: 15},
}

This chapter provides an overview of gender, environment, and development scholarship that explains how early ideas and debates have shaped subsequent work. Interconnections between economic development, environmental change, and gender politics are an important topic of analysis in feminist scholarship. Inspired by rural women actively resisting deforestation in the Global South, scholars theorized the relationship between people's gender roles and identities and their attitudes toward nature. Early women, environment, and development (WED) work involved compelling narratives of poor rural and indigenous women and claims about them being among the hardest hit by – and the most active in trying to address – environmental degradation. Intellectual unease with the prominence of a simplified and centred feminine subject in WED and ecofeminist policy discourses spurred new directions in understanding the connections between gender and environment. WED discourses were prominent throughout 1990s and 2000s in gender, livelihoods, and natural resource planning and development organizations.

@article{knissLongtermTrendsIntensity2017,
	title = {Long-term trends in the intensity and relative toxicity of herbicide use},
	volume = {8},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms14865},
	abstract = {Herbicide use is among the most criticized aspects of modern farming, especially as it relates to genetically engineered (GE) crops. Many previous analyses have used flawed metrics to evaluate herbicide intensity and toxicity trends. Here, I show that herbicide use intensity increased over the last 25 years in maize, cotton, rice and wheat. Although GE crops have been previously implicated in increasing herbicide use, herbicide increases were more rapid in non-GE crops. Even as herbicide use increased, chronic toxicity associated with herbicide use decreased in two out of six crops, while acute toxicity decreased in four out of six crops. In the final year for which data were available (2014 or 2015), glyphosate accounted for 26\% of maize, 43\% of soybean and 45\% of cotton herbicide applications. However, due to relatively low chronic toxicity, glyphosate contributed only 0.1, 0.3 and 3.5\% of the chronic toxicity hazard in those crops, respectively},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	author = {Kniss, Andrew R.},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Agrochemical Footprint, Toxicity},
	pages = {14865},
}

Herbicide use is among the most criticized aspects of modern farming, especially as it relates to genetically engineered (GE) crops. Many previous analyses have used flawed metrics to evaluate herbicide intensity and toxicity trends. Here, I show that herbicide use intensity increased over the last 25 years in maize, cotton, rice and wheat. Although GE crops have been previously implicated in increasing herbicide use, herbicide increases were more rapid in non-GE crops. Even as herbicide use increased, chronic toxicity associated with herbicide use decreased in two out of six crops, while acute toxicity decreased in four out of six crops. In the final year for which data were available (2014 or 2015), glyphosate accounted for 26% of maize, 43% of soybean and 45% of cotton herbicide applications. However, due to relatively low chronic toxicity, glyphosate contributed only 0.1, 0.3 and 3.5% of the chronic toxicity hazard in those crops, respectively

@book{woodsDevelopmentArrestedBlues2017,
	address = {London; New York},
	title = {Development {Arrested}: {The} blues and plantation power in the {Mississippi} {Delta}},
	isbn = {978-1-84467-561-6},
	shorttitle = {Development {Arrested}},
	abstract = {Development Arrested is a major reinterpretation of the 200-year-old conflict between African American workers and the planters of the Mississippi Delta. The book measures the impact of the plantation system on those who suffered its depredations firsthand, while tracing the decline and resurrection of plantation ideology in national public policy debate. Despite countless defeats under the planter regime, African Americans in the Delta continued to push forward their agenda for social and economic justice. Throughout this remarkably interdisciplinary book, ranging across fields as diverse as rural studies, musicology, development studies, and anthropology, Woods demonstrates the role of music—including jazz, rock and roll, soul, rap and, above all, the blues—in sustaining a radical vision of social change.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Verso Books},
	author = {Woods, Clyde},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Pages: 368},
}

Development Arrested is a major reinterpretation of the 200-year-old conflict between African American workers and the planters of the Mississippi Delta. The book measures the impact of the plantation system on those who suffered its depredations firsthand, while tracing the decline and resurrection of plantation ideology in national public policy debate. Despite countless defeats under the planter regime, African Americans in the Delta continued to push forward their agenda for social and economic justice. Throughout this remarkably interdisciplinary book, ranging across fields as diverse as rural studies, musicology, development studies, and anthropology, Woods demonstrates the role of music—including jazz, rock and roll, soul, rap and, above all, the blues—in sustaining a radical vision of social change.

@article{demortainExpertiseRegulatoryScience2017,
	title = {Expertise, {Regulatory} {Science} and the {Evaluation} of {Technology} and {Risk}: {Introduction} to the {Special} {Issue}},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {1573-1871},
	shorttitle = {Expertise, {Regulatory} {Science} and the {Evaluation} of {Technology} and {Risk}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-017-9325-1},
	doi = {10.1007/s11024-017-9325-1},
	abstract = {Regulating technologies, innovations and risks is an activity that, as much as scientific research needs proofs and evidence. It is the site of development of a distinct kind of science, regulatory science. This special issue addresses the question of the standards of knowledge governing how we test, assess and monitor technologies and their effects. This topic is relevant and timely in the light of problematics of regulation of innovation, regulatory failure and capture. Given the enormous decisions and stakes regulatory science commends, it becomes crucial to ask where its standards come from and gain credibility, but also what valuations of technology and appreciations of their risks or benefits do they embed, and who controls them? This paper introduces the four contributions comprising the special issue, and outlines a perspective from which to question the construction of regulatory science or, in the terminology adopted here, the authorization and standardization of regulatory knowledge, particularly the role of networks of scientific experts therein.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-02-24},
	journal = {Minerva},
	author = {Demortain, David},
	month = jun,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {139--159},
}

Regulating technologies, innovations and risks is an activity that, as much as scientific research needs proofs and evidence. It is the site of development of a distinct kind of science, regulatory science. This special issue addresses the question of the standards of knowledge governing how we test, assess and monitor technologies and their effects. This topic is relevant and timely in the light of problematics of regulation of innovation, regulatory failure and capture. Given the enormous decisions and stakes regulatory science commends, it becomes crucial to ask where its standards come from and gain credibility, but also what valuations of technology and appreciations of their risks or benefits do they embed, and who controls them? This paper introduces the four contributions comprising the special issue, and outlines a perspective from which to question the construction of regulatory science or, in the terminology adopted here, the authorization and standardization of regulatory knowledge, particularly the role of networks of scientific experts therein.

@article{bozziniPesticidePolicyPolitics2017,
	title = {Pesticide {Policy} and {Politics} in the {European} {Union}},
	issn = {978-3-319-52735-2},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-52736-9},
	abstract = {This book explores the regulation of pesticides in the European Union in order to reveal the complex, controversial, and contested nature of an assessment system proudly declared by the EU to be ‘the strictest in the world’. The current regulatory framework is based on Regulation 1107/2009, which substantially reformed the previous system. The analysis describes the new criteria and procedures for the authorization of active substances to be used in the production of pesticides, traces the lengthy policy formulation process, and identifies factors that made policy change possible. Further, the book illustrates the current controversies that characterise the implementation of Regulation 1107/2009: the ban of pesticides harmful to pollinators, the renewal of the authorization of glyphosate, and the definition of criteria for the assessment of endocrine disruption. The author provides information on policy outcomes and highlights persisting shortcomings in the enforcement of EU regulation. This book will appeal to students and scholars from a variety of disciplines, including political science, political sociology, and public policy.},
	journal = {Pesticide Policy and Politics in the European Union: Regulatory Assessment, Implementation and Enforcement},
	author = {Bozzini, Emanuela},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
}

This book explores the regulation of pesticides in the European Union in order to reveal the complex, controversial, and contested nature of an assessment system proudly declared by the EU to be ‘the strictest in the world’. The current regulatory framework is based on Regulation 1107/2009, which substantially reformed the previous system. The analysis describes the new criteria and procedures for the authorization of active substances to be used in the production of pesticides, traces the lengthy policy formulation process, and identifies factors that made policy change possible. Further, the book illustrates the current controversies that characterise the implementation of Regulation 1107/2009: the ban of pesticides harmful to pollinators, the renewal of the authorization of glyphosate, and the definition of criteria for the assessment of endocrine disruption. The author provides information on policy outcomes and highlights persisting shortcomings in the enforcement of EU regulation. This book will appeal to students and scholars from a variety of disciplines, including political science, political sociology, and public policy.

@article{jouzelNormalisationAlertesSanitaires2017,
	title = {La normalisation des alertes sanitaires. {Le} traitement administratif des données sur l’exposition des agriculteurs aux pesticides},
	volume = {96},
	issn = {9782275029061},
	url = {https://www.cairn.info/revue-droit-et-societe-2017-2-page-241.htm},
	doi = {10.3917/drs.096.0241},
	abstract = {Le traitement administratif des alertes sanitaires connaît actuellement une forte dynamique d’institutionnalisation, marquée par l’apparition d’agences dédiées et par l’adoption de textes de loi définissant et protégeant le statut des « lanceurs d’alerte ». Une conséquence peu étudiée de ce processus est la multiplication des agents administratifs qui jouent un rôle d’intermédiaires entre les acteurs sociaux qui lancent ces alertes et ceux qui les prennent en charge. À partir de l’analyse de la circulation d’une alerte mettant en cause l’efficacité de dispositifs de réduction des risques qui conditionnent l’autorisation de mise sur le marché des pesticides, cet article montre que ces acteurs intermédiaires peuvent favoriser la domestication des alertes sanitaires, c’est-à-dire leur traduction dans des termes moins problématiques pour les politiques publiques en place.},
	language = {FR},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Droit et société},
	publisher = {Lextenso},
	author = {Jouzel, Jean-Noël and Prete, Giovanni},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Place: Paris},
	pages = {241--256},
}

Le traitement administratif des alertes sanitaires connaît actuellement une forte dynamique d’institutionnalisation, marquée par l’apparition d’agences dédiées et par l’adoption de textes de loi définissant et protégeant le statut des « lanceurs d’alerte ». Une conséquence peu étudiée de ce processus est la multiplication des agents administratifs qui jouent un rôle d’intermédiaires entre les acteurs sociaux qui lancent ces alertes et ceux qui les prennent en charge. À partir de l’analyse de la circulation d’une alerte mettant en cause l’efficacité de dispositifs de réduction des risques qui conditionnent l’autorisation de mise sur le marché des pesticides, cet article montre que ces acteurs intermédiaires peuvent favoriser la domestication des alertes sanitaires, c’est-à-dire leur traduction dans des termes moins problématiques pour les politiques publiques en place.

@article{fouilleuxFeeding9Billion2017,
	title = {‘{Feeding} 9 billion people’: global food security debates and the productionist trap},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1350-1763},
	shorttitle = {‘{Feeding} 9 billion people’},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1334084},
	doi = {10.1080/13501763.2017.1334084},
	abstract = {Food security, a long-established item on the international agenda, raises many issues including production, consumption, poverty, inequalities, healthcare and conflicts. However, in 2007/2008 the global food security debate was relaunched with a single dominant focus which continues to the present day: increasing agricultural production. This paper explains this productionist bias – which may translate into inadequate policies – by combining insights from institutionalist and cognitive analyses. We show that, despite recent reforms, the global food security field remains dominated by macro- and micro-institutions that put food availability and agricultural production at the heart of the problem and solutions. The political and discursive strategies developed by transnational corporations and private foundations to promote their productivist interests are also key, along with the demands of dominant farmers’ unions in exporting countries. Although advocating opposite development patterns, civil society actors implicitly reinforce the productionist perspective through their focus on family agriculture.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2022-07-06},
	journal = {Journal of European Public Policy},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Fouilleux, Eve and Bricas, Nicolas and Alpha, Arlène},
	month = nov,
	year = {2017},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1334084},
	keywords = {FAO, TNC, global food security, global policy, productionism, productivism},
	pages = {1658--1677},
}

Food security, a long-established item on the international agenda, raises many issues including production, consumption, poverty, inequalities, healthcare and conflicts. However, in 2007/2008 the global food security debate was relaunched with a single dominant focus which continues to the present day: increasing agricultural production. This paper explains this productionist bias – which may translate into inadequate policies – by combining insights from institutionalist and cognitive analyses. We show that, despite recent reforms, the global food security field remains dominated by macro- and micro-institutions that put food availability and agricultural production at the heart of the problem and solutions. The political and discursive strategies developed by transnational corporations and private foundations to promote their productivist interests are also key, along with the demands of dominant farmers’ unions in exporting countries. Although advocating opposite development patterns, civil society actors implicitly reinforce the productionist perspective through their focus on family agriculture.

@article{romeroChemicalGeographies2017,
	title = {Chemical {Geographies}},
	volume = {3},
	doi = {10.1080/2373566X.2017.1298972},
	abstract = {The following are a series of essays that originated from panel on Chemical Geographies at the American Association of Geographers meeting in 2016. Although the essays explore different topics, collectively they call into question the relationship of geographic scholarship to chemistry.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	journal = {GeoHumanities},
	author = {Romero, Adam M. and Guthman, Julie and Galt, Ryan E. and Huber, Matt and Mansfield, Becky and Sawyer, Suzana},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Chemical geographies, Global pesticide complex},
	pages = {158--177},
}

The following are a series of essays that originated from panel on Chemical Geographies at the American Association of Geographers meeting in 2016. Although the essays explore different topics, collectively they call into question the relationship of geographic scholarship to chemistry.

@article{jansenBusinessConflictRisk2017,
	title = {Business {Conflict} and {Risk} {Regulation}: {Understanding} the influence of the pesticide industry},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1526-3800},
	doi = {10.1162/GLEP_a_00427},
	abstract = {Despite the criticism, frequent in the literature, of business influence on the formula- tion of pesticide risk regulation, there has been remarkably little systematic study of this practice. This article discusses Costa Rica pesticide producers’ business influence on global and national efforts to improve risk regulation. Generic pesticide producers, selling off-patent chemicals, contest the views of traditional, research-based pesticide companies, which demand stricter application of global regulatory guidelines. These business sectors use different forms of power (as identified in neo-Gramscian theory) for bending regulation to their advantage. The argument developed here builds on neo- pluralist business conflict theory for explaining shifts in environmental governance. It challenges a recently made argument that business conflict increases the state’sability to issue more restrictive environmental regulation. Instead, to truly understand the out- comesofbusinessconflict–environmental governance interactions and the implemen- tation of global environmental standards, researchers should analyze the structural heterogeneity within states.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Global Environmental Politics},
	author = {Jansen, Kees},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Corporate capture, Costa Rica, LMICs, Pesticide, Pesticide regulations, Regulation, Risk},
	pages = {48--66},
}

Despite the criticism, frequent in the literature, of business influence on the formula- tion of pesticide risk regulation, there has been remarkably little systematic study of this practice. This article discusses Costa Rica pesticide producers’ business influence on global and national efforts to improve risk regulation. Generic pesticide producers, selling off-patent chemicals, contest the views of traditional, research-based pesticide companies, which demand stricter application of global regulatory guidelines. These business sectors use different forms of power (as identified in neo-Gramscian theory) for bending regulation to their advantage. The argument developed here builds on neo- pluralist business conflict theory for explaining shifts in environmental governance. It challenges a recently made argument that business conflict increases the state’sability to issue more restrictive environmental regulation. Instead, to truly understand the out- comesofbusinessconflict–environmental governance interactions and the implemen- tation of global environmental standards, researchers should analyze the structural heterogeneity within states.

@article{shapiroChemoEthnographyIntroduction2017,
	title = {Chemo-{Ethnography}: {An} {Introduction}},
	volume = {32},
	doi = {10.14506/ca32.4.01},
	abstract = {Chemicals have seeped into the ethnographic imaginary. Anthropologists have long been tracing the material, toxicological, and neurological valences of molecular dreamworlds, growing pharmaceutical markets, and landscapes haunted by industrial capitalism (e.g., Fortun 2001; Hayden 2003; Murphy 2006; Dumit 2012; Jain 2013). Sensing technologies and collaborations with allies in other disciplines are also allowing ethnographers to study chemical species in water, soil, air, human bodies, and emergent ecological assemblages. Theoretical and empirical research is focusing on technoscientific environmental constructs, civic public forms, noninnocent optimism, state abdication, and capital despoilment. Processes like sublimation and combustion are informing nascent approaches to writing culture in the Anthropocene (Shapiro 2015; Povinelli 2017). Chemicals are becoming increasingly useful linking figures as ethnographers follow complex, multisited, and multiscalar phenomena (Bond 2013; Hardon, Idrus, and Hymans 2013; Myers 2015; Romero et al. 2017; Sunder Rajan 2017; Murphy 2017).},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Cultural Anthropology},
	author = {Shapiro, Nicholas and Kirksey, Eben},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Chemical geographies},
	pages = {481--493},
}

Chemicals have seeped into the ethnographic imaginary. Anthropologists have long been tracing the material, toxicological, and neurological valences of molecular dreamworlds, growing pharmaceutical markets, and landscapes haunted by industrial capitalism (e.g., Fortun 2001; Hayden 2003; Murphy 2006; Dumit 2012; Jain 2013). Sensing technologies and collaborations with allies in other disciplines are also allowing ethnographers to study chemical species in water, soil, air, human bodies, and emergent ecological assemblages. Theoretical and empirical research is focusing on technoscientific environmental constructs, civic public forms, noninnocent optimism, state abdication, and capital despoilment. Processes like sublimation and combustion are informing nascent approaches to writing culture in the Anthropocene (Shapiro 2015; Povinelli 2017). Chemicals are becoming increasingly useful linking figures as ethnographers follow complex, multisited, and multiscalar phenomena (Bond 2013; Hardon, Idrus, and Hymans 2013; Myers 2015; Romero et al. 2017; Sunder Rajan 2017; Murphy 2017).

@article{muscioAgroquimicosCuestionPracticas2017,
	title = {Agroquímicos en cuestión, prácticas en tensión. {El} uso de insumos agropecuarios y el cuidado del medioambie en productores familiares del partido de {Lobería} ({Buenos} {Aires})},
	abstract = {En este artículo se analizan prácticas y decisiones productivas sobre el uso de agroquímicos por parte de productores de perfil familiar del partido de Lobería, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Por medio de entrevistas se i daga en su utilización y los principales condicionantes económicos, tecnológicos y simbólicos que intervienen en la toma de decisión de los entrevistados y su relación con el uso de insumos químicos. En función del discurso sobre sus prácticas identificamos diferentes percepciones sobre la inocuidad/pelig grosidad de estos insumos y diferentes razonabilidades vinculadas al cuidado -o no- de los recursos naturales y el ambiente.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Trabajo y Sociedad},
	author = {Muscio, Luciana},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Argentina, Latin America},
	pages = {157--176},
}

En este artículo se analizan prácticas y decisiones productivas sobre el uso de agroquímicos por parte de productores de perfil familiar del partido de Lobería, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Por medio de entrevistas se i daga en su utilización y los principales condicionantes económicos, tecnológicos y simbólicos que intervienen en la toma de decisión de los entrevistados y su relación con el uso de insumos químicos. En función del discurso sobre sus prácticas identificamos diferentes percepciones sobre la inocuidad/pelig grosidad de estos insumos y diferentes razonabilidades vinculadas al cuidado -o no- de los recursos naturales y el ambiente.

@article{murphyAlterlifeDecolonialChemical2017,
	title = {Alterlife and {Decolonial} {Chemical} {Relations}},
	volume = {32},
	doi = {10.14506/ca32.4.02},
	abstract = {It has been raining all day and into the warm winter night in downtown Toronto—Tkaronto in Mohawk. The water splashes off the office towers of Bay Street (Canada’s Wall Street), is collected by a storm sewer system overtaking buried streams, and then washes out into the vastness of Lake Ontario. Office towers and other urban surfaces are covered in a thin, greasy film that attracts persistent organic pollutants like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs; Simpson et al. 2006). These travel in global circulations of particulate clouds, encountering office towers whose oily films act like massive pollution-collection devices. The patter of droplets on urban glass rinses the PCBs into a chemically concentrated rainwash that returns them to the lake, a legacy dumping ground of PCBs from an era of midcentury industrial exuberance.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Cultural Anthropology},
	author = {Murphy, Michelle},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Chemical geographies},
	pages = {494--503},
}

It has been raining all day and into the warm winter night in downtown Toronto—Tkaronto in Mohawk. The water splashes off the office towers of Bay Street (Canada’s Wall Street), is collected by a storm sewer system overtaking buried streams, and then washes out into the vastness of Lake Ontario. Office towers and other urban surfaces are covered in a thin, greasy film that attracts persistent organic pollutants like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs; Simpson et al. 2006). These travel in global circulations of particulate clouds, encountering office towers whose oily films act like massive pollution-collection devices. The patter of droplets on urban glass rinses the PCBs into a chemically concentrated rainwash that returns them to the lake, a legacy dumping ground of PCBs from an era of midcentury industrial exuberance.

@techreport{ansesPropositionModalitesPour2017,
	address = {Maisons-Alfort},
	type = {Rapport d'expertise collective},
	title = {Proposition de modalités pour une surveillance des pesticides dans l’air ambiant},
	language = {fre},
	number = {2014-SA-0200},
	institution = {ANSES},
	author = {{ANSES}},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {IDEA4},
	pages = {306},
}

@book{moseleyAfricasGreenRevolution2017,
	title = {Africa’s {Green} {Revolution}: {Critical} perspectives on new agricultural technologies and systems},
	isbn = {978-1-317-28807-7},
	shorttitle = {Africa’s {Green} {Revolution}},
	abstract = {This volume examines the dominant neoliberal agenda for agricultural development and hunger alleviation in Africa. The text reviews the history of African agricultural and food security policy in the post-colonial period, across a range of geographical contexts, in order to contextualise the productionist approach embedded in the much heralded New Green Revolution for Africa. This strategy, supported by a range of international agencies, promotes the use of hybrid seeds, fertilisers, and pesticides to boost crop production. This approach is underpinned by a new and unprecedented level of public–private partnerships as donors actively work to promote the private sector and build links between African farmers, input suppliers, agro-dealers, agro-processors, and retailers. On the consumer end, increased supermarket penetration into poorer neighbourhoods is proffered as a solution to urban food insecurity. The chapters in this volume complicate understandings of this new approach and raise serious questions about its effectiveness as a strategy for increasing food production and alleviating poverty across the continent. This book is based on a special issue of African Geographical Review.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Moseley, William G. and Schnurr, Matthew A. and Bezner-Kerr, Rachel},
	month = oct,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: mGtQDwAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {Nature / Ecology, Technology \& Engineering / Agriculture / General},
}

This volume examines the dominant neoliberal agenda for agricultural development and hunger alleviation in Africa. The text reviews the history of African agricultural and food security policy in the post-colonial period, across a range of geographical contexts, in order to contextualise the productionist approach embedded in the much heralded New Green Revolution for Africa. This strategy, supported by a range of international agencies, promotes the use of hybrid seeds, fertilisers, and pesticides to boost crop production. This approach is underpinned by a new and unprecedented level of public–private partnerships as donors actively work to promote the private sector and build links between African farmers, input suppliers, agro-dealers, agro-processors, and retailers. On the consumer end, increased supermarket penetration into poorer neighbourhoods is proffered as a solution to urban food insecurity. The chapters in this volume complicate understandings of this new approach and raise serious questions about its effectiveness as a strategy for increasing food production and alleviating poverty across the continent. This book is based on a special issue of African Geographical Review.

@article{vieroRiskSocietyUse2016,
	title = {Risk society: the use of pesticides and implications for the health of rural workers},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1414-8145},
	shorttitle = {Risk society},
	url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1414-81452016000100099&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en},
	doi = {10.5935/1414-8145.20160014},
	abstract = {AbstractObjective:To know the perceptions of rural workers about the risks arising from the use of pesticides for health.Methods:Descriptive study, with a qualitative approach, developed with 15 rural workers in a city in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul, BR. Data were collected through socioeconomic form and semi-structured interviews during the months February to April 2014 and analyzed based on thematic content frame.Results:It was observed that farmers know the risks related to the use of pesticides for their health and the failure to use personal protective equipment.Conclusions:There is no adoption of preventive measures by the participants, with the need for actions aimed at the health of these workers.Keywords: Rural health; Occupational Health; Pesticides; Risk; Nursing},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2017-09-21},
	journal = {Escola Anna Nery},
	author = {Viero, Cibelle Mello and Camponogara, Silviamar and Cezar-Vaz, Marta Regina and Costa, Valdecir Zavarese da and Beck, Carmem Lúcia Colomé and Viero, Cibelle Mello and Camponogara, Silviamar and Cezar-Vaz, Marta Regina and Costa, Valdecir Zavarese da and Beck, Carmem Lúcia Colomé},
	month = mar,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {99--105},
}

AbstractObjective:To know the perceptions of rural workers about the risks arising from the use of pesticides for health.Methods:Descriptive study, with a qualitative approach, developed with 15 rural workers in a city in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul, BR. Data were collected through socioeconomic form and semi-structured interviews during the months February to April 2014 and analyzed based on thematic content frame.Results:It was observed that farmers know the risks related to the use of pesticides for their health and the failure to use personal protective equipment.Conclusions:There is no adoption of preventive measures by the participants, with the need for actions aimed at the health of these workers.Keywords: Rural health; Occupational Health; Pesticides; Risk; Nursing

@article{mengistiePrivateEnvironmentalGovernance2016,
	title = {Private {Environmental} {Governance} in the {Ethiopian} {Pesticide} {Supply} {Chain}: {Importation}, {Distribution} and {Use}},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {1573-5214},
	doi = {10.1016/j.njas.2015.11.005},
	abstract = {Agricultural pesticides are important chemicals that are used to mitigate crop damage or loss and improve productivity. However, pesticides may cause negative environmental and human health effects depending on their specific distribution and use. Securing environmental safety and sustainability of pesticide distribution and use is widely seen as an important challenge for pesticide governance. This paper analyses how, why and under what circumstances Ethiopian pesticide supply chain actors deal with (un)safe distribution and use of pesticides and assesses their potential contribution to securing the quality, environmental safety and sustainability of pesticides importation, distribution and use. The framework developed for this is based on sustainable supply chain governance in order to assess the roles of and the interactions between the different chain actors, supporters and influencers. On the basis of field research in Ethiopia among key chain actors (importers, retailers, farmers) we analyse their involvement in three different environmental governance mechanisms: governing material flows of pesticides, managing information on health and environmental safety and providing training and capacity-building services. The study found the organisation of the pesticides supply chain in Ethiopia as atomistic. Environment and health hardly played a role in pesticides handling by the different supply chain actors, which was dominated by immediate profit motives. As a consequence smallholder farmers are put at risk because they are refrained from training, support or information provision on pesticides. Indeed, it was a failure of state governance that led importers and retailers to aggressive marketing and distributing pesticides unsafely and hinder the proliferate of private mode of governance. At the same time, a small signs of hope have also been identified at the supporters' and influencers' side of the chain. Successful environmental supply chain governance for safe pesticide distribution and use requires coordination and as well as training and information sharing (interaction) among pesticide supply chain actors, supporters and influencers at all levels-local, national and global as elements of one system of governance. Finally, the evidence presented in this paper suggests that due to limits in governmental capacity and concerns on commercial viability and on social and environmental impacts among private actors, there will be a role for private actors alongside public actors to ensure safe pesticide distribution and use. Public-private partnerships might constitute an attractive strategy for this aim. Crown Copyright (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {NJAS-WAGENINGEN JOURNAL OF LIFE SCIENCES},
	author = {Mengistie, Belay T. and Mol, Arthur P. J. and Oosterveer, Peter},
	month = mar,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {65--73},
}

Agricultural pesticides are important chemicals that are used to mitigate crop damage or loss and improve productivity. However, pesticides may cause negative environmental and human health effects depending on their specific distribution and use. Securing environmental safety and sustainability of pesticide distribution and use is widely seen as an important challenge for pesticide governance. This paper analyses how, why and under what circumstances Ethiopian pesticide supply chain actors deal with (un)safe distribution and use of pesticides and assesses their potential contribution to securing the quality, environmental safety and sustainability of pesticides importation, distribution and use. The framework developed for this is based on sustainable supply chain governance in order to assess the roles of and the interactions between the different chain actors, supporters and influencers. On the basis of field research in Ethiopia among key chain actors (importers, retailers, farmers) we analyse their involvement in three different environmental governance mechanisms: governing material flows of pesticides, managing information on health and environmental safety and providing training and capacity-building services. The study found the organisation of the pesticides supply chain in Ethiopia as atomistic. Environment and health hardly played a role in pesticides handling by the different supply chain actors, which was dominated by immediate profit motives. As a consequence smallholder farmers are put at risk because they are refrained from training, support or information provision on pesticides. Indeed, it was a failure of state governance that led importers and retailers to aggressive marketing and distributing pesticides unsafely and hinder the proliferate of private mode of governance. At the same time, a small signs of hope have also been identified at the supporters' and influencers' side of the chain. Successful environmental supply chain governance for safe pesticide distribution and use requires coordination and as well as training and information sharing (interaction) among pesticide supply chain actors, supporters and influencers at all levels-local, national and global as elements of one system of governance. Finally, the evidence presented in this paper suggests that due to limits in governmental capacity and concerns on commercial viability and on social and environmental impacts among private actors, there will be a role for private actors alongside public actors to ensure safe pesticide distribution and use. Public-private partnerships might constitute an attractive strategy for this aim. Crown Copyright (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

@book{schmalzerRedRevolutionGreen2016,
	address = {Chicago, IL},
	title = {Red {Revolution}, {Green} {Revolution}: {Scientific} {Farming} in {Socialist} {China}},
	isbn = {978-0-226-33015-0},
	shorttitle = {Red {Revolution}, {Green} {Revolution}},
	url = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/R/bo22541357.html},
	abstract = {In 1968, the director of USAID coined the term “green revolution” to celebrate the new technological solutions that promised to ease hunger around the world—and forestall the spread of more “red,” or socialist, revolutions. Yet in China, where modernization and scientific progress could not be divorced from politics, green and red revolutions proceeded side by side.             In Red Revolution, Green Revolution, Sigrid Schmalzer explores the intersection of politics and agriculture in socialist China through the diverse experiences of scientists, peasants, state agents, and “educated youth.” The environmental costs of chemical-intensive agriculture and the human costs of emphasizing increasing production over equitable distribution of food and labor have been felt as strongly in China as anywhere—and yet, as Schmalzer shows, Mao-era challenges to technocracy laid important groundwork for today’s sustainability and food justice movements. This history of “scientific farming” in China offers us a unique opportunity not only to explore the consequences of modern agricultural technologies but also to engage in a necessary rethinking of fundamental assumptions about science and society.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-03-12},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Schmalzer, Sigrid},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {1960s, academic, activism, agriculture, aid, asia, asian, change, china, chinese, contemporary, eastern, environmental, era, far east, farm, farming, government, green, help, hunger, injustice, justice, mao, modern, modernization, research, revolutionary, scholarly, science, scientific, socialism, socialist, starving, theoretical, theory, time period, usaid, work},
}

In 1968, the director of USAID coined the term “green revolution” to celebrate the new technological solutions that promised to ease hunger around the world—and forestall the spread of more “red,” or socialist, revolutions. Yet in China, where modernization and scientific progress could not be divorced from politics, green and red revolutions proceeded side by side.             In Red Revolution, Green Revolution, Sigrid Schmalzer explores the intersection of politics and agriculture in socialist China through the diverse experiences of scientists, peasants, state agents, and “educated youth.” The environmental costs of chemical-intensive agriculture and the human costs of emphasizing increasing production over equitable distribution of food and labor have been felt as strongly in China as anywhere—and yet, as Schmalzer shows, Mao-era challenges to technocracy laid important groundwork for today’s sustainability and food justice movements. This history of “scientific farming” in China offers us a unique opportunity not only to explore the consequences of modern agricultural technologies but also to engage in a necessary rethinking of fundamental assumptions about science and society.

@article{nicourtMobilisationsVictimesPesticides2016,
	title = {Les mobilisations des victimes de pesticides ont-elles modifié les pratiques des viticulteurs languedociens ?},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1492-8442},
	url = {https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/vertigo/2012-v12-n3-vertigo02678/1037584ar/},
	abstract = {The article proposes to consider a possible inflection of conceptions of winegrowers pains they suffer when applying pesticides. Now victims of pesticides have formed an association and have promoted the recognition of occupational diseases. This is a break. Among winegrowers investigated a decade ago, this conception change seems however limited. Indeed, contemporary shifts in the profession seem rather linked to the new crisis experienced by growers, forcing their work, especially into individualization. Their use of pesticides did not vary much. They do not notice abnormal mortalities among their colleagues, and the pains or diseases they suffer, while their individual use of pesticides, does not seem to be an alert for them. They still deny its scope by dissolving them in the wide category of work daily pains. For employers, perform treatments now becomes legally risky. It is mainly local residents, or institutions, rather than wine growers that now challenge the use of pesticides. While local authorities are concerned about quality of drinking water, the market is like a judge examining only incriminating facts. The demand for organic wines is growing, while cellarmen customer’s even oenologists challenge winegrowers on their pesticide use. Despite these inflections, the denial of winegrowers on the consequences of pains they suffer still seems mostly their only possible strategy.},
	language = {fr},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-07-07},
	journal = {[VertigO] La revue électronique en sciences de l’environnement},
	publisher = {Université du Québec à Montréal},
	author = {Nicourt, Christian},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {bio, cancer, denial, déni, health, labor, maux, organic, pains, pesticides, risk, risque, santé, travail, vin, viticulture, wine},
}

The article proposes to consider a possible inflection of conceptions of winegrowers pains they suffer when applying pesticides. Now victims of pesticides have formed an association and have promoted the recognition of occupational diseases. This is a break. Among winegrowers investigated a decade ago, this conception change seems however limited. Indeed, contemporary shifts in the profession seem rather linked to the new crisis experienced by growers, forcing their work, especially into individualization. Their use of pesticides did not vary much. They do not notice abnormal mortalities among their colleagues, and the pains or diseases they suffer, while their individual use of pesticides, does not seem to be an alert for them. They still deny its scope by dissolving them in the wide category of work daily pains. For employers, perform treatments now becomes legally risky. It is mainly local residents, or institutions, rather than wine growers that now challenge the use of pesticides. While local authorities are concerned about quality of drinking water, the market is like a judge examining only incriminating facts. The demand for organic wines is growing, while cellarmen customer’s even oenologists challenge winegrowers on their pesticide use. Despite these inflections, the denial of winegrowers on the consequences of pains they suffer still seems mostly their only possible strategy.

@misc{AnotherInconvenientTruth2016,
	title = {Another inconvenient truth: pesticides companies flood {EU} institutions paying millions of euros in lobbying},
	shorttitle = {Another inconvenient truth},
	url = {https://www.pan-europe.info/press-releases/2016/11/another-inconvenient-truth-pesticides-companies-flood-eu-institutions-paying},
	abstract = {Today, the European Crop Protection Association (ECPA) has organised a conference in the European Parliament on the importance of pesticides in EU agriculture. The fallacious century-old “we need to feed the world” argument is still regularly claimed by the pesticide industry to support a model that is a dead end: low-efficiency, high health costs, low employment rate, high environmental impacts. The real inconvenient truth is the conventional agriculture model has failed in Europe. Farmers are suffering: low incomes, health problems and more and more farms disappearing.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-07-05},
	journal = {PAN Europe},
	month = nov,
	year = {2016},
}

Today, the European Crop Protection Association (ECPA) has organised a conference in the European Parliament on the importance of pesticides in EU agriculture. The fallacious century-old “we need to feed the world” argument is still regularly claimed by the pesticide industry to support a model that is a dead end: low-efficiency, high health costs, low employment rate, high environmental impacts. The real inconvenient truth is the conventional agriculture model has failed in Europe. Farmers are suffering: low incomes, health problems and more and more farms disappearing.

@book{tompkinsGhostworkersGreensCooperative2016,
	edition = {1},
	title = {Ghostworkers and {Greens}: {The} {Cooperative} {Campaigns} of {Farmworkers} and {Environmentalists} for {Pesticide} {Reform}},
	isbn = {978-0-8014-5668-8},
	shorttitle = {Ghostworkers and {Greens}},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt18kr5sh},
	abstract = {Throughout the twentieth century, despite compelling evidence that some pesticides posed a threat to human and environmental health, growers and the USDA continued to favor agricultural chemicals over cultural and biological forms of pest control. In \textit{Ghostworkers and Greens} , Adam Tompkins reveals a history of unexpected cooperation between farmworker groups and environmental organizations. Tompkins shows that the separate movements shared a common concern about the effects of pesticides on human health. This enabled bridge-builders within the disparate organizations to foster cooperative relationships around issues of mutual concern to share information, resources, and support.  Nongovernmental organizations, particularly environmental organizations and farmworker groups, played a key role in pesticide reform. For nearly fifty years, these groups served as educators, communicating to the public scientific and experiential information about the adverse effects of pesticides on human health and the environment, and built support for the amendment of pesticide policies and the alteration of pesticide use practices. Their efforts led to the passage of more stringent regulations to better protect farmworkers, the public, and the environment. Environmental organizations and farmworker groups also acted as watchdogs, monitoring the activity of regulatory agencies and bringing suit when necessary to ensure that they fulfilled their responsibilities to the public. These groups served as not only lobbyists but also essential components of successful democratic governance, ensuring public participation and more effective policy implementation.},
	urldate = {2023-01-25},
	publisher = {Cornell University Press},
	author = {Tompkins, Adam},
	year = {2016},
}

Throughout the twentieth century, despite compelling evidence that some pesticides posed a threat to human and environmental health, growers and the USDA continued to favor agricultural chemicals over cultural and biological forms of pest control. In Ghostworkers and Greens , Adam Tompkins reveals a history of unexpected cooperation between farmworker groups and environmental organizations. Tompkins shows that the separate movements shared a common concern about the effects of pesticides on human health. This enabled bridge-builders within the disparate organizations to foster cooperative relationships around issues of mutual concern to share information, resources, and support. Nongovernmental organizations, particularly environmental organizations and farmworker groups, played a key role in pesticide reform. For nearly fifty years, these groups served as educators, communicating to the public scientific and experiential information about the adverse effects of pesticides on human health and the environment, and built support for the amendment of pesticide policies and the alteration of pesticide use practices. Their efforts led to the passage of more stringent regulations to better protect farmworkers, the public, and the environment. Environmental organizations and farmworker groups also acted as watchdogs, monitoring the activity of regulatory agencies and bringing suit when necessary to ensure that they fulfilled their responsibilities to the public. These groups served as not only lobbyists but also essential components of successful democratic governance, ensuring public participation and more effective policy implementation.

@article{martinProductionSavoirsPesticides2016,
	title = {La production des savoirs sur les pesticides dans la règlementation européenne},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/},
	issn = {1492-8442},
	url = {https://journals.openedition.org/vertigo/17878},
	doi = {10.4000/vertigo.17878},
	abstract = {Cet article présente une approche critique des règles de production des connaissances sur la nocivité des produits phytopharmaceutiques en droit européen. Inscrit dans le cadre théorique emprunté à la sociologie, l’agnotologie, il montre que la méconnaissance de l’origine des normes européennes et leur nature juridique sont des facteurs expliquant que leur substance engendre une production d’ignorance sur la nocivité des pesticides. Les règles européennes de production des savoirs sur les pesticides sont en effet le fruit d’un phénomène de circulation des normes entre l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économique et l’Union européenne depuis le début des années 70. Ce trait des règles européennes, méconnu de la littérature juridique académique, est d’autant plus invisible que le transfert des normes s’opère par le biais de nombreux textes techniques qui relèvent tant de la soft law que du droit dur. Le contenu des règles européennes de production des connaissances sur la nocivité des produits phytopharmaceutiques confirme qu’elles produisent de l’ignorance à deux niveaux : les critères harmonisés de nocivité déterminants pour l’interdiction d’accès au marché sont incomplets et peuvent être écartés par le jeu de dérogations ; les règles annoncent la production de savoirs sur trois catégories de substances prises individuellement, mais seule l’une d’elles est l’objet d’une évaluation, tandis que les règles d’identification des risques liés aux effets cumulés des substances n’existent toujours pas.},
	language = {fr},
	number = {Hors-série 27},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	journal = {VertigO - la revue électronique en sciences de l'environnement},
	author = {Martin, Annie},
	month = dec,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {OCDE, circulation des normes, droit européen, méthodes de production des savoirs, nocivité, pesticides, produits chimiques, produits phytopharmaceutiques},
}

Cet article présente une approche critique des règles de production des connaissances sur la nocivité des produits phytopharmaceutiques en droit européen. Inscrit dans le cadre théorique emprunté à la sociologie, l’agnotologie, il montre que la méconnaissance de l’origine des normes européennes et leur nature juridique sont des facteurs expliquant que leur substance engendre une production d’ignorance sur la nocivité des pesticides. Les règles européennes de production des savoirs sur les pesticides sont en effet le fruit d’un phénomène de circulation des normes entre l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économique et l’Union européenne depuis le début des années 70. Ce trait des règles européennes, méconnu de la littérature juridique académique, est d’autant plus invisible que le transfert des normes s’opère par le biais de nombreux textes techniques qui relèvent tant de la soft law que du droit dur. Le contenu des règles européennes de production des connaissances sur la nocivité des produits phytopharmaceutiques confirme qu’elles produisent de l’ignorance à deux niveaux : les critères harmonisés de nocivité déterminants pour l’interdiction d’accès au marché sont incomplets et peuvent être écartés par le jeu de dérogations ; les règles annoncent la production de savoirs sur trois catégories de substances prises individuellement, mais seule l’une d’elles est l’objet d’une évaluation, tandis que les règles d’identification des risques liés aux effets cumulés des substances n’existent toujours pas.

@article{lapegnaGeneticallyModifiedSoybeans2016,
	title = {Genetically modified soybeans, agrochemical exposure, and everyday forms of peasant collaboration in {Argentina}},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0306-6150, 1743-9361},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03066150.2015.1041519},
	doi = {10.1080/03066150.2015.1041519},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-11-17},
	journal = {The Journal of Peasant Studies},
	author = {Lapegna, Pablo},
	month = mar,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {517--536},
}

@article{gormanLocalImpactsGlobal2016,
	title = {Local impacts, global sources: {The} governance of boundary-crossing chemicals},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {0073-2753},
	shorttitle = {Local impacts, global sources},
	doi = {10.1177/0073275316681804},
	abstract = {Over the last half century, a multijurisdictional, multiscale system of governance has emerged to address concerns associated with toxic chemicals that have the capacity to bioaccumulate in organisms and biomagnify in food chains, leading to fish consumption advisories. Components of this system of governance include international conventions (such as the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and the Minamata Convention on Mercury), laws enacted by nation states and their subjurisdictions, and efforts to adaptively manage regional ecosystems (such as the U.S.-Canadian Great Lakes). Given that many of these compounds - including mercury, industrial chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides such as toxaphene - circulate throughout the globe through cycles of deposition and reemission, regional efforts to eliminate the need for fish consumption advisories cannot be successful without efforts to reduce emissions everywhere in the world. This paper argues that the scientific community, by monitoring the concentrations of these compounds in the atmosphere and by modeling their fate and transport, play an important role in connecting the various jurisdictional scales of governance. In addition, the monitoring networks that this community of scientists has established can be visualized as a technology of governance essential in an era in which societies have the capacity to produce and release such chemicals on an industrial scale.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {History of Science},
	author = {Gorman, Hugh S. and Gagnon, Valoree S. and Norman, Emma S.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Chemical governance, fish consumption advisories, regulatory science, toxic chemical},
	pages = {443--459},
}

Over the last half century, a multijurisdictional, multiscale system of governance has emerged to address concerns associated with toxic chemicals that have the capacity to bioaccumulate in organisms and biomagnify in food chains, leading to fish consumption advisories. Components of this system of governance include international conventions (such as the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and the Minamata Convention on Mercury), laws enacted by nation states and their subjurisdictions, and efforts to adaptively manage regional ecosystems (such as the U.S.-Canadian Great Lakes). Given that many of these compounds - including mercury, industrial chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides such as toxaphene - circulate throughout the globe through cycles of deposition and reemission, regional efforts to eliminate the need for fish consumption advisories cannot be successful without efforts to reduce emissions everywhere in the world. This paper argues that the scientific community, by monitoring the concentrations of these compounds in the atmosphere and by modeling their fate and transport, play an important role in connecting the various jurisdictional scales of governance. In addition, the monitoring networks that this community of scientists has established can be visualized as a technology of governance essential in an era in which societies have the capacity to produce and release such chemicals on an industrial scale.

@article{arancibiaRegulatoryScienceSocial2016,
	title = {Regulatory {Science} and {Social} {Movements}: {The} {Trial} {Against} the {Use} of {Pesticides} in {Argentina}},
	volume = {9},
	shorttitle = {Regulatory {Science} and {Social} {Movements}},
	doi = {10.3798/tia.1937-0237.16022},
	abstract = {In August 2012 a transgenic soy producer and a pesticide spraying pilot were sentenced to three years of conditional prison for potential pollution and harm to public health in Cordoba, Argentina. This was the first case of pesticide pollution judged by Criminal Law in Latin America and the verdict became a turning point in the struggle to regulate pesticides in Argentina. The trial was initiated by the movement “Madres de Ituzaingó” from a neighborhood surrounded by transgenic soy fields sprayed with glyphosate-based herbicides (to which GM seeds are resistant). They found an increase in cancer rates and made the nexus between their illnesses and glyphosate exposure. In this way, they challenged official “regulatory science”, which classifies glyphosate as a product of low toxicity, commercialized and used without restriction. Through in-depth interviews and ethnographic observation, I found that the ruling was an outcome of interconnected actions which included typical forms of protest, the production of “undone science”, as well as other actions involving expertise.},
	journal = {Theory in Action},
	author = {Arancibia, Florencia},
	month = oct,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1--21},
}

In August 2012 a transgenic soy producer and a pesticide spraying pilot were sentenced to three years of conditional prison for potential pollution and harm to public health in Cordoba, Argentina. This was the first case of pesticide pollution judged by Criminal Law in Latin America and the verdict became a turning point in the struggle to regulate pesticides in Argentina. The trial was initiated by the movement “Madres de Ituzaingó” from a neighborhood surrounded by transgenic soy fields sprayed with glyphosate-based herbicides (to which GM seeds are resistant). They found an increase in cancer rates and made the nexus between their illnesses and glyphosate exposure. In this way, they challenged official “regulatory science”, which classifies glyphosate as a product of low toxicity, commercialized and used without restriction. Through in-depth interviews and ethnographic observation, I found that the ruling was an outcome of interconnected actions which included typical forms of protest, the production of “undone science”, as well as other actions involving expertise.

@article{jouzelJournalistesQuiFont2016,
	title = {Des journalistes qui font les victimes ?{Le} traitement médiatique des maladies professionnelles liées aux pesticides},
	volume = {198},
	issn = {9782713225208},
	shorttitle = {Des journalistes qui font les victimes ?},
	url = {https://www.cairn.info/revue-etudes-rurales-2016-2-page-155.htm},
	doi = {10.4000/etudesrurales.11361},
	abstract = {Comment explorer les représentations de l’agriculture, alors que la profession subit de nombreuses crises profondes ? Les relations entre médias et agriculture ont fait l’objet de multiples travaux en sciences sociales depuis les années 1960. Or, cette thématique semble avoir été progressivement délaissée depuis le début des années 1990. Ce numéro propose de relancer un chantier de recherche qui relie la sociologie des médias à celle des mobilisations. Une telle approche revisite de manière dynamique, à travers une analyse des luttes et des enjeux, la sociologie de la profession agricole et de l’agriculture. Ses contributions abordent la transformation de l’espace de la représentation agricole et du champ médiatique. On passe ainsi d’un accord collectif sur le projet de la modernisation agricole dans les années 1960 à la convocation aujourd’hui de l’agriculteur devant le tribunal de l’opinion publique.
Ce dossier, réalisé par des chercheurs de diverses disciplines des sciences sociales (ethnologie, sociologie, science politique) traite d’abord de la question du magistère de la parole (qui parle au nom des agriculteurs ?), aborde ensuite les médias comme supports de mobilisations et interroge enfin leur rôle comme ressources et contraintes pour les acteurs engagés. Une variété de sujets sont traités : depuis la FNSEA (Fédération nationale des syndicats d’exploitants agricoles) à la gauche paysanne et José Bové, en passant par les algues vertes, le problème des pesticides, la naissance de l’agriculture biologique, la place des femmes dans la profession ou encore les nouvelles formes d’action de l’Apli (Association des producteurs de lait indépendants) et celles, plus traditionnelles, d’investissement des élites dans la formation. Ces luttes médiatiques et syndicales, nous donnent ainsi à voir l’agriculture en représentation(s).},
	language = {FR},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Études rurales},
	publisher = {Éditions de l'EHESS},
	author = {Jouzel, Jean-Noël and Prete, Giovanni},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Place: Paris},
	pages = {155--170},
}

Comment explorer les représentations de l’agriculture, alors que la profession subit de nombreuses crises profondes ? Les relations entre médias et agriculture ont fait l’objet de multiples travaux en sciences sociales depuis les années 1960. Or, cette thématique semble avoir été progressivement délaissée depuis le début des années 1990. Ce numéro propose de relancer un chantier de recherche qui relie la sociologie des médias à celle des mobilisations. Une telle approche revisite de manière dynamique, à travers une analyse des luttes et des enjeux, la sociologie de la profession agricole et de l’agriculture. Ses contributions abordent la transformation de l’espace de la représentation agricole et du champ médiatique. On passe ainsi d’un accord collectif sur le projet de la modernisation agricole dans les années 1960 à la convocation aujourd’hui de l’agriculteur devant le tribunal de l’opinion publique. Ce dossier, réalisé par des chercheurs de diverses disciplines des sciences sociales (ethnologie, sociologie, science politique) traite d’abord de la question du magistère de la parole (qui parle au nom des agriculteurs ?), aborde ensuite les médias comme supports de mobilisations et interroge enfin leur rôle comme ressources et contraintes pour les acteurs engagés. Une variété de sujets sont traités : depuis la FNSEA (Fédération nationale des syndicats d’exploitants agricoles) à la gauche paysanne et José Bové, en passant par les algues vertes, le problème des pesticides, la naissance de l’agriculture biologique, la place des femmes dans la profession ou encore les nouvelles formes d’action de l’Apli (Association des producteurs de lait indépendants) et celles, plus traditionnelles, d’investissement des élites dans la formation. Ces luttes médiatiques et syndicales, nous donnent ainsi à voir l’agriculture en représentation(s).

@article{jouzelLexploitationFamilialeMobilisation2016,
	title = {‪{De} l’exploitation familiale à la mobilisation collective‪. {La} place des conjointes dans un mouvement d’agriculteurs victimes des pesticides},
	volume = {147},
	shorttitle = {‪{De} l’exploitation familiale à la mobilisation collective‪},
	url = {https://www.cairn.info/revue-travail-et-emploi-2016-3-page-77.htm},
	doi = {10.4000/travailemploi.7146},
	abstract = {Dans cet article, nous étudions les liens entre les transformations à l’œuvre dans la sphère privée des familles d’agriculteurs et les modalités de la représentation publique de la profession agricole. Pour cela, nous nous interrogeons sur la place des femmes dans un mouvement d’agriculteurs qui s’estiment victimes des pesticides. Nous montrons qu’en tant que conjointes, elles constituent un appui décisif dans le parcours qui permet à leurs époux de se considérer et de se revendiquer comme des victimes des pesticides. Nous mettons également en évidence l’ambiguïté de leur positionnement dans l’action collective : reconnues comme d’indispensables relais de la mobilisation, elles restent essentiellement limitées à ce rôle d’intermédiaires, n’accédant elles-mêmes au statut de victimes qu’indirectement, par l’expérience du deuil. Si cette dernière légitime leur place au sein de l’association, elle induit également un éloignement vis-à-vis du monde agricole, générant d’inévitables tensions.},
	language = {FR},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Travail et emploi},
	publisher = {DARES},
	author = {Jouzel, Jean-Noël and Prete, Giovanni},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Place: Paris},
	pages = {77--100},
}

Dans cet article, nous étudions les liens entre les transformations à l’œuvre dans la sphère privée des familles d’agriculteurs et les modalités de la représentation publique de la profession agricole. Pour cela, nous nous interrogeons sur la place des femmes dans un mouvement d’agriculteurs qui s’estiment victimes des pesticides. Nous montrons qu’en tant que conjointes, elles constituent un appui décisif dans le parcours qui permet à leurs époux de se considérer et de se revendiquer comme des victimes des pesticides. Nous mettons également en évidence l’ambiguïté de leur positionnement dans l’action collective : reconnues comme d’indispensables relais de la mobilisation, elles restent essentiellement limitées à ce rôle d’intermédiaires, n’accédant elles-mêmes au statut de victimes qu’indirectement, par l’expérience du deuil. Si cette dernière légitime leur place au sein de l’association, elle induit également un éloignement vis-à-vis du monde agricole, générant d’inévitables tensions.

@article{browerSugarOligarchyAgrochemical2016,
	title = {From the {Sugar} {Oligarchy} to the {Agrochemical} {Oligopoly}: {Situating} {Monsanto} and {Gang}’s {Occupation} of {Hawai}‘i},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1552-8014},
	shorttitle = {From the {Sugar} {Oligarchy} to the {Agrochemical} {Oligopoly}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15528014.2016.1208342},
	doi = {10.1080/15528014.2016.1208342},
	abstract = {As the site of origin for nearly all herbicide-tolerant corn seed, and with more experimental field trials of genetically engineered crops than anywhere else in the United States, Hawai‘i is placed at the epicenter of the agrochemical+seed+biotechnology industry’s global chains of production. This paper offers a critical reading of why most genetically engineered corn seed sold globally can be traced back to the most isolated islands in the world. Contra dominant narratives, it is argued that it is more than sunshine that makes Hawai‘i’s soils ideal for growing patented seeds engineered to withstand pesticide. Ideas of naturalness and inevitability are interrogated for what they elide and sustain. It is suggested that true alternatives require attention especially to the things assumed most immutable.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-07-05},
	journal = {Food, Culture \& Society},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Brower, Andrea},
	month = jul,
	year = {2016},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15528014.2016.1208342},
	keywords = {GMO, Hawai‘i, agriculture, capitalism, colonialism, environmental justice, monsanto, pesticide, plantation, sugar},
	pages = {587--614},
}

As the site of origin for nearly all herbicide-tolerant corn seed, and with more experimental field trials of genetically engineered crops than anywhere else in the United States, Hawai‘i is placed at the epicenter of the agrochemical+seed+biotechnology industry’s global chains of production. This paper offers a critical reading of why most genetically engineered corn seed sold globally can be traced back to the most isolated islands in the world. Contra dominant narratives, it is argued that it is more than sunshine that makes Hawai‘i’s soils ideal for growing patented seeds engineered to withstand pesticide. Ideas of naturalness and inevitability are interrogated for what they elide and sustain. It is suggested that true alternatives require attention especially to the things assumed most immutable.

@article{guthmanMidasNotSoGoldenTouch2016,
	title = {Midas’ {Not}-{So}-{Golden} {Touch}: {On} the {Demise} of {Methyl} {Iodide} as a {Soil} {Fumigant} in {California}},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1523-908X},
	shorttitle = {Midas’ {Not}-{So}-{Golden} {Touch}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2015.1077441},
	doi = {10.1080/1523908X.2015.1077441},
	abstract = {The demise of the soil fumigant, Midas, was heralded as a major environmental movement achievement, when Arysta LifeScience eventually deemed it economically non-viable and withdrew from US markets just before resolution of a lawsuit. Building on scholarship that focuses on strategy to understand how social movements sometimes win, we show how activist tactics were able to exploit the missteps of their opponents. These included the unreasonable expectations of Arysta for grower adoptions, the foibles of the director of California's Department of Pesticide Regulation in registering the chemical, and the reluctance of California's strawberry industry to discontinue use of methyl bromide. Although activist tactics, such as public comments and protests, had only a modest impact on the regulatory process, they had a major impact on grower adoptions of the chemical. This, together with a lawsuit that was not going well for the defendants, ultimately led to the withdrawal. Still, there was a great deal of luck involved, especially in the lawsuit in which the judge made rulings and statements favourable to the plaintiffs. Here, ‘scientization’, worked in favour of the movement rather than the industry.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-07-05},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Policy \& Planning},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Guthman, Julie and Brown, Sandy},
	month = may,
	year = {2016},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2015.1077441},
	keywords = {Social movement strategy, environmental movements, methyl iodide, pesticide regulation, strawberry industry},
	pages = {324--341},
}

The demise of the soil fumigant, Midas, was heralded as a major environmental movement achievement, when Arysta LifeScience eventually deemed it economically non-viable and withdrew from US markets just before resolution of a lawsuit. Building on scholarship that focuses on strategy to understand how social movements sometimes win, we show how activist tactics were able to exploit the missteps of their opponents. These included the unreasonable expectations of Arysta for grower adoptions, the foibles of the director of California's Department of Pesticide Regulation in registering the chemical, and the reluctance of California's strawberry industry to discontinue use of methyl bromide. Although activist tactics, such as public comments and protests, had only a modest impact on the regulatory process, they had a major impact on grower adoptions of the chemical. This, together with a lawsuit that was not going well for the defendants, ultimately led to the withdrawal. Still, there was a great deal of luck involved, especially in the lawsuit in which the judge made rulings and statements favourable to the plaintiffs. Here, ‘scientization’, worked in favour of the movement rather than the industry.

@article{bravoAmericaLatinaFumigada2016,
	chapter = {Ciencia Política},
	title = {América {Latina} fumigada y crisis de las commodities: {El} caso del glifosato de {Monsanto}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1909-230X},
	shorttitle = {América {Latina} fumigada y crisis de las commodities},
	url = {https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5663371},
	abstract = {Autorías: Elizabeth Bravo, Alexander Naranjo.
Localización: Ciencia Política. Nº. 21, 2016.
Artículo de Revista en Dialnet.},
	language = {spa},
	number = {21},
	urldate = {2021-04-18},
	journal = {Ciencia Política},
	publisher = {Universidad Nacional de Colombia},
	author = {Bravo, Elizabeth and Naranjo, Alexander},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {7},
}

Autorías: Elizabeth Bravo, Alexander Naranjo. Localización: Ciencia Política. Nº. 21, 2016. Artículo de Revista en Dialnet.

@article{huBottleLiquidPesticide2016,
	title = {Beyond a {Bottle} of {Liquid}: {Pesticide} dependence in transitional rural {China}},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1354-9839},
	shorttitle = {Beyond a bottle of liquid},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2015.1050657},
	doi = {10.1080/13549839.2015.1050657},
	abstract = {Pesticide dependence is a major threat to food safety and local environment. Although numerous studies have explored different causes of pesticide dependence, few have examined how pesticides are locked into agricultural modernisation and rural transformation. Based on a case study of a Chinese village, this paper demonstrates how agricultural modernisation trajectory and rural changes have perpetuated the use of pesticides as necessities in agriculture as well as for farmers' livelihoods. Modern technologies, such as hybrid rice, conservation tillage, changes in crop structure, and reduction of intercropping all contribute highly towards pesticide dependence. The household responsibility system in China has provided the institutional foundation for increased pesticide use. Rural transformations driven by livelihoods diversification have created conducive social spaces for pesticide application. To step out of pesticide dependence, promotion of genetic diversity in agriculture, a reassessment of locational suitability of conservation tillage, institutional strengthening and the promotion of integrated pest management methods are suggested.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2020-03-04},
	journal = {The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Hu, Zhanping and Rahman, Sanzidur},
	month = aug,
	year = {2016},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2015.1050657},
	keywords = {China, agricultural modernisation, development process, pesticide dependence, rural transformation},
	pages = {919--938},
}

Pesticide dependence is a major threat to food safety and local environment. Although numerous studies have explored different causes of pesticide dependence, few have examined how pesticides are locked into agricultural modernisation and rural transformation. Based on a case study of a Chinese village, this paper demonstrates how agricultural modernisation trajectory and rural changes have perpetuated the use of pesticides as necessities in agriculture as well as for farmers' livelihoods. Modern technologies, such as hybrid rice, conservation tillage, changes in crop structure, and reduction of intercropping all contribute highly towards pesticide dependence. The household responsibility system in China has provided the institutional foundation for increased pesticide use. Rural transformations driven by livelihoods diversification have created conducive social spaces for pesticide application. To step out of pesticide dependence, promotion of genetic diversity in agriculture, a reassessment of locational suitability of conservation tillage, institutional strengthening and the promotion of integrated pest management methods are suggested.

@techreport{ansesExpositionsProfessionnellesAux2016,
	address = {Maisons-Alfort},
	type = {Rapport d'expertise collective},
	title = {Expositions professionnelles aux pesticides en agriculture - {Volumes} 1 à 5},
	language = {fre},
	institution = {ANSES},
	author = {{ANSES}},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {IDEA4},
}

@article{gomezgonzalezHoneySealedAllianceMayan2016,
	title = {A {Honey}-{Sealed} {Alliance}: {Mayan} {Beekeepers} in the {Yucatan} {Peninsula} versus {Transgenic} {Soybeans} in {Mexico}'s {Last} {Tropical} {Forest}},
	volume = {16},
	copyright = {© 2016 John Wiley \& Sons Ltd},
	issn = {1471-0366},
	shorttitle = {A {Honey}-{Sealed} {Alliance}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/joac.12160},
	doi = {10.1111/joac.12160},
	abstract = {The peasant economy of the Yucatan Peninsula is sustained by agriculture and beekeeping. Honey production has great economic importance, given that it represents the main source of income for Mayan rural families. Furthermore, Mexico is the world's fourth-largest exporter of honey. The honey comes from jungle that covers the peninsular territory and forms part of a production system that broadly utilizes forestry resources. Two new situations emerged in 2011 that detonated social mobilization to defend beekeeping: the Mexican government authorized the planting of transgenic soybeans, while the European Union announced that honey that originated from transgenic pollen would have to be labelled (‘contains transgenics’), whereas honey importers demand transgenic-free honey. The introduction of transgenic soybeans in the Yucatan Peninsula is part of the modern, industrial agricultural impetus in the region, which is entering into conflict with the Mayan peasant agriculture and threatens the survival of the most important Mexican tropical forest. A movement alliance was built among different social actors, including Mayan communities, beekeeper and civil-society organizations, universities and honey-exporting entrepreneurs, who developed an opposition and a resistance strategy to the cultivation of transgenic soybeans. Their repertoire has included collective legal, educational and organizational action, scientific research, mobilization, information, a media presence and lobbying. This mobilization has yielded results, as in 2015 the judiciary power invalidated the authorization of the cultivation of transgenic soybeans.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2025-05-04},
	journal = {Journal of Agrarian Change},
	author = {Gómez González, Irma},
	year = {2016},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/joac.12160},
	keywords = {Mexico, Yucatan Peninsula, beekeeping, social mobilization, transgenic soybeans},
	pages = {728--736},
}

The peasant economy of the Yucatan Peninsula is sustained by agriculture and beekeeping. Honey production has great economic importance, given that it represents the main source of income for Mayan rural families. Furthermore, Mexico is the world's fourth-largest exporter of honey. The honey comes from jungle that covers the peninsular territory and forms part of a production system that broadly utilizes forestry resources. Two new situations emerged in 2011 that detonated social mobilization to defend beekeeping: the Mexican government authorized the planting of transgenic soybeans, while the European Union announced that honey that originated from transgenic pollen would have to be labelled (‘contains transgenics’), whereas honey importers demand transgenic-free honey. The introduction of transgenic soybeans in the Yucatan Peninsula is part of the modern, industrial agricultural impetus in the region, which is entering into conflict with the Mayan peasant agriculture and threatens the survival of the most important Mexican tropical forest. A movement alliance was built among different social actors, including Mayan communities, beekeeper and civil-society organizations, universities and honey-exporting entrepreneurs, who developed an opposition and a resistance strategy to the cultivation of transgenic soybeans. Their repertoire has included collective legal, educational and organizational action, scientific research, mobilization, information, a media presence and lobbying. This mobilization has yielded results, as in 2015 the judiciary power invalidated the authorization of the cultivation of transgenic soybeans.

@article{nallyPoliticsSelfhelpRockefeller2015,
	series = {Special {Issue}: {Historical} {Geographies} of {Internationalism}},
	title = {The politics of self-help: {The} {Rockefeller} {Foundation}, philanthropy and the ‘long’ {Green} {Revolution}},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0962-6298},
	shorttitle = {The politics of self-help},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096262981500027X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.polgeo.2015.04.005},
	abstract = {While scholars of contemporary philanthropy have observed a concerted interest in the promotion of ‘self-help,’ little has been said about the political history of this investment and its significance in determining both domestic and international development priorities. We locate this modern conceptualisation of self-help in early twentieth-century philanthropic practice that sought to ‘gift’ to individuals and communities the precious habit of self-reliance and social autonomy. The Rockefeller Foundation promoted rural development projects that deliberately sought to ‘emancipate’ the tradition-bound peasant, transforming him or her into a productive, enterprising subject. We begin by documenting their early agricultural extension work, which attempted to spark agrarian change in the US South through the inculcation of modern habits and aspirations among farmers and their families. These agrarian schemes illustrate the newfound faith that ‘rural up-lift’ could only be sustained if farming communities were trained to ‘help themselves’ by investing physically and psychologically in the process of modernisation. We then locate subsequent attempts to incentivise and accelerate international agricultural development within the broader geopolitical imperatives of the Green Revolution and the Cold War. While US technical assistance undoubtedly sought to prevent political upheaval in the Third World, we argue that Rockefeller-led modernisation projects, based on insights gleaned from behavioural economics, championed a model of human capital – and the idea of ‘revolution within’ – in order to contain the threat of ‘revolution without’. Approaching agricultural development through this problematisation of the farmer reveals the ‘long history’ of the Green Revolution – unfolding from the domestic to the international and from the late nineteenth century to the present – as well as the continuing role of philanthropy in forging a new global order.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-03-20},
	journal = {Political Geography},
	author = {Nally, David and Taylor, Stephen},
	month = nov,
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Agricultural development, Governmentality, Modernisation, Philanthropy, Political economy, Rockefeller Foundation},
	pages = {51--63},
}

While scholars of contemporary philanthropy have observed a concerted interest in the promotion of ‘self-help,’ little has been said about the political history of this investment and its significance in determining both domestic and international development priorities. We locate this modern conceptualisation of self-help in early twentieth-century philanthropic practice that sought to ‘gift’ to individuals and communities the precious habit of self-reliance and social autonomy. The Rockefeller Foundation promoted rural development projects that deliberately sought to ‘emancipate’ the tradition-bound peasant, transforming him or her into a productive, enterprising subject. We begin by documenting their early agricultural extension work, which attempted to spark agrarian change in the US South through the inculcation of modern habits and aspirations among farmers and their families. These agrarian schemes illustrate the newfound faith that ‘rural up-lift’ could only be sustained if farming communities were trained to ‘help themselves’ by investing physically and psychologically in the process of modernisation. We then locate subsequent attempts to incentivise and accelerate international agricultural development within the broader geopolitical imperatives of the Green Revolution and the Cold War. While US technical assistance undoubtedly sought to prevent political upheaval in the Third World, we argue that Rockefeller-led modernisation projects, based on insights gleaned from behavioural economics, championed a model of human capital – and the idea of ‘revolution within’ – in order to contain the threat of ‘revolution without’. Approaching agricultural development through this problematisation of the farmer reveals the ‘long history’ of the Green Revolution – unfolding from the domestic to the international and from the late nineteenth century to the present – as well as the continuing role of philanthropy in forging a new global order.

@article{pearsonPolicymakingRadarCase2015,
	title = {Policymaking ‘under the radar’: a case study of pesticide regulation to prevent intentional poisoning in {Sri} {Lanka}},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0268-1080},
	shorttitle = {Policymaking ‘under the radar’},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czt096},
	doi = {10.1093/heapol/czt096},
	abstract = {Background Suicide in Sri Lanka is a major public health problem and in 1995 the country had one of the highest rates of suicide worldwide. Since then reductions in overall suicide rates have been largely attributed to efforts to regulate a range of pesticides. The evolution, context, events and implementation of the key policy decisions around regulation are examined.Methods This study was undertaken as part of a broader analysis of policy in two parts—an explanatory case study and stakeholder analysis. This article describes the explanatory case study that included an historical narrative and in-depth interviews.Results A timeline and chronology of policy actions and influence were derived from interview and document data. Fourteen key informants were interviewed and four distinct policy phases were identified. The early stages of pesticide regulation were dominated by political and economic considerations and strongly influenced by external factors. The second phase was marked by a period of local institution building, the engagement of local stakeholders, and expanded links between health and agriculture. During the third phase the problem of self-poisoning dominated the policy agenda and closer links between stakeholders, evidence and policymaking developed. The fourth and most recent phase was characterized by strong local capacity for policymaking, informed by evidence, developed in collaboration with a powerful network of stakeholders, including international researchers.Conclusions The policy response to extremely high rates of suicide from intentional poisoning with pesticides shows a unique and successful example of policymaking to prevent suicide. It also highlights policy action taking place ‘under the radar’, thus avoiding policy inertia often associated with reforms in lower and middle income countries.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-05-23},
	journal = {Health Policy and Planning},
	author = {Pearson, Melissa and Zwi, Anthony B and Buckley, Nicholas A and Manuweera, Gamini and Fernando, Ravindra and Dawson, Andrew H and McDuie-Ra, Duncan},
	month = feb,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {56--67},
}

Background Suicide in Sri Lanka is a major public health problem and in 1995 the country had one of the highest rates of suicide worldwide. Since then reductions in overall suicide rates have been largely attributed to efforts to regulate a range of pesticides. The evolution, context, events and implementation of the key policy decisions around regulation are examined.Methods This study was undertaken as part of a broader analysis of policy in two parts—an explanatory case study and stakeholder analysis. This article describes the explanatory case study that included an historical narrative and in-depth interviews.Results A timeline and chronology of policy actions and influence were derived from interview and document data. Fourteen key informants were interviewed and four distinct policy phases were identified. The early stages of pesticide regulation were dominated by political and economic considerations and strongly influenced by external factors. The second phase was marked by a period of local institution building, the engagement of local stakeholders, and expanded links between health and agriculture. During the third phase the problem of self-poisoning dominated the policy agenda and closer links between stakeholders, evidence and policymaking developed. The fourth and most recent phase was characterized by strong local capacity for policymaking, informed by evidence, developed in collaboration with a powerful network of stakeholders, including international researchers.Conclusions The policy response to extremely high rates of suicide from intentional poisoning with pesticides shows a unique and successful example of policymaking to prevent suicide. It also highlights policy action taking place ‘under the radar’, thus avoiding policy inertia often associated with reforms in lower and middle income countries.

@book{wattsReplacingChemicalsBiology2015,
	title = {Replacing {Chemicals} with {Biology}: {Phasing} out highly hazardous pesticides with agroecology},
	isbn = {978-983-9381-70-2},
	shorttitle = {Replacing {Chemicals} with {Biology}},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Pesticide Action Network Asia and the Pacific},
	author = {Watts, Meriel and Williamson, Stephanie},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: nB7BAQAACAAJ},
	keywords = {Agricultural ecology, Agriculture, Environmental aspects, Pesticides, Toxicology},
}

@article{saxtonStrawberryFieldsExtreme2015,
	title = {Strawberry {Fields} as {Extreme} {Environments}: {The} {Ecobiopolitics} of {Farmworker} {Health}},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {0145-9740},
	shorttitle = {Strawberry {Fields} as {Extreme} {Environments}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2014.959167},
	doi = {10.1080/01459740.2014.959167},
	abstract = {Based on nearly two years of ethnographic research with farmworkers in California’s Pájaro Valley, in this article I build on Olson’s idea of “extreme environments.” By merging theories of biopolitics and political ecology, or ecobiopolitics, I explore the naturalization of chemically intensive systems of agricultural production and the health consequences they produce for farmworkers. State and industry regimes of agricultural knowledge and practice are designed to control workers and the environment in strawberry fields. They also produce devastating syndemics and chronicities of disease in farmworker bodies and communities. The relationships between health disparities and farmworkers’ lifetimes of exposure to toxic pesticides remain underexplored and poorly understood, perpetuating toxic ignorance about the relationships between pesticides and farmworker health. This enables equating worker well-being with industry well-being. Synergies between ethnographic and environmental health research are needed to challenge toxic ignorance, toxic layering, and the invisible harms they produce in agricultural communities.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-01-20},
	journal = {Medical Anthropology},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Saxton, Dvera I.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2015},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2014.959167},
	keywords = {ecobiopolitics, extreme environments, farmworkers, pesticides, syndemics and chronicities},
	pages = {166--183},
}

Based on nearly two years of ethnographic research with farmworkers in California’s Pájaro Valley, in this article I build on Olson’s idea of “extreme environments.” By merging theories of biopolitics and political ecology, or ecobiopolitics, I explore the naturalization of chemically intensive systems of agricultural production and the health consequences they produce for farmworkers. State and industry regimes of agricultural knowledge and practice are designed to control workers and the environment in strawberry fields. They also produce devastating syndemics and chronicities of disease in farmworker bodies and communities. The relationships between health disparities and farmworkers’ lifetimes of exposure to toxic pesticides remain underexplored and poorly understood, perpetuating toxic ignorance about the relationships between pesticides and farmworker health. This enables equating worker well-being with industry well-being. Synergies between ethnographic and environmental health research are needed to challenge toxic ignorance, toxic layering, and the invisible harms they produce in agricultural communities.

@book{wursterDDTWarsRescuing2015,
	title = {{DDT} {Wars}: {Rescuing} {Our} {National} {Bird}, {Preventing} {Cancer}, and {Creating} the {Environmental} {Defense} {Fund}},
	isbn = {978-0-19-021941-3},
	shorttitle = {{DDT} {Wars}},
	abstract = {DDT Wars is the untold inside story of the decade-long scientific, legal and strategic campaign that culminated in the national ban of the insecticide DDT in 1972. The widespread misinformation, disinformation and mythology of the DDT issue are corrected in this book. DDT contamination had become worldwide, concentrating up food chains and causing birds to lay thin-shelled eggs that broke in the nests. Populations of many species of predatory and fish-eating birds collapsed, including the American Bald Eagle, Osprey, Peregrine Falcon and Brown Pelican. Their numbers recovered spectacularly in the decades following the ban. During the campaign DDT and five other insecticides were found to cause cancer in laboratory tests, which led to bans of these six pesticides by international treaty in 2001. This campaign produced lasting changes in American pesticide policies. The legal precedents broke down the court "standing" barrier, forming the basis for the development of environmental law as we know it today. This case history represents one of the greatest environmental victories of recent decades. DDT is still "controversial" because it has been deceptively interjected into the "climate wars."  This campaign was led by the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), founded in 1967 by ten citizens, most of them scientists, volunteers without special political connections or financial resources. Their strategy was to take environmental problems to court. There were many setbacks along the way in this exciting and entertaining story. The group was often kicked out of court, but a few determined citizens made a large difference for environmental protection and public health. Author Charles Wurster was one of the leaders of the campaign. The first six years of EDF history are described as it struggled to survive. Now EDF is one of the world's great environmental advocacy organizations defending our climate, ecosystems, oceans and public health.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Wurster, Charles F.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: BrC6BwAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {Medical / Environmental Health, Medical / Health Care Delivery, Nature / Ecology, Nature / Environmental Conservation \& Protection, Science / Chemistry / General, Science / Environmental Science, Science / Life Sciences / Ecology, Technology \& Engineering / Agriculture / General, Technology \& Engineering / Environmental / General},
}

DDT Wars is the untold inside story of the decade-long scientific, legal and strategic campaign that culminated in the national ban of the insecticide DDT in 1972. The widespread misinformation, disinformation and mythology of the DDT issue are corrected in this book. DDT contamination had become worldwide, concentrating up food chains and causing birds to lay thin-shelled eggs that broke in the nests. Populations of many species of predatory and fish-eating birds collapsed, including the American Bald Eagle, Osprey, Peregrine Falcon and Brown Pelican. Their numbers recovered spectacularly in the decades following the ban. During the campaign DDT and five other insecticides were found to cause cancer in laboratory tests, which led to bans of these six pesticides by international treaty in 2001. This campaign produced lasting changes in American pesticide policies. The legal precedents broke down the court "standing" barrier, forming the basis for the development of environmental law as we know it today. This case history represents one of the greatest environmental victories of recent decades. DDT is still "controversial" because it has been deceptively interjected into the "climate wars." This campaign was led by the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), founded in 1967 by ten citizens, most of them scientists, volunteers without special political connections or financial resources. Their strategy was to take environmental problems to court. There were many setbacks along the way in this exciting and entertaining story. The group was often kicked out of court, but a few determined citizens made a large difference for environmental protection and public health. Author Charles Wurster was one of the leaders of the campaign. The first six years of EDF history are described as it struggled to survive. Now EDF is one of the world's great environmental advocacy organizations defending our climate, ecosystems, oceans and public health.

@article{puigdelabellacasaMakingTimeSoil2015,
	title = {Making time for soil: {Technoscientific} futurity and the pace of care},
	volume = {45},
	doi = {10.1177/0306312715599851},
	abstract = {The dominant drive for understanding soil has been to pace its fertility with human demand. Today, warnings about soil's exhaustion and endangered ecology raise concerns marked by fears of gloomy environmental futures, prompting scientists and soil practitioners urgently to develop better ways of taking care of soils. Yet the pace required by ecological soil care could be at odds with the predominant temporal orientation of technoscientific intervention, which is driven by an inherently progressivist, productionist and restless mode of futurity. Through a conceptual and historical approach to the soil sciences and other domains of soil knowledge, this article looks for soil ontologies and relations to soil care that are obscured by the predominant timescape. Contemporary discussions of the future of the soil sciences expose tensions between 'progress as usual'--by intensifying productivity--and the need to protect the pace of soil renewal. The intimate relation of soil science with productionism is being interrogated, as ecology attempts to engage with soil as a living community rather than a receptacle for crops. In this context, and beyond science, the 'foodweb' model of soil ecology has become a figure of alternative human-soil relations that involve environmental practitioners in the soil community. Reading these ways of making time for soil as a form of 'care time' helps to reveal a diversity of more-than-human interdependent temporalities, disrupting the anthropocentric appeal of predominant timescales of technoscientific futurity and their reductive notion of innovation.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Social Studies of Science},
	author = {Puig de la Bellacasa, Maria},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Chemical geographies, Feminist science studies, care, ecology, foodwebs, innovation, productionism, soil, soil science, time},
	pages = {691--716},
}

The dominant drive for understanding soil has been to pace its fertility with human demand. Today, warnings about soil's exhaustion and endangered ecology raise concerns marked by fears of gloomy environmental futures, prompting scientists and soil practitioners urgently to develop better ways of taking care of soils. Yet the pace required by ecological soil care could be at odds with the predominant temporal orientation of technoscientific intervention, which is driven by an inherently progressivist, productionist and restless mode of futurity. Through a conceptual and historical approach to the soil sciences and other domains of soil knowledge, this article looks for soil ontologies and relations to soil care that are obscured by the predominant timescape. Contemporary discussions of the future of the soil sciences expose tensions between 'progress as usual'–by intensifying productivity–and the need to protect the pace of soil renewal. The intimate relation of soil science with productionism is being interrogated, as ecology attempts to engage with soil as a living community rather than a receptacle for crops. In this context, and beyond science, the 'foodweb' model of soil ecology has become a figure of alternative human-soil relations that involve environmental practitioners in the soil community. Reading these ways of making time for soil as a form of 'care time' helps to reveal a diversity of more-than-human interdependent temporalities, disrupting the anthropocentric appeal of predominant timescales of technoscientific futurity and their reductive notion of innovation.

@article{mansfieldEpigeneticLifeBiological2015,
	title = {Epigenetic {Life}: {Biological} plasticity, abnormality, and new configurations of race and reproduction},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1474-4740, 1477-0881},
	shorttitle = {Epigenetic life},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1474474014555659},
	doi = {10.1177/1474474014555659},
	abstract = {Environmental epigenetics is a ‘hot’ new field of post-genomic science investigating mechanisms that influence how genes are expressed. It offers a dynamic and non-dualistic understanding of the relationship between environments, genes, bodies, and health. We ask how this new science of biological plasticity is changing existing concepts of normality and abnormality. We find that epigenetics is contributing to a new biological (yet non-determinist) ontology of race and that the fetus and reproductive women are emerging as the central figures in this new epigenetic model of race and bodily plasticity. We find that epigenetics is a science of variation in which biological difference is figured as both normal (inevitable) and abnormal (a sign of disruption); it then seeks to improve life by identifying therapies to cure epigenetic ‘abnormalities’. In this way, epigenetics emerges as a reproductive science, in which the ‘uterine environment’ is figured as the key space–time of epigenetic becoming. We argue that in this focus on abnormality and improvement, epigenetics is tied to a eugenic logic, even as it rejects notions of genetic determinism. While it might seem that epigenetic models of plastic life should eliminate race by eliminating notions of discrete kinds given in nature, it appears that epigenetics offers a new form of racialization based on reproductive processes of becoming rather than on pre-given nature.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-10-02},
	journal = {Cultural Geographies},
	author = {Mansfield, Becky and Guthman, Julie},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {3--20},
}

Environmental epigenetics is a ‘hot’ new field of post-genomic science investigating mechanisms that influence how genes are expressed. It offers a dynamic and non-dualistic understanding of the relationship between environments, genes, bodies, and health. We ask how this new science of biological plasticity is changing existing concepts of normality and abnormality. We find that epigenetics is contributing to a new biological (yet non-determinist) ontology of race and that the fetus and reproductive women are emerging as the central figures in this new epigenetic model of race and bodily plasticity. We find that epigenetics is a science of variation in which biological difference is figured as both normal (inevitable) and abnormal (a sign of disruption); it then seeks to improve life by identifying therapies to cure epigenetic ‘abnormalities’. In this way, epigenetics emerges as a reproductive science, in which the ‘uterine environment’ is figured as the key space–time of epigenetic becoming. We argue that in this focus on abnormality and improvement, epigenetics is tied to a eugenic logic, even as it rejects notions of genetic determinism. While it might seem that epigenetic models of plastic life should eliminate race by eliminating notions of discrete kinds given in nature, it appears that epigenetics offers a new form of racialization based on reproductive processes of becoming rather than on pre-given nature.

@incollection{dedieuGoverningIgnoringProduction2015,
	title = {Governing by ignoring: {The} production and the function of the under-reporting of farm-workers’ pesticide poisoning in {French} and {Californian} regulations},
	shorttitle = {Governing by ignoring},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315867762-36/governing-ignoring-fran%C3%A7ois-dedieu-jean-no%C3%ABl-jouzel-giovanni-prete},
	urldate = {2024-11-14},
	booktitle = {Routledge international handbook of ignorance studies},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Dedieu, François and Jouzel, Jean-Noël and Prete, Giovanni},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {297--307},
}

@article{jouzelMettreMouvementAgriculteurs2015,
	title = {Mettre en mouvement les agriculteurs victimes des pesticides. Émergence et évolution d’une coalition improbable},
	volume = {111},
	issn = {0295-2319},
	shorttitle = {Mettre en mouvement les agriculteurs victimes des pesticides},
	url = {https://www.cairn.info/revue-politix-2015-3-page-175.htm},
	doi = {10.3917/pox.111.0175},
	abstract = {À partir du cas d’une association d’agriculteurs victimes des pesticides en France, nous proposons de rendre compte du rôle que jouent les coalitions politiques dans l’émergence et la pérennisation des mobilisations de victimes. Nous mettons en évidence le rôle tenu par une organisation proche de l’écologie politique dans la conversion de cas épars d’agriculteurs malades en une cause collective et dans la création d’une coalition autour de cette cause. Cette coalition a rapidement subi une série d’épreuves liées à la distance politique séparant ses membres. Nous identifions les facteurs qui lui permettent d’y résister et montrons que c’est au cours de ces épreuves que l’identité des victimes est négociée. Plus largement, cet article illustre l’intérêt d’analyser le travail de coalition dans la durée pour comprendre l’évolution des mobilisations victimaires.},
	language = {fr},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-07-07},
	journal = {Politix},
	publisher = {De Boeck Supérieur},
	author = {Jouzel, Jean-Noël and Prete, Giovanni},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Place: Louvain-la-Neuve},
	pages = {175--196},
}

À partir du cas d’une association d’agriculteurs victimes des pesticides en France, nous proposons de rendre compte du rôle que jouent les coalitions politiques dans l’émergence et la pérennisation des mobilisations de victimes. Nous mettons en évidence le rôle tenu par une organisation proche de l’écologie politique dans la conversion de cas épars d’agriculteurs malades en une cause collective et dans la création d’une coalition autour de cette cause. Cette coalition a rapidement subi une série d’épreuves liées à la distance politique séparant ses membres. Nous identifions les facteurs qui lui permettent d’y résister et montrons que c’est au cours de ces épreuves que l’identité des victimes est négociée. Plus largement, cet article illustre l’intérêt d’analyser le travail de coalition dans la durée pour comprendre l’évolution des mobilisations victimaires.

@article{dedieuCommentIgnorerCe2015,
	title = {Comment ignorer ce que l'on sait ? {La} domestication des savoirs inconfortables sur les intoxications des agriculteurs par les pesticides},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {0035-2969},
	shorttitle = {Comment ignorer ce que l'on sait ?},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/24382331},
	abstract = {Les recherches actuelles sur la construction sociale de l'ignorance soutiennent que cette dernière est soit le fruit de stratégies conscientes, soit l'effet involontaire d'un mode d'organisation de la production de connaissances. Cet article propose de dépasser cette opposition en introduisant la question de la réflexivité des acteurs des systèmes organisés qui produisent de l'ignorance : que se passe-t-il lorsque ces acteurs prennent conscience des limites des routines qui structurent leur propre action? Quelles dynamiques de changement résultent de cette prise de conscience? Le cas étudié ici est celui du dispositif de prévention des intoxications professionnelles induites par les pesticides en France. En prenant appui sur l'interdiction de l'arsenite de soude (2001), nous montrons comment ce dispositif parvient à s'accommoder des savoirs « inconfortables » susceptibles de remettre en cause ses arrangements institutionnels ordinaires. Nous mettons en évidence les mécanismes par lesquels les organisations qui produisent ces savoirs offrent à leurs membres de « bonnes raisons » de les ignorer, en désamorçant leur sens critique et en évitant d'œuvrer aux changements institutionnels qui devraient découler de leur prise en considération. Current research into the social construction of ignorance holds either that it is produced by conscious strategies or that it is an unintended effect of knowledge production organization. The present article moves beyond that opposition by bringing in the reflexivity of actors implicated in the organized systems that produce ignorance. What happens when those actors become aware of limitations in the routines that structure their action? What change dynamics are triggered by this new awareness? The case analysed here is the French public policy devoted to prevent farmers from pesticides poisoning. By studying the ban of the sodium arsenite in France in 2001, we show how this policy can manage "uncomfortable" knowledges that challenge its ordinary institutional arrangements. We bring to light the mechanisms by which the organizations that produce these uncomfortable knowledges also provide their members with "good reasons" to ignore it, defusing or neutralizing their critical faculties and avoiding undertaking the institutional changes that clearly should be made in response to that knowledge. Die heutigen Untersuchungen zur sozialen Konstruktion der Unkenntnis behaupten, daß diese entweder das Ergebnis von bewußten Strategien ist oder die unbeabsichtigte Wirkung einer Organisationsart der Wissensproduktion. Dieser Aufsatz schlägt vor, diesen Gegensatz zu überwinden und dazu die Frage der Reflexivität der Aktoren der organisierten Systeme einzubringen, die die Unkenntnis produzieren: was geschieht wenn den Aktoren die Routinegrenzen bewußt werden, die ihre eigene Aktion strukturieren? Welche Wechseldynamiken entstehen aus diesem Bewußtsein? Bei dem hier behandelten Fall geht es um die Maßnahmen zur Vorbeugung der beruflichen Vergiftungen durch Pestizide in Frankreich. Gestützt auf das Verbot des Natriumarsenits (2001) zeigen wir, wie es dieser Maßnahme gelingt, sich mit „unbequemem“ Wissen abzufinden, das ihre üblichen institutionellen Arrangements in Frage stellen könnte. Wir unterstreichen die Mechanismen mit denen die Organisationen, die dieses Wissen produzieren ihren Mitgliedern „gute Gründe“ liefern, es zu ignorieren, indem ihr Urteilsvermögen geschwächt wird. Somit wird ihre Arbeit für den institutionelle Wechsel vermieden, der aus der Berücksichtigung dieses Wissens ausgelöst werden sollte. Las actuales investigaciones sobre la construcción social de la ignorancia sostienen que esta última es el resultado de estrategias conscientes o el efecto involuntario de un modo de organización de la producción de conocimientos. Este artículo propone superar esta oposición introduciendo la problemática de la reflexibilidad de los actores de los sistemas organizados que producen ignorancia: ¿Qué pasa cuando estos actores toman conciencia de los límites de las rutinas que estructuran su propia acción? ¿Qué dinámicas de cambio resultan de esta toma de conciencia? El caso estudiado aquí es el del dispositivo de prevención de las intoxicaciones profesionales inducidas por los pesticidas en Francia. Apoyándonos en la prohibición del arsenito de sosa (2001), mostraremos cómo este dispositivo consigue adaptarse a los saberes "incómodos" susceptibles de cuestionar de nuevo los arreglos institucionales habituales. Se subrayará los mecanismos mediante los cuales las organizaciones que producen estos saberes ofrecen a sus miembros "buenas razones" de ignorarlas, desactivando su sentido crítico y evitando trabajar en los cambios institucionales que deberían resultar de su toma en consideración.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-01-25},
	journal = {Revue française de sociologie},
	publisher = {[Sciences Po University Press, Association Revue Française de Sociologie]},
	author = {Dedieu, François and Jouzel, Jean-Noël},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {105--133},
}

Les recherches actuelles sur la construction sociale de l'ignorance soutiennent que cette dernière est soit le fruit de stratégies conscientes, soit l'effet involontaire d'un mode d'organisation de la production de connaissances. Cet article propose de dépasser cette opposition en introduisant la question de la réflexivité des acteurs des systèmes organisés qui produisent de l'ignorance : que se passe-t-il lorsque ces acteurs prennent conscience des limites des routines qui structurent leur propre action? Quelles dynamiques de changement résultent de cette prise de conscience? Le cas étudié ici est celui du dispositif de prévention des intoxications professionnelles induites par les pesticides en France. En prenant appui sur l'interdiction de l'arsenite de soude (2001), nous montrons comment ce dispositif parvient à s'accommoder des savoirs « inconfortables » susceptibles de remettre en cause ses arrangements institutionnels ordinaires. Nous mettons en évidence les mécanismes par lesquels les organisations qui produisent ces savoirs offrent à leurs membres de « bonnes raisons » de les ignorer, en désamorçant leur sens critique et en évitant d'œuvrer aux changements institutionnels qui devraient découler de leur prise en considération. Current research into the social construction of ignorance holds either that it is produced by conscious strategies or that it is an unintended effect of knowledge production organization. The present article moves beyond that opposition by bringing in the reflexivity of actors implicated in the organized systems that produce ignorance. What happens when those actors become aware of limitations in the routines that structure their action? What change dynamics are triggered by this new awareness? The case analysed here is the French public policy devoted to prevent farmers from pesticides poisoning. By studying the ban of the sodium arsenite in France in 2001, we show how this policy can manage "uncomfortable" knowledges that challenge its ordinary institutional arrangements. We bring to light the mechanisms by which the organizations that produce these uncomfortable knowledges also provide their members with "good reasons" to ignore it, defusing or neutralizing their critical faculties and avoiding undertaking the institutional changes that clearly should be made in response to that knowledge. Die heutigen Untersuchungen zur sozialen Konstruktion der Unkenntnis behaupten, daß diese entweder das Ergebnis von bewußten Strategien ist oder die unbeabsichtigte Wirkung einer Organisationsart der Wissensproduktion. Dieser Aufsatz schlägt vor, diesen Gegensatz zu überwinden und dazu die Frage der Reflexivität der Aktoren der organisierten Systeme einzubringen, die die Unkenntnis produzieren: was geschieht wenn den Aktoren die Routinegrenzen bewußt werden, die ihre eigene Aktion strukturieren? Welche Wechseldynamiken entstehen aus diesem Bewußtsein? Bei dem hier behandelten Fall geht es um die Maßnahmen zur Vorbeugung der beruflichen Vergiftungen durch Pestizide in Frankreich. Gestützt auf das Verbot des Natriumarsenits (2001) zeigen wir, wie es dieser Maßnahme gelingt, sich mit „unbequemem“ Wissen abzufinden, das ihre üblichen institutionellen Arrangements in Frage stellen könnte. Wir unterstreichen die Mechanismen mit denen die Organisationen, die dieses Wissen produzieren ihren Mitgliedern „gute Gründe“ liefern, es zu ignorieren, indem ihr Urteilsvermögen geschwächt wird. Somit wird ihre Arbeit für den institutionelle Wechsel vermieden, der aus der Berücksichtigung dieses Wissens ausgelöst werden sollte. Las actuales investigaciones sobre la construcción social de la ignorancia sostienen que esta última es el resultado de estrategias conscientes o el efecto involuntario de un modo de organización de la producción de conocimientos. Este artículo propone superar esta oposición introduciendo la problemática de la reflexibilidad de los actores de los sistemas organizados que producen ignorancia: ¿Qué pasa cuando estos actores toman conciencia de los límites de las rutinas que estructuran su propia acción? ¿Qué dinámicas de cambio resultan de esta toma de conciencia? El caso estudiado aquí es el del dispositivo de prevención de las intoxicaciones profesionales inducidas por los pesticidas en Francia. Apoyándonos en la prohibición del arsenito de sosa (2001), mostraremos cómo este dispositivo consigue adaptarse a los saberes "incómodos" susceptibles de cuestionar de nuevo los arreglos institucionales habituales. Se subrayará los mecanismos mediante los cuales las organizaciones que producen estos saberes ofrecen a sus miembros "buenas razones" de ignorarlas, desactivando su sentido crítico y evitando trabajar en los cambios institucionales que deberían resultar de su toma en consideración.

@article{saxtonEthnographicMovementMethods2015,
	title = {Ethnographic movement methods: anthropology takes on the pesticide industry},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {10730451 (ISSN)},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85011980788&doi=10.2458%2fv22i1.21114&partnerID=40&md5=0e554cd7107e28d56ad377e67daf4ea3},
	doi = {10.2458/v22i1.21114},
	abstract = {In this article, I describe how the methods of anthropology proved productive and fruitful for research and environmental justice (EJ) activism against methyl iodide, a highly toxic soil fumigant pesticide used to sterilize soil before food crops like strawberries are transplanted. I continue a thread of discussion around what roles anthropology, and especially, public and applied anthropology, should play in addressing the serious problems traditionally encountered, documented, analyzed, and theorized through ethnographic research. Anthropological engagement and action on methyl iodide and other soil fumigants produced unique research opportunities and networks up and down the agricultural hierarchy, as well as spaces to contribute ethnographic labor and critical analysis and reflection to the EJ movement. While this activist approach—what I refer to as ‘ethnographic movement methods’—presented some challenges, the victorious end-result of having methyl iodide's manufacturer pull their product from the U.S. market in 2012 also demonstrated how anthropologists, in cooperation with communities confronted by environmental suffering, can work cooperatively towards alternative agricultural and ecological futures. © 2015. All Rights Reserved.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Political Ecology},
	publisher = {University of Arizona Libraries},
	author = {Saxton, D.I.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Number: 1
Place: California State University, Fresno, United States},
	keywords = {Movement, Pesticides, activism, applied anthropology, environmental justice, ethnographic movement methods, farmworkers, pesticides},
	pages = {369--388},
}

In this article, I describe how the methods of anthropology proved productive and fruitful for research and environmental justice (EJ) activism against methyl iodide, a highly toxic soil fumigant pesticide used to sterilize soil before food crops like strawberries are transplanted. I continue a thread of discussion around what roles anthropology, and especially, public and applied anthropology, should play in addressing the serious problems traditionally encountered, documented, analyzed, and theorized through ethnographic research. Anthropological engagement and action on methyl iodide and other soil fumigants produced unique research opportunities and networks up and down the agricultural hierarchy, as well as spaces to contribute ethnographic labor and critical analysis and reflection to the EJ movement. While this activist approach—what I refer to as ‘ethnographic movement methods’—presented some challenges, the victorious end-result of having methyl iodide's manufacturer pull their product from the U.S. market in 2012 also demonstrated how anthropologists, in cooperation with communities confronted by environmental suffering, can work cooperatively towards alternative agricultural and ecological futures. © 2015. All Rights Reserved.

@article{howardIntellectualPropertyConsolidation2015,
	title = {Intellectual {Property} and {Consolidation} in the {Seed} {Industry}},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {1435-0653},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2135/cropsci2014.09.0669},
	doi = {10.2135/cropsci2014.09.0669},
	abstract = {Intellectual property protections on seeds have increased dramatically in recent decades, from the granting of patent-like protections on certain types of seeds in 1970 to the enforcement of contract provisions for seeds beyond the first sale in 2013. During this same period, the seed industry has experienced rapid consolidation. Although as recently as the 1970s, it was characterized by thousands of small, mostly family-owned business, by 2011, just three agrochemical firms controlled more than half of the global proprietary seed market. These trends have resulted in rapidly increasing prices for commodity seeds and reduced farmers' ability to save seeds. Given these important negative impacts, why do these trends continue? Expanding intellectual property protections and reducing the number of competitors are strategies that the largest firms understandably employ to increase their power but government support has also been essential to their success. Policy changes have reduced the enforcement of antitrust laws and increased the enforcement of alleged intellectual property infringements. In addition, synergies between stronger intellectual property protections and consolidation have further reinforced the dominance of top firms at the expense of a freely competitive industry. A better understanding of these trends is unlikely to reverse them in the near term but may increase the effectiveness of creating alternatives to a seed oligopoly.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2022-07-05},
	journal = {Crop Science},
	author = {Howard, Philip H.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2135/cropsci2014.09.0669},
	pages = {2489--2495},
}

Intellectual property protections on seeds have increased dramatically in recent decades, from the granting of patent-like protections on certain types of seeds in 1970 to the enforcement of contract provisions for seeds beyond the first sale in 2013. During this same period, the seed industry has experienced rapid consolidation. Although as recently as the 1970s, it was characterized by thousands of small, mostly family-owned business, by 2011, just three agrochemical firms controlled more than half of the global proprietary seed market. These trends have resulted in rapidly increasing prices for commodity seeds and reduced farmers' ability to save seeds. Given these important negative impacts, why do these trends continue? Expanding intellectual property protections and reducing the number of competitors are strategies that the largest firms understandably employ to increase their power but government support has also been essential to their success. Policy changes have reduced the enforcement of antitrust laws and increased the enforcement of alleged intellectual property infringements. In addition, synergies between stronger intellectual property protections and consolidation have further reinforced the dominance of top firms at the expense of a freely competitive industry. A better understanding of these trends is unlikely to reverse them in the near term but may increase the effectiveness of creating alternatives to a seed oligopoly.

@article{campbellConfrontationsKarstAntibiocide2015,
	title = {Confrontations on {Karst}: {Antibiocide} {Activism} in the {Ozarks}, {United} {States}},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {2153-9561},
	shorttitle = {Confrontations on {Karst}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cuag.12056},
	doi = {10.1111/cuag.12056},
	abstract = {In response to unannounced herbicide spraying on electric line easements, Ozark Highlands' residents confronted their rural electric cooperative and requested they cease; and when that failed, they asked me to produce a documentary film and looked into legal recourse. This paper presents the ethnohistorical and ethnographic research foundation for the applied anthropology project that became the documentary film The Natural State of America. This includes exploration of the early 20th-century battle over chemical cattle dips for tick eradication and late 20th-century back-to-the-lander activism against U.S. Forest Service herbicide applications and the results of contemporary participant observation with activists combating their electric cooperative's spray program. The concluding discussion emphasizes environmental justice and the relationships between biocide opposition, subsistence strategies, and ecological awareness, highlighting discrepancies and common ground among the three phases of antibiocide activism.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-04-26},
	journal = {Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment},
	author = {Campbell, Brian C.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/cuag.12056},
	keywords = {Chemical geographies, activism, applied anthropology, documentary film, ecological knowledge, environmental justice, environmentalism, herbicide, history, resistance},
	pages = {96--106},
}

In response to unannounced herbicide spraying on electric line easements, Ozark Highlands' residents confronted their rural electric cooperative and requested they cease; and when that failed, they asked me to produce a documentary film and looked into legal recourse. This paper presents the ethnohistorical and ethnographic research foundation for the applied anthropology project that became the documentary film The Natural State of America. This includes exploration of the early 20th-century battle over chemical cattle dips for tick eradication and late 20th-century back-to-the-lander activism against U.S. Forest Service herbicide applications and the results of contemporary participant observation with activists combating their electric cooperative's spray program. The concluding discussion emphasizes environmental justice and the relationships between biocide opposition, subsistence strategies, and ecological awareness, highlighting discrepancies and common ground among the three phases of antibiocide activism.

@article{handfordReviewGlobalPesticide2015,
	title = {A {Review} of the {Global} {Pesticide} {Legislation} and the {Scale} of {Challenge} in {Reaching} the {Global} {Harmonization} of {Food} {Safety} {Standards}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1551-3793},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ieam.1635},
	doi = {10.1002/ieam.1635},
	abstract = {Pesticide use is important in agriculture to protect crops and improve productivity. However, pesticides have the potential to cause adverse human health or environmental effects, depending on exposure levels. This review examines existing pesticide legislation worldwide, focusing on the level of harmonization and impacts of differing legislation on food safety and trade. Pesticide legislation varies greatly worldwide, because countries have different requirements, guidelines, and legal limits for plant protection. Developed nations have more stringent regulations than developing countries, which lack the resources and expertise to adequately implement and enforce legislation. Global differences in pesticide legislation act as a technical barrier to trade. International parties such as the European Union (EU), Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex), and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have attempted to harmonize pesticide legislation by providing maximum residue limits (MRLs), but globally these limits remain variable. Globally harmonized pesticide standards would serve to increase productivity, profits, and trade and also enhance the ability to protect public health and the environment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2015;9999:1–12. © 2015 SETAC},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-11-10},
	journal = {Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management},
	author = {Handford, Caroline E and Elliott, Christopher T and Campbell, Katrina},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Food safety, Global harmonization, Legislation, Maximum residue limits, Pesticides},
	pages = {525--536},
}

Pesticide use is important in agriculture to protect crops and improve productivity. However, pesticides have the potential to cause adverse human health or environmental effects, depending on exposure levels. This review examines existing pesticide legislation worldwide, focusing on the level of harmonization and impacts of differing legislation on food safety and trade. Pesticide legislation varies greatly worldwide, because countries have different requirements, guidelines, and legal limits for plant protection. Developed nations have more stringent regulations than developing countries, which lack the resources and expertise to adequately implement and enforce legislation. Global differences in pesticide legislation act as a technical barrier to trade. International parties such as the European Union (EU), Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex), and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have attempted to harmonize pesticide legislation by providing maximum residue limits (MRLs), but globally these limits remain variable. Globally harmonized pesticide standards would serve to increase productivity, profits, and trade and also enhance the ability to protect public health and the environment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2015;9999:1–12. © 2015 SETAC

@article{messerliGeographyLargescaleLand2014,
	title = {The geography of large-scale land acquisitions: {Analysing} socio-ecological patterns of target contexts in the global {South}},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0143-6228},
	shorttitle = {The geography of large-scale land acquisitions},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143622814001611},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.07.005},
	abstract = {This paper analyses local geographical contexts targeted by transnational large-scale land acquisitions ({\textgreater}200 ha per deal) in order to understand how emerging patterns of socio-ecological characteristics can be related to processes of large-scale foreign investment in land. Using a sample of 139 land deals georeferenced with high spatial accuracy, we first analyse their target contexts in terms of land cover, population density, accessibility, and indicators for agricultural potential. Three distinct patterns emerge from the analysis: densely populated and easily accessible croplands (35\% of land deals); remote forestlands with lower population densities (34\% of land deals); and moderately populated and moderately accessible shrub- or grasslands (26\% of land deals). These patterns are consistent with processes described in the relevant case study literature, and they each involve distinct types of stakeholders and associated competition over land. We then repeat the often-cited analysis that postulates a link between land investments and target countries with abundant so-called “idle” or “marginal” lands as measured by yield gap and available suitable but uncultivated land; our methods differ from the earlier approach, however, in that we examine local context (10-km radius) rather than countries as a whole. The results show that earlier findings are disputable in terms of concepts, methods, and contents. Further, we reflect on methodologies for exploring linkages between socio-ecological patterns and land investment processes. Improving and enhancing large datasets of georeferenced land deals is an important next step; at the same time, careful choice of the spatial scale of analysis is crucial for ensuring compatibility between the spatial accuracy of land deal locations and the resolution of available geospatial data layers. Finally, we argue that new approaches and methods must be developed to empirically link socio-ecological patterns in target contexts to key determinants of land investment processes. This would help to improve the validity and the reach of our findings as an input for evidence-informed policy debates.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-05-02},
	journal = {Applied Geography},
	author = {Messerli, Peter and Giger, Markus and Dwyer, Michael B. and Breu, Thomas and Eckert, Sandra},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Geospatial analysis, Land use change, Large-scale land acquisitions, Socio-ecological indicators},
	pages = {449--459},
}

This paper analyses local geographical contexts targeted by transnational large-scale land acquisitions (\textgreater200 ha per deal) in order to understand how emerging patterns of socio-ecological characteristics can be related to processes of large-scale foreign investment in land. Using a sample of 139 land deals georeferenced with high spatial accuracy, we first analyse their target contexts in terms of land cover, population density, accessibility, and indicators for agricultural potential. Three distinct patterns emerge from the analysis: densely populated and easily accessible croplands (35% of land deals); remote forestlands with lower population densities (34% of land deals); and moderately populated and moderately accessible shrub- or grasslands (26% of land deals). These patterns are consistent with processes described in the relevant case study literature, and they each involve distinct types of stakeholders and associated competition over land. We then repeat the often-cited analysis that postulates a link between land investments and target countries with abundant so-called “idle” or “marginal” lands as measured by yield gap and available suitable but uncultivated land; our methods differ from the earlier approach, however, in that we examine local context (10-km radius) rather than countries as a whole. The results show that earlier findings are disputable in terms of concepts, methods, and contents. Further, we reflect on methodologies for exploring linkages between socio-ecological patterns and land investment processes. Improving and enhancing large datasets of georeferenced land deals is an important next step; at the same time, careful choice of the spatial scale of analysis is crucial for ensuring compatibility between the spatial accuracy of land deal locations and the resolution of available geospatial data layers. Finally, we argue that new approaches and methods must be developed to empirically link socio-ecological patterns in target contexts to key determinants of land investment processes. This would help to improve the validity and the reach of our findings as an input for evidence-informed policy debates.

@article{suryanarayananBeekeepersCollectiveResistance2014,
	title = {Beekeepers’ {Collective} {Resistance} and the {Politics} of {Pesticide} {Regulation} in {France} and the {United} {States}},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {978-1-78350-668-2},
	doi = {10.1108/S0198-871920140000027011},
	abstract = {This paper utilizes controversies over the role of a set of insecticides in mass honey bee die-offs in two different national contexts--France and the United States--in order to understand the science-state nexus in a comparative manner. On the one hand, the French government in 1999 and 2004 suspended the commercial use of the insecticidal products that beekeepers suspected of causing the honey bee declines. On the other hand, the US government has to date refused to heed beekeepers’ calls to limit the usage of the very same set of insecticides. We examine why the governments of France and the United States came to contrasting conclusions regarding broadly similar techno-scientific issues. The divergent outcomes, we argue, are not simply the result of pre-determined differences in the two states’ regulatory paradigms (with France being ‘precautionary,’ and the US adhering to a ‘sound science’ approach), but are underpinned by divergent forms of beekeepers’ resistance. The paper further sheds light on non-state actors’ use of science and state to contest state (in)action by analyzing how historically influenced differences in state structures, the relational dynamics of beekeepers’ and farmers’ organizations, and the epistemic cultures of honey bee knowledge production, shaped different forms of resistance and influence in France and the US.},
	journal = {Political Power and Social Theory},
	author = {Suryanarayanan, Sainath and Kleinman, Daniel},
	month = aug,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {89--122},
}

This paper utilizes controversies over the role of a set of insecticides in mass honey bee die-offs in two different national contexts–France and the United States–in order to understand the science-state nexus in a comparative manner. On the one hand, the French government in 1999 and 2004 suspended the commercial use of the insecticidal products that beekeepers suspected of causing the honey bee declines. On the other hand, the US government has to date refused to heed beekeepers’ calls to limit the usage of the very same set of insecticides. We examine why the governments of France and the United States came to contrasting conclusions regarding broadly similar techno-scientific issues. The divergent outcomes, we argue, are not simply the result of pre-determined differences in the two states’ regulatory paradigms (with France being ‘precautionary,’ and the US adhering to a ‘sound science’ approach), but are underpinned by divergent forms of beekeepers’ resistance. The paper further sheds light on non-state actors’ use of science and state to contest state (in)action by analyzing how historically influenced differences in state structures, the relational dynamics of beekeepers’ and farmers’ organizations, and the epistemic cultures of honey bee knowledge production, shaped different forms of resistance and influence in France and the US.

@article{salarisAgriculteursVictimesPesticides2014,
	title = {Agriculteurs victimes des pesticides : une nouvelle mobilisation collective en santé au travail},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/},
	issn = {2495-7593},
	shorttitle = {Agriculteurs victimes des pesticides},
	url = {https://journals.openedition.org/nrt/1480},
	doi = {10.4000/nrt.1480},
	abstract = {L’organisation récente d’un certain nombre d’agriculteurs en association de victimes des pesticides témoigne de l’engagement nouveau de ces professionnels, classiquement absents du champ des mobilisations dans le domaine de la santé au travail. Alors même qu’elle peut apparaître contradictoire avec leurs pratiques antérieures, la mobilisation de ces agriculteurs permet pourtant de mettre en avant des enjeux de domination spécifiques à ce secteur. Ces enjeux de domination sont à l’origine de résistances à la publicisation réelle du problème « pesticides ». Ils éludent par ailleurs la problématisation de cette question comme véritable enjeu de santé au travail. Mais grâce à un travail de collectivisation de la peine et des expériences, ce regroupement victimaire semble être parvenu à mettre en place une réelle stratégie collective de dénonciation de ce problème. Les agriculteurs phytovictimes semblent ainsi s’imposer comme des acteurs majeurs du processus de prise de conscience autour de la question des pesticides et comme des acteurs inédits de ce nouvel enjeu de santé au travail.},
	language = {fr},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	journal = {La nouvelle revue du travail},
	author = {Salaris, Coline},
	month = may,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {agriculteurs, mobilisations, politisation, produits phytosanitaires, victimisation},
}

L’organisation récente d’un certain nombre d’agriculteurs en association de victimes des pesticides témoigne de l’engagement nouveau de ces professionnels, classiquement absents du champ des mobilisations dans le domaine de la santé au travail. Alors même qu’elle peut apparaître contradictoire avec leurs pratiques antérieures, la mobilisation de ces agriculteurs permet pourtant de mettre en avant des enjeux de domination spécifiques à ce secteur. Ces enjeux de domination sont à l’origine de résistances à la publicisation réelle du problème « pesticides ». Ils éludent par ailleurs la problématisation de cette question comme véritable enjeu de santé au travail. Mais grâce à un travail de collectivisation de la peine et des expériences, ce regroupement victimaire semble être parvenu à mettre en place une réelle stratégie collective de dénonciation de ce problème. Les agriculteurs phytovictimes semblent ainsi s’imposer comme des acteurs majeurs du processus de prise de conscience autour de la question des pesticides et comme des acteurs inédits de ce nouvel enjeu de santé au travail.

@article{boonePesticideRegulationInfluence2014,
	title = {Pesticide {Regulation} amid the {Influence} of {Industry}},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {0006-3568},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biu138},
	doi = {10.1093/biosci/biu138},
	abstract = {Pesticide use results in the widespread distribution of chemical contaminants, which necessites regulatory agencies to assess the risks to environmental and human health. However, risk assessment is compromised when relatively few studies are used to determine impacts, particularly if most of the data used in an assessment are produced by a pesticide's manufacturer, which constitutes a conflict of interest. Here, we present the shortcomings of the US Environmental Protection Agency's pesticide risk assessment process, using the recent reassessment of atrazine's impacts on amphibians as an example. We then offer solutions to improve the risk assessment process, which would reduce the potential for and perception of bias in a process that is crucial for environmental and human health.},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2019-08-13},
	journal = {BioScience},
	author = {Boone, Michelle D. and Bishop, Christine A. and Boswell, Leigh A. and Brodman, Robert D. and Burger, Joanna and Davidson, Carlos and Gochfeld, Michael and Hoverman, Jason T. and Neuman-Lee, Lorin A. and Relyea, Rick A. and Rohr, Jason R. and Salice, Christopher and Semlitsch, Raymond D. and Sparling, Donald and Weir, Scott},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Corporate capture, Pesticide, Pesticide regulations, Regulation, Risk},
	pages = {917--922},
}

Pesticide use results in the widespread distribution of chemical contaminants, which necessites regulatory agencies to assess the risks to environmental and human health. However, risk assessment is compromised when relatively few studies are used to determine impacts, particularly if most of the data used in an assessment are produced by a pesticide's manufacturer, which constitutes a conflict of interest. Here, we present the shortcomings of the US Environmental Protection Agency's pesticide risk assessment process, using the recent reassessment of atrazine's impacts on amphibians as an example. We then offer solutions to improve the risk assessment process, which would reduce the potential for and perception of bias in a process that is crucial for environmental and human health.

@incollection{krimskyLowdoseToxicologyNarratives2014,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Low-dose toxicology: {Narratives} from the science-transcience interface},
	booktitle = {Powerless science? {Science} and politics in a toxic world},
	publisher = {Berghahn},
	author = {Krimsky, Sheldon},
	editor = {Boudia, S. and Jas, N.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {234--53},
}

@article{romeroAgroquimicosConcentracionDependencia2014,
	title = {Los agroquímicos: concentración y dependencia en la {Argentina} (1976-2014)},
	volume = {41},
	abstract = {Las agroindustrias de insumos pueden desagregarse en tres grandes grupos: fertilizantes, semillas (híbridas y transgénicas) y fitosanita- rios (herbicidas, fungicidas, insecticidas, curasemillas y acaricidas). Estos insumos de origen industrial han incidido en la modificación del perfil tecnológico del agro mundial y nacional e influido en el incremento de la producción y los rendimientos de los principales cultivos. Las grandes empresas transnacionales que controlan los mercados a escala global han alcanzado un rol dominante en la provisión de los principales insumos agroindustriales y biotecnología para el agro pampeano, extrayendo cuantiosos beneficios del territorio, y acentuando la integración vertical del complejo agroindustrial y la dependencia de los productores rurales respecto a las grandes em- presas proveedoras de semillas y paquetes tecnológicos. Este artículo tiene por objetivo general analizar, explicar y ponderar la estructura y dinámica del mercado de agroquímicos desde 1976 a 2014, a la vez que examinar las implicancias de esta configuración tanto en el plano económico como en el juego de intereses y la toma de decisiones políticas.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Revista Interdisciplinaria de Estudios Agrarios},
	author = {Romero, Fernando Gabriel},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Argentina, Latin America},
	pages = {59 -- 101},
}

Las agroindustrias de insumos pueden desagregarse en tres grandes grupos: fertilizantes, semillas (híbridas y transgénicas) y fitosanita- rios (herbicidas, fungicidas, insecticidas, curasemillas y acaricidas). Estos insumos de origen industrial han incidido en la modificación del perfil tecnológico del agro mundial y nacional e influido en el incremento de la producción y los rendimientos de los principales cultivos. Las grandes empresas transnacionales que controlan los mercados a escala global han alcanzado un rol dominante en la provisión de los principales insumos agroindustriales y biotecnología para el agro pampeano, extrayendo cuantiosos beneficios del territorio, y acentuando la integración vertical del complejo agroindustrial y la dependencia de los productores rurales respecto a las grandes em- presas proveedoras de semillas y paquetes tecnológicos. Este artículo tiene por objetivo general analizar, explicar y ponderar la estructura y dinámica del mercado de agroquímicos desde 1976 a 2014, a la vez que examinar las implicancias de esta configuración tanto en el plano económico como en el juego de intereses y la toma de decisiones políticas.

@article{lekeiFarmersKnowledgePractices2014,
	title = {Farmers' knowledge, practices and injuries associated with pesticide exposure in rural farming villages in {Tanzania}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1471-2458},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-389},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-14-389},
	abstract = {Pesticides in Tanzania are extensively used for pest control in agriculture. Their usage and unsafe handling practices may potentially result in high farmer exposures and adverse health effects.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-01-25},
	journal = {BMC Public Health},
	author = {Lekei, Elikana E. and Ngowi, Aiwerasia V. and London, Leslie},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Associated injuries, Exposure, Farmers, Knowledge, Pesticide poisoning, Tanzania},
	pages = {389},
}

Pesticides in Tanzania are extensively used for pest control in agriculture. Their usage and unsafe handling practices may potentially result in high farmer exposures and adverse health effects.

@book{galtFoodSystemsUnequal2014,
	address = {Tucson},
	title = {Food {Systems} in an {Unequal} {World}: {Pesticides}, vegetables, and agrarian capitalism in {Costa} {Rica}},
	isbn = {0-8165-0603-5},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {University of Arizona Press},
	author = {Galt, Ryan E.},
	year = {2014},
}

@phdthesis{belliveau-thompsonPoliticalResponsesEnvironmental2014,
	type = {Thesis},
	title = {Political {Responses} to {Environmental} {Activism} {Tactics}: {A} matrix analysis approach using case studies from the anti-pesticide movement in eastern {Canada} between 1960-2000},
	shorttitle = {Political {Responses} to {Environmental} {Activism} {Tactics}},
	url = {https://DalSpace.library.dal.ca//handle/10222/50388},
	abstract = {Despite scientific and social support, campaigns of the environmental movement often struggle to gain political traction. This research explores political responses to environmental activism using a matrix analysis approach that compares various activism tactics with six designations of potential political response in order to better understand the relationship between activism tactics and the polity, and to consider the relevance of Antonio Gramsci’s Counter-Hegemonic theory within the environmental movement. Case studies are drawn from five campaigns within eastern Canada’s anti-pesticide spraying movement between 1960-2000, largely collected from the archives of the Ecology Action Centre. Discussion of the case study results suggest that Gramsci’s indicators of successful counter-hegemony do not appear to affect the overall likelihood of receiving a political response, but that some individual tactics or trends in tactical approach consistently appear more advantageous. A critical analysis of the method also reflects on the matrices’ ability to synthesize information about complex and interconnected events, so that they can be displayed, understood, and compared visually, while also maintaining their complexity and narrative depth. This research provides an interdisciplinary analysis approach, applies activism theory to tactics and events as the intersection between polity and activism, and also adds to the understanding of environmental activism within the Canadian context.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-01-26},
	author = {Belliveau-Thompson, Emilia},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Accepted: 2014-04-29T11:01:22Z},
}

Despite scientific and social support, campaigns of the environmental movement often struggle to gain political traction. This research explores political responses to environmental activism using a matrix analysis approach that compares various activism tactics with six designations of potential political response in order to better understand the relationship between activism tactics and the polity, and to consider the relevance of Antonio Gramsci’s Counter-Hegemonic theory within the environmental movement. Case studies are drawn from five campaigns within eastern Canada’s anti-pesticide spraying movement between 1960-2000, largely collected from the archives of the Ecology Action Centre. Discussion of the case study results suggest that Gramsci’s indicators of successful counter-hegemony do not appear to affect the overall likelihood of receiving a political response, but that some individual tactics or trends in tactical approach consistently appear more advantageous. A critical analysis of the method also reflects on the matrices’ ability to synthesize information about complex and interconnected events, so that they can be displayed, understood, and compared visually, while also maintaining their complexity and narrative depth. This research provides an interdisciplinary analysis approach, applies activism theory to tactics and events as the intersection between polity and activism, and also adds to the understanding of environmental activism within the Canadian context.

@article{jouzelMaladiesProfessionnellesPesticides2014,
	title = {Maladies professionnelles et pesticides : les causes d’une méconnaissance},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1635-0421},
	shorttitle = {Maladies professionnelles et pesticides},
	url = {http://www.jle.com/fr/revues/ers/e-docs/maladies_professionnelles_et_pesticides_les_causes_dune_meconnaissance_302203/article.phtml?tab=texte},
	doi = {10.1684/ers.2014.0712},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-01-15},
	journal = {Environnement, Risques \& Santé},
	author = {Jouzel, Jean-Noël},
	month = jul,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {331--335},
}

@book{davisBannedHistoryPesticides2014,
	title = {Banned: {A} {History} of {Pesticides} and the {Science} of {Toxicology}},
	isbn = {978-0-300-21037-8},
	shorttitle = {Banned},
	abstract = {Rachel Carson’s eloquent book Silent Spring stands as one of the most important books of the twentieth century and inspired important and long-lasting changes in environmental science and government policy. Frederick Rowe Davis thoughtfully sets Carson’s study in the context of the twentieth century, reconsiders her achievement, and analyzes its legacy in light of toxic chemical use and regulation today.   Davis examines the history of pesticide development alongside the evolution of the science of toxicology and tracks legislation governing exposure to chemicals across the twentieth century. He affirms the brilliance of Carson’s careful scientific interpretations drawing on data from university and government toxicologists. Although Silent Spring instigated legislation that successfully terminated DDT use, other warnings were ignored. Ironically, we replaced one poison with even more toxic ones. Davis concludes that we urgently need new thinking about how we evaluate and regulate pesticides in accounting for their ecological and human toll.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Yale University Press},
	author = {Davis, Frederick Rowe},
	month = nov,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: kuIdBQAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {Nature / Ecology, Science / Chemistry / Toxicology, Science / Environmental Science},
}

Rachel Carson’s eloquent book Silent Spring stands as one of the most important books of the twentieth century and inspired important and long-lasting changes in environmental science and government policy. Frederick Rowe Davis thoughtfully sets Carson’s study in the context of the twentieth century, reconsiders her achievement, and analyzes its legacy in light of toxic chemical use and regulation today.   Davis examines the history of pesticide development alongside the evolution of the science of toxicology and tracks legislation governing exposure to chemicals across the twentieth century. He affirms the brilliance of Carson’s careful scientific interpretations drawing on data from university and government toxicologists. Although Silent Spring instigated legislation that successfully terminated DDT use, other warnings were ignored. Ironically, we replaced one poison with even more toxic ones. Davis concludes that we urgently need new thinking about how we evaluate and regulate pesticides in accounting for their ecological and human toll.

@article{gianessiIncreasingImportanceHerbicides2013,
	title = {The increasing importance of herbicides in worldwide crop production},
	volume = {69},
	issn = {1526-498X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ps.3598},
	doi = {10.1002/ps.3598},
	abstract = {Abstract Herbicide use is increasingly being adopted around the world. Many developing countries (India, China, Bangladesh) are facing shortages of workers to hand weed fields as millions of people move from rural to urban areas. In these countries, herbicides are far cheaper and more readily available than labor for hand weeding. History shows that in industrializing countries in the past, including the United States, Germany, Japan and South Korea, the same phenomenon has occurred—as workers have left agriculture, herbicides have been adopted. It is inevitable that herbicide use will increase in sub-Saharan Africa, not only because millions of people are leaving rural areas, creating shortages of hand weeders, but also because of the need to increase crop yields. Hand weeding has never been a very efficient method of weed control—often performed too late and not frequently enough. Uncontrolled weeds have been a major cause of low crop yields in sub-Saharan Africa for a long time. In many parts of the world, herbicides are being increasingly used to replace tillage in order to improve environmental conditions. In comparison with tillage, herbicide use reduces erosion, fuel use, greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient run-off and conserves water. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Pest Management Science},
	author = {Gianessi, Leonard P},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Agricultural development, Food production, Herbicide, LMICs, Pesticide footprint, herbicides, labor, maize, rice, weeds, wheat, yields},
	pages = {1099--1105},
}

Abstract Herbicide use is increasingly being adopted around the world. Many developing countries (India, China, Bangladesh) are facing shortages of workers to hand weed fields as millions of people move from rural to urban areas. In these countries, herbicides are far cheaper and more readily available than labor for hand weeding. History shows that in industrializing countries in the past, including the United States, Germany, Japan and South Korea, the same phenomenon has occurred—as workers have left agriculture, herbicides have been adopted. It is inevitable that herbicide use will increase in sub-Saharan Africa, not only because millions of people are leaving rural areas, creating shortages of hand weeders, but also because of the need to increase crop yields. Hand weeding has never been a very efficient method of weed control—often performed too late and not frequently enough. Uncontrolled weeds have been a major cause of low crop yields in sub-Saharan Africa for a long time. In many parts of the world, herbicides are being increasingly used to replace tillage in order to improve environmental conditions. In comparison with tillage, herbicide use reduces erosion, fuel use, greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient run-off and conserves water. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry

@article{rios-gonzalezPesticideRiskPerceptions2013,
	title = {Pesticide {Risk} {Perceptions} and the {Differences} between {Farmers} and {Extensionists}: {Towards} a knowledge-in-context model},
	volume = {124},
	issn = {0013-9351},
	shorttitle = {Pesticide risk perceptions and the differences between farmers and extensionists},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935113000650},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2013.03.006},
	abstract = {A growing body of literature analyzes farmer perceptions of pesticide risk, but much less attention has been given to differences in risk perception between farmers and technical experts. Furthermore, inconsistencies in knowledge have too easily been explained in terms of lack of knowledge rather than exploring the underlying reasons for particular forms of thinking about pesticide risks. By doing this, the division between expert and lay knowledge has been deepened rather than transcended. This study aims to understand differences and similarities among the perceptions of pesticide risks of farmers, farm workers, and technical experts such as extensionists, by applying a social science approach towards knowledge and risk attitudes. Semi-structured interviews and field observations were conducted to smallholders, farm workers, extensionists, health professionals and scientists involved in the use and handling of pesticides. Subsequently, a survey was carried out to quantify the farmers and extensionists' acceptance or rejection of typical assertions expressed previously in the semi-structured interviews. Smallholders showed to gain knowledge from their own experiences and to adapt pesticides practices, which is a potential basis for transforming notions of pesticide safety and risk reduction strategies. Though extensionists have received formal education, they sometimes develop ideas deviating from the technical perspective. The risk perception of the studied actors appeared to vary according to their role in the agricultural labor process; they varied much less than expected according to their schooling level. Commitment to the technical perspective is not dramatically different for extensionists on the one hand and farmers as well as farm workers on the other hand. Ideas about a supposed lack of knowledge by farmers and the need of formal training are too much driven by a deficit model of knowledge. Further research on risk perceptions of pesticides and training of rural people will benefit from the development of a knowledge-in-context model.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Environmental Research},
	author = {Ríos-González, Adriana and Jansen, Kees and Javier Sánchez-Pérez, Héctor},
	month = jul,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Blaming, Knowledge-in-context, Pesticides, Risk perception, Schooling, Social perspective},
	pages = {43--53},
}

A growing body of literature analyzes farmer perceptions of pesticide risk, but much less attention has been given to differences in risk perception between farmers and technical experts. Furthermore, inconsistencies in knowledge have too easily been explained in terms of lack of knowledge rather than exploring the underlying reasons for particular forms of thinking about pesticide risks. By doing this, the division between expert and lay knowledge has been deepened rather than transcended. This study aims to understand differences and similarities among the perceptions of pesticide risks of farmers, farm workers, and technical experts such as extensionists, by applying a social science approach towards knowledge and risk attitudes. Semi-structured interviews and field observations were conducted to smallholders, farm workers, extensionists, health professionals and scientists involved in the use and handling of pesticides. Subsequently, a survey was carried out to quantify the farmers and extensionists' acceptance or rejection of typical assertions expressed previously in the semi-structured interviews. Smallholders showed to gain knowledge from their own experiences and to adapt pesticides practices, which is a potential basis for transforming notions of pesticide safety and risk reduction strategies. Though extensionists have received formal education, they sometimes develop ideas deviating from the technical perspective. The risk perception of the studied actors appeared to vary according to their role in the agricultural labor process; they varied much less than expected according to their schooling level. Commitment to the technical perspective is not dramatically different for extensionists on the one hand and farmers as well as farm workers on the other hand. Ideas about a supposed lack of knowledge by farmers and the need of formal training are too much driven by a deficit model of knowledge. Further research on risk perceptions of pesticides and training of rural people will benefit from the development of a knowledge-in-context model.

@book{holmesFreshFruitBroken2013,
	title = {Fresh {Fruit}, {Broken} {Bodies}: {Migrant} {Farmworkers} in the {United} {States}},
	isbn = {978-0-520-27514-0},
	shorttitle = {Fresh {Fruit}, {Broken} {Bodies}},
	abstract = {This book is an ethnographic witness to the everyday lives and suffering of Mexican migrants. Based on five years of research in the field (including berry-picking and traveling with migrants back and forth from Oaxaca up the West Coast), Holmes, an anthropologist and MD in the mold of Paul Farmer and Didier Fassin, uncovers how market forces, anti-immigrant sentiment, and racism undermine health and health care. Holmes' material is visceral and powerful?for instance, he trekked with his informants illegally through the desert border into Arizona, where they were apprehended and jailed by the Border Patrol. After he was released from jail (and his companions were deported back to Mexico), Holmes interviewed Border Patrol agents, local residents, and armed vigilantes in the borderlands. He lived with indigenous Mexican families in the mountains of Oaxaca and in farm labor camps in the United States, planted and harvested corn, picked strawberries, accompanied sick workers to clinics and hospitals, participated in healing rituals, and mourned at funerals for friends. The result is a "thick description" that conveys the full measure of struggle, suffering, and resilience of these farmworkers.  Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies weds the theoretical analysis of the anthropologist with the intimacy of the journalist to provide a compelling examination of structural and symbolic violence, medicalization, and the clinical gaze as they affect the experiences and perceptions of a vertical slice of indigenous Mexican migrant farmworkers, farm owners, doctors, and nurses. This reflexive, embodied anthropology deepens our theoretical understanding of the ways in which socially structured suffering comes to be perceived as normal and natural in society and in health care, especially through imputations of ethnic body difference. In the vehement debates on immigration reform and health reform, this book provides the necessary stories of real people and insights into our food system and health care system for us to move forward to fair policies and solutions.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Univ of California Press},
	author = {Holmes, Seth},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: wbMwDwAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {Social Science / Anthropology / Cultural \& Social},
}

This book is an ethnographic witness to the everyday lives and suffering of Mexican migrants. Based on five years of research in the field (including berry-picking and traveling with migrants back and forth from Oaxaca up the West Coast), Holmes, an anthropologist and MD in the mold of Paul Farmer and Didier Fassin, uncovers how market forces, anti-immigrant sentiment, and racism undermine health and health care. Holmes' material is visceral and powerful?for instance, he trekked with his informants illegally through the desert border into Arizona, where they were apprehended and jailed by the Border Patrol. After he was released from jail (and his companions were deported back to Mexico), Holmes interviewed Border Patrol agents, local residents, and armed vigilantes in the borderlands. He lived with indigenous Mexican families in the mountains of Oaxaca and in farm labor camps in the United States, planted and harvested corn, picked strawberries, accompanied sick workers to clinics and hospitals, participated in healing rituals, and mourned at funerals for friends. The result is a "thick description" that conveys the full measure of struggle, suffering, and resilience of these farmworkers. Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies weds the theoretical analysis of the anthropologist with the intimacy of the journalist to provide a compelling examination of structural and symbolic violence, medicalization, and the clinical gaze as they affect the experiences and perceptions of a vertical slice of indigenous Mexican migrant farmworkers, farm owners, doctors, and nurses. This reflexive, embodied anthropology deepens our theoretical understanding of the ways in which socially structured suffering comes to be perceived as normal and natural in society and in health care, especially through imputations of ethnic body difference. In the vehement debates on immigration reform and health reform, this book provides the necessary stories of real people and insights into our food system and health care system for us to move forward to fair policies and solutions.

@article{kleinmanDyingBeesSocial2013,
	title = {Dying {Bees} and the {Social} {Production} of {Ignorance}},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {0162-2439},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243912442575},
	doi = {10.1177/0162243912442575},
	abstract = {This article utilizes the ongoing debates over the role of certain agricultural insecticides in causing Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD)—the phenomenon of accelerated bee die-offs in the United States and elsewhere—as an opportunity to contribute to the emerging literature on the social production of ignorance. In our effort to understand the social contexts that shape knowledge/nonknowledge production in this case, we develop the concept of epistemic form. Epistemic form is the suite of concepts, methods, measures, and interpretations that shapes the ways in which actors produce knowledge and ignorance in their professional/intellectual fields of practice. In the CCD controversy, we examine how the (historically influenced) privileging of certain epistemic forms intersects with the social dynamics of academic, regulatory, and corporate organizations to lead to the institutionalization of three interrelated and overlapping types of ignorance. We consider the effects of these types of ignorance on US regulatory policy and on the lives of different stakeholders.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-03-31},
	journal = {Science, Technology, \& Human Values},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc},
	author = {Kleinman, Daniel Lee and Suryanarayanan, Sainath},
	month = jul,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {492--517},
}

This article utilizes the ongoing debates over the role of certain agricultural insecticides in causing Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD)—the phenomenon of accelerated bee die-offs in the United States and elsewhere—as an opportunity to contribute to the emerging literature on the social production of ignorance. In our effort to understand the social contexts that shape knowledge/nonknowledge production in this case, we develop the concept of epistemic form. Epistemic form is the suite of concepts, methods, measures, and interpretations that shapes the ways in which actors produce knowledge and ignorance in their professional/intellectual fields of practice. In the CCD controversy, we examine how the (historically influenced) privileging of certain epistemic forms intersects with the social dynamics of academic, regulatory, and corporate organizations to lead to the institutionalization of three interrelated and overlapping types of ignorance. We consider the effects of these types of ignorance on US regulatory policy and on the lives of different stakeholders.

@article{nicourtViticulteursTechniciensViticoles2013,
	title = {Viticulteurs et techniciens viticoles face à leur exposition aux pesticides},
	volume = {333},
	issn = {0013-0559},
	url = {https://www.cairn.info/revue-economie-rurale-2013-1-page-11.htm},
	doi = {10.4000/economierurale.3789},
	abstract = {RésuméPourquoi des techniciens viticoles, moins exposés professionnellement aux pesticides que les viticulteurs, mettent-ils en place des stratégies collectives de protection, tandis que ces derniers, à première vue, ne semblent pas en avoir ? Nous soutiendrons l’hypothèse que tous cherchent à limiter une exposition sanitaire qu’ils ne peuvent exclure. L’objet de ce texte vise à comprendre, comparer et décrire leurs stratégies prudentielles.},
	language = {fr},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-04-01},
	journal = {Économie rurale},
	publisher = {Société française d’économie rurale},
	author = {Nicourt, Christian and Girault, Jean-Max},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Place: Paris},
	keywords = {métier, pesticides, travail, viticulture},
	pages = {11--25},
}

RésuméPourquoi des techniciens viticoles, moins exposés professionnellement aux pesticides que les viticulteurs, mettent-ils en place des stratégies collectives de protection, tandis que ces derniers, à première vue, ne semblent pas en avoir ? Nous soutiendrons l’hypothèse que tous cherchent à limiter une exposition sanitaire qu’ils ne peuvent exclure. L’objet de ce texte vise à comprendre, comparer et décrire leurs stratégies prudentielles.

@incollection{barriModeloAgronegocioArgentina2013,
	address = {Buenos Aires},
	title = {El {Modelo} del "{Agronegocio}" en la {Argentina}: {El} paradigma cientificista-tecnológico},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {Actividades {Extractivas} en {Expansión}: ¿{Reprimarización} de la economía {Argentina}?},
	publisher = {Antropofagia},
	author = {Barri, Fernando and Wahren, Juan},
	editor = {Giarracca, Norma and Teubal, Miguel},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Argentina},
	pages = {73--96},
}

@article{barrazaSocialMovementsRisk2013,
	title = {Social movements and risk perception: {Unions}, churches, pesticides and bananas in {Costa} {Rica}},
	volume = {19},
	shorttitle = {Social movements and risk perception},
	doi = {10.1179/2049396712Y.0000000018},
	abstract = {Between 1992 and 2010 in the Costa Rican Caribbean, a social movement coalition called Foro Emaús sought to change people's view on problems of high pesticide use in banana production.
To understand the formation and membership of Foro Emaús, its success period, and its decline.
Semi-structured interviews of 28 key actors; a questionnaire survey among school personnel (n = 475) in Siquirres, Matina, and Talamanca counties; and secondary data from newspapers, leaflets, and movement documents were used.
Foro Emaús developed activism around pesticide issues and put pressure on governmental agencies and banana companies and shaped people's perception of pesticide risks. The success of the Foro Emaús movement led to the reinforcement of a counteracting social movement (Solidarismo) by conservative sectors of the Catholic Church and the banana companies. We found that the participation of unions in Foro Emaús is an early example of social movement unionism.
Scientific pesticide risk analysis is not the only force that shapes emerging societal perceptions of pesticide risk. Social movements influence the priority given to particular risks and can be crucial in putting health and environmental risk issues on the political and research agenda.},
	journal = {International journal of occupational and environmental health},
	author = {Barraza, Douglas and Jansen, Kees and Joode, Berna and Wesseling, Catharina},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {11--21},
}

Between 1992 and 2010 in the Costa Rican Caribbean, a social movement coalition called Foro Emaús sought to change people's view on problems of high pesticide use in banana production. To understand the formation and membership of Foro Emaús, its success period, and its decline. Semi-structured interviews of 28 key actors; a questionnaire survey among school personnel (n = 475) in Siquirres, Matina, and Talamanca counties; and secondary data from newspapers, leaflets, and movement documents were used. Foro Emaús developed activism around pesticide issues and put pressure on governmental agencies and banana companies and shaped people's perception of pesticide risks. The success of the Foro Emaús movement led to the reinforcement of a counteracting social movement (Solidarismo) by conservative sectors of the Catholic Church and the banana companies. We found that the participation of unions in Foro Emaús is an early example of social movement unionism. Scientific pesticide risk analysis is not the only force that shapes emerging societal perceptions of pesticide risk. Social movements influence the priority given to particular risks and can be crucial in putting health and environmental risk issues on the political and research agenda.

@article{pelaezRegulationPesticidesComparative2013,
	title = {Regulation of pesticides: {A} comparative analysis*},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0302-3427},
	shorttitle = {Regulation of pesticides},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/sct020},
	doi = {10.1093/scipol/sct020},
	abstract = {This paper compares three internationally representative regulatory frameworks for pesticides. We look first at the USA, which shifted regulatory powers from the US Department of Agriculture to the Environmental Protection Agency in the early 1970s, during a historical transition from a predominantly economic to a predominantly social regulatory model. The second country is Brazil, currently the world’s largest consumer of pesticides, followed by the USA in second place. In the early 1990s, Brazil’s new regulatory model adopted a troika of decision-making ministries (agriculture, health and environment), with the prevalence of economic over social-environmental interests. The third case is the regulatory framework adopted in 2011 by the EU, where shifts in risk-assessment criteria and corporate financial liability reveal a prevalence of concerns involving social-environmental regulation.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-11-11},
	journal = {Science and Public Policy},
	author = {Pelaez, Victor and da Silva, Letícia Rodrigues and Araújo, Eduardo Borges},
	month = oct,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {644--656},
}

This paper compares three internationally representative regulatory frameworks for pesticides. We look first at the USA, which shifted regulatory powers from the US Department of Agriculture to the Environmental Protection Agency in the early 1970s, during a historical transition from a predominantly economic to a predominantly social regulatory model. The second country is Brazil, currently the world’s largest consumer of pesticides, followed by the USA in second place. In the early 1990s, Brazil’s new regulatory model adopted a troika of decision-making ministries (agriculture, health and environment), with the prevalence of economic over social-environmental interests. The third case is the regulatory framework adopted in 2011 by the EU, where shifts in risk-assessment criteria and corporate financial liability reveal a prevalence of concerns involving social-environmental regulation.

@article{suryanarayananBeecomingExpertsControversy2013,
	title = {Be(e)coming experts: {The} controversy over insecticides in the honey bee colony collapse disorder},
	volume = {43},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/43284180},
	abstract = {In this article, we explore the politics of expertise in an ongoing controversy in the U States over the role of certain insecticides in colony collapse disorder - a phenomenon inv mass die-offs of honey bees. Numerous long-time commercial beekeepers contend that systemic agricultural insecticides are a crucial part of the cocktail of factors responsib colony collapse disorder. Many scientists actively researching colony collapse disorder rej beekeepers' claims, citing the lack of conclusive evidence from field experiments by aca and industry toxicologists. US Environmental Protection Agency regulators, in turn, privile latters' approach to the issue, and use the lack of conclusive evidence of systemic insect role in colony collapse disorder to justify permitting these chemicals to remain on the m Drawing on semistructured interviews with key players in the controversy, as well as publ documents and ethnographic data, we show how a set of research norms and practices agricultural entomology came to dominate the investigation of the links between pesti and honey bee health, and how the epistemologica! dominance of these norms and pr served to marginalize the knowledge claims and policy positions of commercial beekeepers i colony collapse disorder controversy. We conclude with a discussion of how the colony c disorder case can help us think about the nature and politics of expertise.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Social Studies of Science},
	author = {Suryanarayanan, Sainath and Kleinman, Daniel Lee},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {215--240},
}

In this article, we explore the politics of expertise in an ongoing controversy in the U States over the role of certain insecticides in colony collapse disorder - a phenomenon inv mass die-offs of honey bees. Numerous long-time commercial beekeepers contend that systemic agricultural insecticides are a crucial part of the cocktail of factors responsib colony collapse disorder. Many scientists actively researching colony collapse disorder rej beekeepers' claims, citing the lack of conclusive evidence from field experiments by aca and industry toxicologists. US Environmental Protection Agency regulators, in turn, privile latters' approach to the issue, and use the lack of conclusive evidence of systemic insect role in colony collapse disorder to justify permitting these chemicals to remain on the m Drawing on semistructured interviews with key players in the controversy, as well as publ documents and ethnographic data, we show how a set of research norms and practices agricultural entomology came to dominate the investigation of the links between pesti and honey bee health, and how the epistemologica! dominance of these norms and pr served to marginalize the knowledge claims and policy positions of commercial beekeepers i colony collapse disorder controversy. We conclude with a discussion of how the colony c disorder case can help us think about the nature and politics of expertise.

@incollection{maximSeeddressingSystemicInsecticides2013,
	edition = {European Environment Agency},
	title = {Seed-dressing systemic insecticides and  honeybees},
	booktitle = {Late lessons from early warnings: science, precaution, innovation},
	author = {Maxim, Laura and Van der Sluijs, Jeroen},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {401--438},
}

@incollection{singhAgrochemicalIndustry2012,
	address = {Boston, MA},
	title = {The {Agrochemical} {Industry}},
	isbn = {978-1-4614-4258-5 978-1-4614-4259-2},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4614-4259-2_17},
	doi = {10.1007/978-1-4614-4259-2_17},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-01-31},
	booktitle = {Handbook of {Industrial} {Chemistry} and {Biotechnology}},
	publisher = {Springer US},
	author = {Singh, K. N. and Merchant, Kavita},
	editor = {Kent, James A.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {643--698},
}

@article{boixSecrecyJusticeOngoing2012,
	title = {Secrecy and justice in the ongoing saga of {DBCP} litigation},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1077-3525},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1179/1077352512Z.00000000010},
	doi = {10.1179/1077352512Z.00000000010},
	abstract = {Since the 1980s, banana workers from Central America and elsewhere have filed cases in the United States for sterility damages caused by exposure to the nematicide dibromochloropropane (DBCP) used during the1960s and 1970s. These plaintiffs’ efforts at holding fruit and chemical corporations accountable have been met with numerous obstacles. Many cases have been dismissed on the grounds that they would “more conveniently” be tried elsewhere, despite the fact that significant barriers exist to bringing such cases in many of these workers’ home countries. Using this strategy, defendants including Dole Food, Chiquita, Dow and Shell Chemical have been mostly successful in avoiding any penalty for their part in exposing banana workers to DBCP without adequate protection or information. In fact, although a few cases have settled, the first DBCP case did not reach the trial stage until 2007. In that case, the damages awarded to the six Nicaraguan banana workers were {\textbackslash}5 million, an amount later reduced to {\textbackslash}2·3 million. In 2010, Dole successfully sought to dismiss not only that case, but other cases brought by Nicaraguan plaintiffs. The company claimed that there was evidence of widespread fraud among Nicaraguan plaintiffs, attorneys, and judges, as well as lawyers based in the US. However, many of those accused of fraud did not have a chance to respond to those allegations or cross-examine their accusers. In addition, allegations of fraudulent behavior on the part defendants suggest that the story is more complicated. Instead of dismissing these cases — a defacto victory for the defendant — US courts should move forward with deciding these cases on their own merits; leaving juries to determine the veracity of plaintiffs and defendants’ claims.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2025-01-30},
	journal = {International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	author = {Boix, Vicent and Bohme, Susanna R},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1179/1077352512Z.00000000010},
	keywords = {Dibromochloropropane, Nicaragua, Occupational health, Transnational litigation, United States of America},
	pages = {154--161},
}

Since the 1980s, banana workers from Central America and elsewhere have filed cases in the United States for sterility damages caused by exposure to the nematicide dibromochloropropane (DBCP) used during the1960s and 1970s. These plaintiffs’ efforts at holding fruit and chemical corporations accountable have been met with numerous obstacles. Many cases have been dismissed on the grounds that they would “more conveniently” be tried elsewhere, despite the fact that significant barriers exist to bringing such cases in many of these workers’ home countries. Using this strategy, defendants including Dole Food, Chiquita, Dow and Shell Chemical have been mostly successful in avoiding any penalty for their part in exposing banana workers to DBCP without adequate protection or information. In fact, although a few cases have settled, the first DBCP case did not reach the trial stage until 2007. In that case, the damages awarded to the six Nicaraguan banana workers were \5 million, an amount later reduced to \2·3 million. In 2010, Dole successfully sought to dismiss not only that case, but other cases brought by Nicaraguan plaintiffs. The company claimed that there was evidence of widespread fraud among Nicaraguan plaintiffs, attorneys, and judges, as well as lawyers based in the US. However, many of those accused of fraud did not have a chance to respond to those allegations or cross-examine their accusers. In addition, allegations of fraudulent behavior on the part defendants suggest that the story is more complicated. Instead of dismissing these cases — a defacto victory for the defendant — US courts should move forward with deciding these cases on their own merits; leaving juries to determine the veracity of plaintiffs and defendants’ claims.

@article{schreinemachersAgriculturalPesticidesLand2012,
	title = {Agricultural pesticides and land use intensification in high, middle and low income countries},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0306-9192},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030691921200070X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.06.003},
	abstract = {We study levels and trends in agricultural pesticide use for a large cross-section of countries using FAO data for the period 1990–2009. Our analysis shows that a 1\% increase in crop output per hectare is associated with a 1.8\% increase in pesticide use per hectare but that the growth in intensity of pesticide use levels off as countries reach a higher level of economic development. However, very few high income countries have managed to significantly reduce the level of intensity of their pesticide use, because decreases in insecticide use at higher income levels are largely offset by increases in herbicide and fungicide use. The results also show very rapid growth in the intensity of pesticide use for several middle income countries such as Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay, Cameroon, Malaysia and Thailand. Complementing our analysis with data from the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC), we show that hazardous pesticides covered in the PIC procedure are more weakly regulated in lower than in higher income countries. We discuss the policy challenges facing developing countries with a rapid growth in pesticide use and recommend a four-pronged strategy, including an environmental tax on pesticides with revenues allocated to long-term investments in awareness building, the development of integrated crop management methods and the setting of food safety standards. The interactions between these measures should help contribute to the effectiveness of the overall strategy package.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2022-07-05},
	journal = {Food Policy},
	author = {Schreinemachers, Pepijn and Tipraqsa, Prasnee},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Agricultural development, Crop protection policy, Cross-country comparison, Environmental Kuznets curve, LMICs, Pesticide regulation, Pesticide regulations, Pesticide use},
	pages = {616--626},
}

We study levels and trends in agricultural pesticide use for a large cross-section of countries using FAO data for the period 1990–2009. Our analysis shows that a 1% increase in crop output per hectare is associated with a 1.8% increase in pesticide use per hectare but that the growth in intensity of pesticide use levels off as countries reach a higher level of economic development. However, very few high income countries have managed to significantly reduce the level of intensity of their pesticide use, because decreases in insecticide use at higher income levels are largely offset by increases in herbicide and fungicide use. The results also show very rapid growth in the intensity of pesticide use for several middle income countries such as Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay, Cameroon, Malaysia and Thailand. Complementing our analysis with data from the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC), we show that hazardous pesticides covered in the PIC procedure are more weakly regulated in lower than in higher income countries. We discuss the policy challenges facing developing countries with a rapid growth in pesticide use and recommend a four-pronged strategy, including an environmental tax on pesticides with revenues allocated to long-term investments in awareness building, the development of integrated crop management methods and the setting of food safety standards. The interactions between these measures should help contribute to the effectiveness of the overall strategy package.

@book{parascandolaKingPoisonsHistory2012,
	title = {King of {Poisons}: {A} {History} of {Arsenic}},
	isbn = {978-1-59797-703-6},
	shorttitle = {King of {Poisons}},
	abstract = {For centuries, arsenic's image as a poison has been inextricably tied to images of foul play. In King of Poisons, John Parascandola examines the surprising history of this deadly element. From Gustave Flaubert to Dorothy Sayers, arsenic has long held a place in the literary realm as an instrument of murder and suicide. It was delightfully used as a source of comedy in the famous play Arsenic and Old Lace. But as Parascandola shows, arsenic has had a number of surprising real-world applications. It was frequently found in such common items as wallpaper, paint, cosmetics, and even candy, and its use in medical treatments was widespread. American ambassador Clare Boothe Luce suffered from exposure to arsenical paint in her study, and Napoleon's death has long been speculated to be the result of accidental or intentional poisoning. But arsenic poisoning is still a public menace. In the neighborhood surrounding American University in Washington, D.C., the army has undertaken a massive cleanup of artillery shells and bottles containing chemical warfare agents such as arsenical lewisite after a number of workmen and residents became ill. Arsenic contamination of the water supply in Bangladesh and in West Bengal, India, is a major public health problem today as well. From murder to crime fiction, from industrial toxin to chemical warfare, arsenic remains a powerful force in modern life.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Potomac Books, Inc.},
	author = {Parascandola, John},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: L6Ahq0FuVK8C},
	keywords = {History / General, Medical / History, Medical / Toxicology, Social Science / Criminology},
}

For centuries, arsenic's image as a poison has been inextricably tied to images of foul play. In King of Poisons, John Parascandola examines the surprising history of this deadly element. From Gustave Flaubert to Dorothy Sayers, arsenic has long held a place in the literary realm as an instrument of murder and suicide. It was delightfully used as a source of comedy in the famous play Arsenic and Old Lace. But as Parascandola shows, arsenic has had a number of surprising real-world applications. It was frequently found in such common items as wallpaper, paint, cosmetics, and even candy, and its use in medical treatments was widespread. American ambassador Clare Boothe Luce suffered from exposure to arsenical paint in her study, and Napoleon's death has long been speculated to be the result of accidental or intentional poisoning. But arsenic poisoning is still a public menace. In the neighborhood surrounding American University in Washington, D.C., the army has undertaken a massive cleanup of artillery shells and bottles containing chemical warfare agents such as arsenical lewisite after a number of workmen and residents became ill. Arsenic contamination of the water supply in Bangladesh and in West Bengal, India, is a major public health problem today as well. From murder to crime fiction, from industrial toxin to chemical warfare, arsenic remains a powerful force in modern life.

@phdthesis{barraultPratiquesJardinageFace2012,
	type = {phdthesis},
	title = {Les pratiques de jardinage face aux risques sanitaires et environnementaux des pesticides : les approches différenciées de la {France} et du {Québec}},
	shorttitle = {Les pratiques de jardinage face aux risques sanitaires et environnementaux des pesticides},
	url = {https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00859540/document},
	abstract = {La thèse met en évidence, dans le cas de la France, une forme de régulation composite des risques sanitaires et environnementaux liés aux usages des pesticides par les jardiniers amateurs, qui comporte trois principales dimensions. (1) Intimement articulée aux mécanismes de marché, cette forme de régulation impute l’essentiel de la responsabilité à l’utilisateur considéré en tant que consommateur à responsabiliser, alors que les autorités publiques considèrent les firmes de pesticides comme des opérateurs économiques dont les avantages compétitifs sont à valoriser, veillant donc à respecter la dynamique de l’offre et de la demande tout en se chargeant d’encadrer ce marché par l’homologation des produits. (2) Elle épouse les principes de la société singulariste où l’individu serait la référence centrale de la dynamique des sociétés contemporaines et le régulateur des problèmes collectifs par ses choix de consommation et ses prises de positions individuelles. (3) Elle s’opère dans un contexte où l’État a per¬du sa centralité sous la double influence de l’européanisation et de la décentralisation et où les modes de régulations politiques sont caractérisés par des formes moins dirigistes de gouvernement pouvant être définies comme des « politiques sans politique ». La régulation composite des pesticides domestiques est porteuse d’un postulat implicite qui impute la responsabilité des risques aux usagers et qui, si elle laisse ouverte la voie à une po¬ten-tielle réduction de l’usage des produits, tend à limiter leur exclusion et réduit les possibilités d’une transition vers un jardinage sans pesticides.},
	language = {fr},
	urldate = {2019-01-18},
	school = {Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II},
	author = {Barrault, Julia},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
}

La thèse met en évidence, dans le cas de la France, une forme de régulation composite des risques sanitaires et environnementaux liés aux usages des pesticides par les jardiniers amateurs, qui comporte trois principales dimensions. (1) Intimement articulée aux mécanismes de marché, cette forme de régulation impute l’essentiel de la responsabilité à l’utilisateur considéré en tant que consommateur à responsabiliser, alors que les autorités publiques considèrent les firmes de pesticides comme des opérateurs économiques dont les avantages compétitifs sont à valoriser, veillant donc à respecter la dynamique de l’offre et de la demande tout en se chargeant d’encadrer ce marché par l’homologation des produits. (2) Elle épouse les principes de la société singulariste où l’individu serait la référence centrale de la dynamique des sociétés contemporaines et le régulateur des problèmes collectifs par ses choix de consommation et ses prises de positions individuelles. (3) Elle s’opère dans un contexte où l’État a per¬du sa centralité sous la double influence de l’européanisation et de la décentralisation et où les modes de régulations politiques sont caractérisés par des formes moins dirigistes de gouvernement pouvant être définies comme des « politiques sans politique ». La régulation composite des pesticides domestiques est porteuse d’un postulat implicite qui impute la responsabilité des risques aux usagers et qui, si elle laisse ouverte la voie à une po¬ten-tielle réduction de l’usage des produits, tend à limiter leur exclusion et réduit les possibilités d’une transition vers un jardinage sans pesticides.

@book{robbinsLawnPeopleHow2012,
	title = {Lawn {People}: {How} {Grasses}, {Weeds}, and {Chemicals} {Make} {Us} {Who} {We} {Are}},
	isbn = {978-1-59213-580-6},
	shorttitle = {Lawn {People}},
	abstract = {For some people, their lawn is a source of pride, and for others, caring for their lawn is a chore. Yet for an increasing number of people, turf care is a cause of ecological anxiety. In Lawn People, author Paul Robbins, asks, "How did the needs of the grass come to be my own?" In his goal to get a clearer picture of why people and grasses do what they do, Robbins interviews homeowners about their lawns, and uses national surveys, analysis from aerial photographs, and economic data to determine what people really feel about-and how they treat-their lawns. Lawn People places the lawn in its ecological, economic, and social context. Robbins considers the attention we pay our turfgrass-the chemicals we use to grow lawns, the hazards of turf care to our urban ecology, and its potential impact on water quality and household health. He also shows how the ecology of cities creates certain kinds of citizens, deftly contrasting man's control of the lawn with the lawn's control of man. Lawn People provides an intriguing examination of nature's influence on landscape management and on the ecosystem.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Temple University Press},
	author = {Robbins, Paul},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: jcKH9K\_DHd0C},
	keywords = {Gardening / Lawns, Nature / Environmental Conservation \& Protection, Social Science / General, Social Science / Human Geography},
}

For some people, their lawn is a source of pride, and for others, caring for their lawn is a chore. Yet for an increasing number of people, turf care is a cause of ecological anxiety. In Lawn People, author Paul Robbins, asks, "How did the needs of the grass come to be my own?" In his goal to get a clearer picture of why people and grasses do what they do, Robbins interviews homeowners about their lawns, and uses national surveys, analysis from aerial photographs, and economic data to determine what people really feel about-and how they treat-their lawns. Lawn People places the lawn in its ecological, economic, and social context. Robbins considers the attention we pay our turfgrass-the chemicals we use to grow lawns, the hazards of turf care to our urban ecology, and its potential impact on water quality and household health. He also shows how the ecology of cities creates certain kinds of citizens, deftly contrasting man's control of the lawn with the lawn's control of man. Lawn People provides an intriguing examination of nature's influence on landscape management and on the ecosystem.

@article{flocksEnvironmentalSocialInjustice2012,
	title = {The {Environmental} and {Social} {Injustice} of {Farmworker} {Pesticide} {Exposure}},
	volume = {19},
	url = {https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/geojpovlp19&id=259&div=&collection=},
	journal = {Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law \& Policy},
	author = {Flocks, Joan D.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {255},
}

@article{fouilleuxFirmesDeveloppementDurable2012,
	title = {Firmes et developpement durable : le nouvel esprit du productivisme},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1777-537X},
	shorttitle = {Firmes et developpement durable},
	url = {https://journals.openedition.org/etudesrurales/9708},
	doi = {10.4000/etudesrurales.9708},
	abstract = {RésuméCet article revient sur l’activisme des multinationales de l’agrofourniture et de l’agroalimentaire dans la gouvernance du secteur agricole. Pour ce faire nous nous appuyons sur deux cas de figure qui ont trait à la conception et à la diffusion d’innovations à l’échelle internationale : la technique du semis direct, et la mise en place de systèmes de certification « durable » des principales matières premières agricoles. Dans les deux cas, l’influence majeure de ces firmes se fonde sur des alliances spécifiques avec des acteurs de la sphère politique et économique, de la société civile et des mondes agricoles. Nous montrons en particulier comment les promoteurs de ces dispositifs mobilisent et instrumentalisent les débats sur la pluralité des formes d’exercice de l’activité agricole, sur leur durabilité environnementale et sociale, s’inscrivant dans un « nouvel esprit du productivisme », qui incorpore la critique des systèmes agricoles industriels sans pour autant les remettre en cause.},
	language = {fr},
	number = {190},
	urldate = {2022-07-05},
	journal = {Études rurales},
	publisher = {EHESS},
	author = {Fouilleux, Ève and Goulet, Frédéric},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	note = {Number: 190},
	keywords = {certification, firmes multinationales, innovation, normes volontaires, participation, semis direct, sociologie de la critique},
	pages = {131--146},
}

RésuméCet article revient sur l’activisme des multinationales de l’agrofourniture et de l’agroalimentaire dans la gouvernance du secteur agricole. Pour ce faire nous nous appuyons sur deux cas de figure qui ont trait à la conception et à la diffusion d’innovations à l’échelle internationale : la technique du semis direct, et la mise en place de systèmes de certification « durable » des principales matières premières agricoles. Dans les deux cas, l’influence majeure de ces firmes se fonde sur des alliances spécifiques avec des acteurs de la sphère politique et économique, de la société civile et des mondes agricoles. Nous montrons en particulier comment les promoteurs de ces dispositifs mobilisent et instrumentalisent les débats sur la pluralité des formes d’exercice de l’activité agricole, sur leur durabilité environnementale et sociale, s’inscrivant dans un « nouvel esprit du productivisme », qui incorpore la critique des systèmes agricoles industriels sans pour autant les remettre en cause.

@article{meghaniRevolvingDoorRegulatory2011,
	title = {The “{Revolving} {Door}” between {Regulatory} {Agencies} and {Industry}: {A} {Problem} {That} {Requires} {Reconceptualizing} {Objectivity}},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1573-322X},
	shorttitle = {The “{Revolving} {Door}” between {Regulatory} {Agencies} and {Industry}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-010-9287-x},
	doi = {10.1007/s10806-010-9287-x},
	abstract = {There is a “revolving door” between federal agencies and the industries regulated by them. Often, at the end of their industry tenure, key industry personnel seek employment in government regulatory entities and vice versa. The flow of workers between the two sectors could bring about good. Industry veterans might have specialized knowledge that could be useful to regulatory bodies and former government employees could help businesses become and remain compliant with regulations. But the “revolving door” also poses at least three ethical and policy challenges that have to do with public trust and fair representation. First, the presence of former key industry personnel on review boards could adversely impact the public’s confidence in regulatory decisions about new technology products, including agrifood biotechnologies. Second, the ‘‘revolving door’’ may result in policy decisions about technologies that are biased in favor of industry interests. And third, the ‘‘revolving door’’ virtually guarantees industry a voice in the policy-making process, even though other stakeholders have no assurance that their concerns will be addressed by regulatory agencies. We believe these three problems indicate a failure of regulatory review for new technologies. The review process lacks credibility because, at the very least, it is procedurally biased in favor of industry interests. We argue that prohibiting the flow of personnel between regulatory agencies and industry would not be a satisfactory solution to the three problems of public trust and just representation. To address them, regulatory entities must reject the traditional notion of objectivity. Instead they should adopt the conception of objectivity developed by Sandra Harding and re-configure their regulatory review on the basis of it. That will ensure that a heterogeneous group of stakeholders is at the decision-making table. The fair representation of interests of different constituencies in the review process could do much to inspire warranted public confidence in regulatory protocols and decisions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2023-02-22},
	journal = {Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics},
	author = {Meghani, Zahra and Kuzma, Jennifer},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {575--599},
}

There is a “revolving door” between federal agencies and the industries regulated by them. Often, at the end of their industry tenure, key industry personnel seek employment in government regulatory entities and vice versa. The flow of workers between the two sectors could bring about good. Industry veterans might have specialized knowledge that could be useful to regulatory bodies and former government employees could help businesses become and remain compliant with regulations. But the “revolving door” also poses at least three ethical and policy challenges that have to do with public trust and fair representation. First, the presence of former key industry personnel on review boards could adversely impact the public’s confidence in regulatory decisions about new technology products, including agrifood biotechnologies. Second, the ‘‘revolving door’’ may result in policy decisions about technologies that are biased in favor of industry interests. And third, the ‘‘revolving door’’ virtually guarantees industry a voice in the policy-making process, even though other stakeholders have no assurance that their concerns will be addressed by regulatory agencies. We believe these three problems indicate a failure of regulatory review for new technologies. The review process lacks credibility because, at the very least, it is procedurally biased in favor of industry interests. We argue that prohibiting the flow of personnel between regulatory agencies and industry would not be a satisfactory solution to the three problems of public trust and just representation. To address them, regulatory entities must reject the traditional notion of objectivity. Instead they should adopt the conception of objectivity developed by Sandra Harding and re-configure their regulatory review on the basis of it. That will ensure that a heterogeneous group of stakeholders is at the decision-making table. The fair representation of interests of different constituencies in the review process could do much to inspire warranted public confidence in regulatory protocols and decisions.

@article{mclaughlinGreenShootsAerial2011,
	title = {Green {Shoots}:: {Aerial} {Insecticide} {Spraying} and the {Growth} of {Environmental} {Consciousness} in {New} {Brunswick}, 1952-1973},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0044-5851, 1712-7432},
	shorttitle = {Green {Shoots}},
	url = {https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/acadiensis/2011-v40-n1-acad_40_1/acad40_1art01/},
	abstract = {Modern environmentalism in New Brunswick was triggered primarily by the growth of opposition to New Brunswick’s controversial spruce budworm spraying program in the 1950s and 1960s. While this "Battle of the Budworm" initially arose from concern within sportsmen’s organizations over the effects of the DDT spray on Atlantic salmon, research by the province’s scientific and technical community fostered greater opposition to the spraying – opposition that challenged the provincial government’s traditional stance on resource management. Forest industry and provincial government officials countered assertions of massive ecological damage by arguing that the spraying program was necessary to save the province’s forests and forest industries.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-01-26},
	journal = {Acadiensis},
	publisher = {The Department of History at the University of New Brunswick},
	author = {McLaughlin, Mark},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {3--23},
}

Modern environmentalism in New Brunswick was triggered primarily by the growth of opposition to New Brunswick’s controversial spruce budworm spraying program in the 1950s and 1960s. While this "Battle of the Budworm" initially arose from concern within sportsmen’s organizations over the effects of the DDT spray on Atlantic salmon, research by the province’s scientific and technical community fostered greater opposition to the spraying – opposition that challenged the provincial government’s traditional stance on resource management. Forest industry and provincial government officials countered assertions of massive ecological damage by arguing that the spraying program was necessary to save the province’s forests and forest industries.

@article{zhangGlobalPesticideConsumption2011,
	title = {Global {Pesticide} {Consumption} and {Pollution}: with {China} as a focus},
	volume = {1},
	abstract = {Varieties and consumption of pesticides worldwide have been increasing dramatically as increased human population and crop production. In this process pesticide misuses become more and more serious, which has resulted in heavy environmental pollution and health risk of humans. In order to safeguard human health, threatened species and ecosystems from pesticide pollution, the consumption and pollution of pesticides worldwide especially China were reviewed and documented in present study. Meanwhile, the development trend of pesticide varieties and consumption was also prospected and discussed. It was found that worldwide consumption structure of pesticides has undergone significant changes since 1960s. The proportion of herbicides in pesticide consumption increased rapidly and the consumption of insecticides and fungicides/bactericides declined. China has become the largest pesticide producer and exporter in the world. Pesticide pollution of air, water bodies and soils, and pesticide-induced deaths in China has been serious in past years. Bio-pesticides should be further developed in the future.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences},
	author = {Zhang, Wenjun and Jiang, Fubin and Ou, Jianfeng},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publication Title: International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Volume: 1},
	keywords = {China, LMICs, Pesticides, consumption, global, pollution, review},
	pages = {125--144},
}

Varieties and consumption of pesticides worldwide have been increasing dramatically as increased human population and crop production. In this process pesticide misuses become more and more serious, which has resulted in heavy environmental pollution and health risk of humans. In order to safeguard human health, threatened species and ecosystems from pesticide pollution, the consumption and pollution of pesticides worldwide especially China were reviewed and documented in present study. Meanwhile, the development trend of pesticide varieties and consumption was also prospected and discussed. It was found that worldwide consumption structure of pesticides has undergone significant changes since 1960s. The proportion of herbicides in pesticide consumption increased rapidly and the consumption of insecticides and fungicides/bactericides declined. China has become the largest pesticide producer and exporter in the world. Pesticide pollution of air, water bodies and soils, and pesticide-induced deaths in China has been serious in past years. Bio-pesticides should be further developed in the future.

@article{nicourtNormalisationTravailViticole2011,
	title = {La normalisation du travail viticole à l’épreuve de la réduction de l’usage des pesticides},
	issn = {0013-0559, 2105-2581},
	url = {http://economierurale.revues.org/2940},
	doi = {10.4000/economierurale.2940},
	language = {fr},
	number = {321},
	urldate = {2016-12-28},
	journal = {Économie rurale},
	author = {Nicourt, Christian and Girault, Jean-Max},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Number: 321},
	pages = {29--41},
}

@article{barrazaPesticideUseBanana2011,
	title = {Pesticide use in banana and plantain production and risk perception among local actors in {Talamanca}, {Costa} {Rica}},
	volume = {111},
	issn = {0013-9351},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935111000648},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2011.02.009},
	abstract = {The Talamanca County in Costa Rica has large-scale banana and small-scale plantain production, probably causing pesticide exposure in indigenous children. We explored to what extent different community actors are aware of children's pesticide hazards and how their awareness related to socio-economical and cultural conditions. Methods comprised eight focus groups with fathers and mothers separately, 27 semi-structured interviews to key actors, and field observations. As a whole, the indigenous plantain farmers and banana plantation workers had some general knowledge of pesticides concerning crop protection, but little on acute health effects, and hardly any on exposure routes and pathways, and chronic effects. People expressed vague ideas about pesticide risks. Inter-community differences were related to pesticide technologies used in banana and plantain production, employment status on a multinational plantation versus smallholder status, and gender. Compared to formalized practices on transnational company plantations, where workers reported to feel protected, pesticide handling by plantain smallholders was not perceived as hazardous and therefore no safety precautions were applied. Large-scale monoculture was perceived as one of the most important problems leading to pesticide risks in Talamanca on banana plantations, and also on neighboring small plantain farms extending into large areas. Plantain farmers have adopted use of highly toxic pesticides following banana production, but in conditions of extreme poverty. Aerial spraying in banana plantations was considered by most social actors a major determinant of exposure for the population living nearby these plantations, including vulnerable children. We observed violations of legally established aerial spraying distances. Economic considerations were most mentioned as the underlying reason for the pesticide use: economic needs to obtain the production quantity and quality, and pressure to use pesticides by other economic agents such as middlemen. Risk perceptions were modulated by factors such as people's tasks and positions in the production process, gender, and people's possibilities to define their own social conditions (more fatalistic perceptions among banana workers). The challenge for the future is to combine these insights into improved health risk assessment and management that is culturally adequate for each particular community and agricultural context.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2018-05-03},
	journal = {Environmental Research},
	author = {Barraza, Douglas and Jansen, Kees and van Wendel de Joode, Berna and Wesseling, Catharina},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Agricultural worker, Banana and plantain, Costa Rica, Indigenous population, Pesticide risk perception},
	pages = {708--717},
}

The Talamanca County in Costa Rica has large-scale banana and small-scale plantain production, probably causing pesticide exposure in indigenous children. We explored to what extent different community actors are aware of children's pesticide hazards and how their awareness related to socio-economical and cultural conditions. Methods comprised eight focus groups with fathers and mothers separately, 27 semi-structured interviews to key actors, and field observations. As a whole, the indigenous plantain farmers and banana plantation workers had some general knowledge of pesticides concerning crop protection, but little on acute health effects, and hardly any on exposure routes and pathways, and chronic effects. People expressed vague ideas about pesticide risks. Inter-community differences were related to pesticide technologies used in banana and plantain production, employment status on a multinational plantation versus smallholder status, and gender. Compared to formalized practices on transnational company plantations, where workers reported to feel protected, pesticide handling by plantain smallholders was not perceived as hazardous and therefore no safety precautions were applied. Large-scale monoculture was perceived as one of the most important problems leading to pesticide risks in Talamanca on banana plantations, and also on neighboring small plantain farms extending into large areas. Plantain farmers have adopted use of highly toxic pesticides following banana production, but in conditions of extreme poverty. Aerial spraying in banana plantations was considered by most social actors a major determinant of exposure for the population living nearby these plantations, including vulnerable children. We observed violations of legally established aerial spraying distances. Economic considerations were most mentioned as the underlying reason for the pesticide use: economic needs to obtain the production quantity and quality, and pressure to use pesticides by other economic agents such as middlemen. Risk perceptions were modulated by factors such as people's tasks and positions in the production process, gender, and people's possibilities to define their own social conditions (more fatalistic perceptions among banana workers). The challenge for the future is to combine these insights into improved health risk assessment and management that is culturally adequate for each particular community and agricultural context.

@book{harrisonPesticideDriftPursuit2011,
	title = {Pesticide {Drift} and the {Pursuit} of {Environmental} {Justice}},
	isbn = {978-0-262-29788-2},
	abstract = {An examination of political conflicts over pesticide drift and the differing conceptions of justice held by industry, regulators, and activists.The widespread but virtually invisible problem of pesticide drift—the airborne movement of agricultural pesticides into residential areas—has fueled grassroots activism from Maine to Hawaii. Pesticide drift accidents have terrified and sickened many living in the country's most marginalized and vulnerable communities. In this book, Jill Lindsey Harrison considers political conflicts over pesticide drift in California, using them to illuminate the broader problem and its potential solutions. The fact that pesticide pollution and illnesses associated with it disproportionately affect the poor and the powerless raises questions of environmental justice (and political injustice). Despite California's impressive record of environmental protection, massive pesticide regulatory apparatus, and booming organic farming industry, pesticide-related accidents and illnesses continue unabated. To unpack this conundrum, Harrison examines the conceptions of justice that increasingly shape environmental politics and finds that California's agricultural industry, regulators, and pesticide drift activists hold different, and conflicting, notions of what justice looks like. Drawing on her own extensive ethnographic research as well as in-depth interviews with regulators, activists, scientists, and public health practitioners, Harrison examines the ways industry, regulatory agencies, and different kinds of activists address pesticide drift, connecting their efforts to communitarian and libertarian conceptions of justice. The approach taken by pesticide drift activists, she finds, not only critiques theories of justice undergirding mainstream sustainable-agriculture activism, but also offers an entirely new notion of what justice means. To solve seemingly intractable environmental problems such as pesticide drift, Harrison argues, we need a different kind of environmental justice. She proposes the precautionary principle as a framework for effectively and justly addressing environmental inequities in the everyday work of environmental regulatory institutions.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	author = {Harrison, Jill Lindsey},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: 8u\_uCwAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {Science / Environmental Science, Technology \& Engineering / Environmental / General},
}

An examination of political conflicts over pesticide drift and the differing conceptions of justice held by industry, regulators, and activists.The widespread but virtually invisible problem of pesticide drift—the airborne movement of agricultural pesticides into residential areas—has fueled grassroots activism from Maine to Hawaii. Pesticide drift accidents have terrified and sickened many living in the country's most marginalized and vulnerable communities. In this book, Jill Lindsey Harrison considers political conflicts over pesticide drift in California, using them to illuminate the broader problem and its potential solutions. The fact that pesticide pollution and illnesses associated with it disproportionately affect the poor and the powerless raises questions of environmental justice (and political injustice). Despite California's impressive record of environmental protection, massive pesticide regulatory apparatus, and booming organic farming industry, pesticide-related accidents and illnesses continue unabated. To unpack this conundrum, Harrison examines the conceptions of justice that increasingly shape environmental politics and finds that California's agricultural industry, regulators, and pesticide drift activists hold different, and conflicting, notions of what justice looks like. Drawing on her own extensive ethnographic research as well as in-depth interviews with regulators, activists, scientists, and public health practitioners, Harrison examines the ways industry, regulatory agencies, and different kinds of activists address pesticide drift, connecting their efforts to communitarian and libertarian conceptions of justice. The approach taken by pesticide drift activists, she finds, not only critiques theories of justice undergirding mainstream sustainable-agriculture activism, but also offers an entirely new notion of what justice means. To solve seemingly intractable environmental problems such as pesticide drift, Harrison argues, we need a different kind of environmental justice. She proposes the precautionary principle as a framework for effectively and justly addressing environmental inequities in the everyday work of environmental regulatory institutions.

@incollection{templeludovicInnovationsSocialesPour2011,
	address = {Paris},
	title = {Innovations sociales pour éliminer les pesticides dans les bananeraies : les conditions de mobilisation du travail},
	isbn = {978-2-296-14012-7},
	booktitle = {Le travail en agriculture son organisation et ses valeurs face à l’innovation},
	publisher = {Harmattan},
	author = {Temple Ludovic},
	year = {2011},
}

@article{barriResistenciaComunitariaPueblos2010,
	title = {Resistencia {Comunitaria} de los {Pueblos} {Fumigados} de la {Argentina}},
	volume = {40},
	abstract = {La Argentina se encuentra actualmente inmersa en un modelo económi- co basado en los agronegocios. Este proceso fue impulsado a partir de las políticas neo-liberales de la década de 1990, y se centra principal- mente en el monocultivo de soja transgénica. Esta semilla es producida por Monsanto, mega-compañía que domina el mercado internacional de los agronegocios, una de las empresas más cuestionadas por sus prácti- cas extorsivas y contaminación del medio ambiente (Robin, 2008). A la variedad de soja transgénica cultivada en Argentina se la denomina RR (Roundup Ready, por su sigla en inglés), ya que es resistente al herbicida comercialmente conocido como Roundup, que se le aplica para reducir la competencia de las malezas con la soja transgénica. Este herbicida, que literalmente quema a todas aquellas plantas que no tienen el gen RR, tiene como principal componente al glifosato, producto químico no biodegra- dable y altamente volátil, del cual se esparcen por la superficie del país unos 200 millones de litros anuales (Altieri y Pengue, 2005).},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Ecología política},
	author = {Barri, Fernando R},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Argentina},
	pages = {67--72},
}

La Argentina se encuentra actualmente inmersa en un modelo económi- co basado en los agronegocios. Este proceso fue impulsado a partir de las políticas neo-liberales de la década de 1990, y se centra principal- mente en el monocultivo de soja transgénica. Esta semilla es producida por Monsanto, mega-compañía que domina el mercado internacional de los agronegocios, una de las empresas más cuestionadas por sus prácti- cas extorsivas y contaminación del medio ambiente (Robin, 2008). A la variedad de soja transgénica cultivada en Argentina se la denomina RR (Roundup Ready, por su sigla en inglés), ya que es resistente al herbicida comercialmente conocido como Roundup, que se le aplica para reducir la competencia de las malezas con la soja transgénica. Este herbicida, que literalmente quema a todas aquellas plantas que no tienen el gen RR, tiene como principal componente al glifosato, producto químico no biodegra- dable y altamente volátil, del cual se esparcen por la superficie del país unos 200 millones de litros anuales (Altieri y Pengue, 2005).

@article{galtScalingPoliticalEcology2010,
	title = {Scaling {Up} {Political} {Ecology}: {The} {Case} of {Illegal} {Pesticides} on {Fresh} {Vegetables} {Imported} into the {United} {States}, 1996–2006},
	volume = {100},
	issn = {0004-5608},
	shorttitle = {Scaling {Up} {Political} {Ecology}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00045601003595388},
	doi = {10.1080/00045601003595388},
	abstract = {Compliance with regulations on pesticide residues in food is a major health and safety issue, as well as a signal about the complex set of ecological, social, and regulatory relationships. This article presents a multiscale analysis of data from analytical chemistry tests of pesticide residues conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on fresh vegetables from 1996 to 2006. Empirical findings include: (1) domestic vegetables have lower adverse (illegal) residue rates than imported produce; (2) adverse rates vary greatly by country of export and do not correspond to a nation's relative wealth or region; (3) intensity of testing (tests per kilogram of vegetables imported) varies considerably by country; (4) vegetables with high adverse rates are generally minor crops or vegetables with above-ground edible portions, and (5) fourteen pesticides out of 476 account for two thirds of all violations. Based on this analysis, and primary and secondary data on farmers' pesticide use, I develop a political ecological framework to explain high violation rates and to create hypotheses about countries with high violation rates: Guatemala, Spain, Jamaica, and China. I propose two hypotheses for high levels of violative residues. First, farmers face a cost and price squeeze and, where there is little exporter control, respond by using more effective and more highly residual pesticides like the organophosphates. Second, in other commodity chains, continued residue problems in the U.S. market are a by-product of production aimed at compliance with other regions' regulations.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-05-20},
	journal = {Annals of the Association of American Geographers},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Galt, Ryan E.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/00045601003595388},
	keywords = {Administración de Alimentos y Drogas, Food and Drug Administration, food safety, global food system, importación de verduras, method in political ecology, método de la ecología política, seguridad de los alimentos, sistema global de alimentos, vegetable imports, 全球粮食系统, 政治生态学方法, 蔬菜进口, 食品及药物管理局, 食品安全},
	pages = {327--355},
}

Compliance with regulations on pesticide residues in food is a major health and safety issue, as well as a signal about the complex set of ecological, social, and regulatory relationships. This article presents a multiscale analysis of data from analytical chemistry tests of pesticide residues conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on fresh vegetables from 1996 to 2006. Empirical findings include: (1) domestic vegetables have lower adverse (illegal) residue rates than imported produce; (2) adverse rates vary greatly by country of export and do not correspond to a nation's relative wealth or region; (3) intensity of testing (tests per kilogram of vegetables imported) varies considerably by country; (4) vegetables with high adverse rates are generally minor crops or vegetables with above-ground edible portions, and (5) fourteen pesticides out of 476 account for two thirds of all violations. Based on this analysis, and primary and secondary data on farmers' pesticide use, I develop a political ecological framework to explain high violation rates and to create hypotheses about countries with high violation rates: Guatemala, Spain, Jamaica, and China. I propose two hypotheses for high levels of violative residues. First, farmers face a cost and price squeeze and, where there is little exporter control, respond by using more effective and more highly residual pesticides like the organophosphates. Second, in other commodity chains, continued residue problems in the U.S. market are a by-product of production aimed at compliance with other regions' regulations.

@article{barriPueblosFumigadosArgentina2010,
	title = {Pueblos {Fumigados} en {Argentina}: {Resistencia} epidemiológica comunitaria al modelo económico de los agronegocios},
	volume = {40},
	abstract = {La Argentina se encuentra actualmente inmersa en un modelo económi- co basado en los agronegocios. Este proceso fue impulsado a partir de las políticas neo-liberales de la década de 1990, y se centra principal- mente en el monocultivo de soja transgénica. Esta semilla es producida por Monsanto, mega-compañía que domina el mercado internacional de los agronegocios, una de las empresas más cuestionadas por sus prácti- cas extorsivas y contaminación del medio ambiente (Robin, 2008). A la variedad de soja transgénica cultivada en Argentina se la denomina RR (Roundup Ready, por su sigla en inglés), ya que es resistente al herbicida comercialmente conocido como Roundup, que se le aplica para reducir la competencia de las malezas con la soja transgénica. Este herbicida, que literalmente quema a todas aquellas plantas que no tienen el gen RR, tiene como principal componente al glifosato, producto químico no biodegra- dable y altamente volátil, del cual se esparcen por la superficie del país unos 200 millones de litros anuales (Altieri y Pengue, 2005).},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Ecología política},
	author = {Barri, Fernando R.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {67--72},
}

La Argentina se encuentra actualmente inmersa en un modelo económi- co basado en los agronegocios. Este proceso fue impulsado a partir de las políticas neo-liberales de la década de 1990, y se centra principal- mente en el monocultivo de soja transgénica. Esta semilla es producida por Monsanto, mega-compañía que domina el mercado internacional de los agronegocios, una de las empresas más cuestionadas por sus prácti- cas extorsivas y contaminación del medio ambiente (Robin, 2008). A la variedad de soja transgénica cultivada en Argentina se la denomina RR (Roundup Ready, por su sigla en inglés), ya que es resistente al herbicida comercialmente conocido como Roundup, que se le aplica para reducir la competencia de las malezas con la soja transgénica. Este herbicida, que literalmente quema a todas aquellas plantas que no tienen el gen RR, tiene como principal componente al glifosato, producto químico no biodegra- dable y altamente volátil, del cual se esparcen por la superficie del país unos 200 millones de litros anuales (Altieri y Pengue, 2005).

@article{castonguayCreatingAgriculturalWorld2010,
	title = {Creating an {Agricultural} {World} {Order}: {Regional} {Plant} {Protection} {Problems} and {International} {Phytopathology}, 1878–1939},
	volume = {84},
	issn = {0002-1482},
	shorttitle = {Creating an {Agricultural} {World} {Order}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1215/00021482-84.1.46},
	doi = {10.1215/00021482-84.1.46},
	abstract = {Beginning in 1878 with the International Phylloxera Convention of Berne, international conventions have sought to relieve national agricultural industries from two specific burdens. First, by defining phytosanitary practices to be enforced by national plant protection services, these conventions attempted to prevent the introduction of plant diseases and pests into national territories from which they were previously absent. Second, by standardizing these practices—especially through the design of a unique certificate of inspection—the conventions attempted to eliminate barriers such as quarantines affecting international agricultural trade. The succession of phytopathological conventions seemed to epitomize the coalescence of an international community against agricultural pests. What actually coalesced was bio-geopolitics wherein plant pathologists and economic entomologists from North America and the British Empire questioned the so-called internationality of the environmental and economic specificities of continental European agriculture, embodied in "international" conventions. Although an international phenomenon, the dissemination of agricultural pests provided opportunities for cooperation on a strictly regional albeit transnational basis that pitted bio-geopolitical spaces against each other. This article retraces the formation of these spaces by analyzing the deliberations of committees and congresses that gathered to define an international agricultural order based on the means to prevent the spread of plant disease and pests.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-03-18},
	journal = {Agricultural History},
	author = {Castonguay, Stéphane},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {46--73},
}

Beginning in 1878 with the International Phylloxera Convention of Berne, international conventions have sought to relieve national agricultural industries from two specific burdens. First, by defining phytosanitary practices to be enforced by national plant protection services, these conventions attempted to prevent the introduction of plant diseases and pests into national territories from which they were previously absent. Second, by standardizing these practices—especially through the design of a unique certificate of inspection—the conventions attempted to eliminate barriers such as quarantines affecting international agricultural trade. The succession of phytopathological conventions seemed to epitomize the coalescence of an international community against agricultural pests. What actually coalesced was bio-geopolitics wherein plant pathologists and economic entomologists from North America and the British Empire questioned the so-called internationality of the environmental and economic specificities of continental European agriculture, embodied in "international" conventions. Although an international phenomenon, the dissemination of agricultural pests provided opportunities for cooperation on a strictly regional albeit transnational basis that pitted bio-geopolitical spaces against each other. This article retraces the formation of these spaces by analyzing the deliberations of committees and congresses that gathered to define an international agricultural order based on the means to prevent the spread of plant disease and pests.

@book{zimdahlHistoryWeedScience2010,
	address = {London},
	title = {A history of weed science in the {United} {States}},
	isbn = {0-12-381502-9},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Zimdahl, Robert L},
	year = {2010},
}

@article{okelloCirclePoisonCircle2010,
	title = {From {Circle} of {Poison} to {Circle} of {Virtue}: {Pesticides}, {Export} {Standards} and {Kenya}’s {Green} {Bean} {Farmers}},
	volume = {61},
	copyright = {© 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2009 The Agricultural Economics Society},
	issn = {1477-9552},
	shorttitle = {From {Circle} of {Poison} to {Circle} of {Virtue}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1477-9552.2009.00211.x},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.2009.00211.x},
	abstract = {In response to growing consumer concerns, developed-country governments have reduced permissible pesticide residue levels in food. Many food retailers have developed even more stringent private food safety protocols relating to pesticide use, storage and disposal and passed them on to their suppliers. Exporters in developing countries enforce these developed-country pesticide standards (DC-PS) by subjecting farmers to close monitoring. This study explores the effects of enforcing compliance with DC-PS on smallholder farmers’ pesticide-related health costs. Results suggest that enforcing DC-PS encourages farmers to use protection that lowers pesticide-induced morbidity, hence reducing farmers’ health costs from pesticide exposure. The study concludes that there are health benefits to family farmers from complying with DC-PS beyond the acknowledged income generation from selling fresh produce in premium export markets.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-11-30},
	journal = {Journal of Agricultural Economics},
	author = {Okello, Julius J. and Swinton, Scott M.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1477-9552.2009.00211.x},
	keywords = {Agricultural development, Averting expenditure, Farmers, Food safety, I12, LMICs, Pesticide residues, Q12, Q56, developing country farmers, food safety standards, health costs, mitigating expenditure, pesticide exposure},
	pages = {209--224},
}

In response to growing consumer concerns, developed-country governments have reduced permissible pesticide residue levels in food. Many food retailers have developed even more stringent private food safety protocols relating to pesticide use, storage and disposal and passed them on to their suppliers. Exporters in developing countries enforce these developed-country pesticide standards (DC-PS) by subjecting farmers to close monitoring. This study explores the effects of enforcing compliance with DC-PS on smallholder farmers’ pesticide-related health costs. Results suggest that enforcing DC-PS encourages farmers to use protection that lowers pesticide-induced morbidity, hence reducing farmers’ health costs from pesticide exposure. The study concludes that there are health benefits to family farmers from complying with DC-PS beyond the acknowledged income generation from selling fresh produce in premium export markets.

@article{portoDoubleStandardsInternational2010,
	title = {Double standards and the international trade of pesticides: {The} {Brazilian} case},
	volume = {16},
	doi = {10.1179/oeh.2010.16.1.24},
	abstract = {Despite bans on certain pesticides and their replacement by others considered less hazardous, the widespread use of these substances in agriculture continues to threaten the environment and the health of millions of people. This article discusses the current double standard in the international trade of pesticides and focuses on Brazil, one of the main users of pesticides in the world, analyzing the trends in foreign trade (imports and exports) of selected pesticides as a function of changes in legislation in the United States, the European Union, and Brazil from 1989 to 2006.We applied time line analysis to eight organochlorines already banned in Brazil and conducted a case-by-case qualitative and quantitative analysis of nine other pesticides. The results indicate the existence of double standards, as demonstrated by the continued exports to Brazil of some pesticides banned in the United States and Europe.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	journal = {International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health},
	author = {Porto, Marcelo Firpo and Milanez, Bruno and Soares, Wagner Lopes and Meyer, Armando},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Brazil, Double standard, Pesticides, Regulation, Trade},
	pages = {24--35},
}

Despite bans on certain pesticides and their replacement by others considered less hazardous, the widespread use of these substances in agriculture continues to threaten the environment and the health of millions of people. This article discusses the current double standard in the international trade of pesticides and focuses on Brazil, one of the main users of pesticides in the world, analyzing the trends in foreign trade (imports and exports) of selected pesticides as a function of changes in legislation in the United States, the European Union, and Brazil from 1989 to 2006.We applied time line analysis to eight organochlorines already banned in Brazil and conducted a case-by-case qualitative and quantitative analysis of nine other pesticides. The results indicate the existence of double standards, as demonstrated by the continued exports to Brazil of some pesticides banned in the United States and Europe.

@article{jasPesticidesSanteTravailleurs2010,
	title = {Pesticides et santé des travailleurs agricoles en {France}. {Questions} anciennes, nouveaux enjeux},
	volume = {59},
	url = {https://hal.science/hal-01196933},
	abstract = {Depuis 2002, la question des effets des pesticides sur la santé des agriculteurs semble acquérir une certaine visibilité dans l’espace public sous l’impulsion de deux dynamiques. D’une part, une série de procès ont été engagés par des agriculteurs pour que l’exposition professionnelle à un ou des pesticides soit reconnue comme étant à l’origine d’atteintes graves à leur santé. D’autre part, des résultats d’enquêtes épidémiologiques montrent que ce type d’exposition induirait des risques accrus pour certaines pathologies. La médiatisation de ces actions en justice et de ces enquêtes, qui ne concernent encore que certains groupes professionnels et certaines pathologies, est récente. Cela pourrait laisser penser que les effets des pesticides sur la santé des travailleurs agricoles constitueraient des problèmes nouveaux.},
	language = {fr},
	number = {59},
	urldate = {2023-01-20},
	journal = {Le Courrier de l'environnement de l'INRA},
	author = {Jas, Nathalie},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {47},
}

Depuis 2002, la question des effets des pesticides sur la santé des agriculteurs semble acquérir une certaine visibilité dans l’espace public sous l’impulsion de deux dynamiques. D’une part, une série de procès ont été engagés par des agriculteurs pour que l’exposition professionnelle à un ou des pesticides soit reconnue comme étant à l’origine d’atteintes graves à leur santé. D’autre part, des résultats d’enquêtes épidémiologiques montrent que ce type d’exposition induirait des risques accrus pour certaines pathologies. La médiatisation de ces actions en justice et de ces enquêtes, qui ne concernent encore que certains groupes professionnels et certaines pathologies, est récente. Cela pourrait laisser penser que les effets des pesticides sur la santé des travailleurs agricoles constitueraient des problèmes nouveaux.

@article{gloverCorporateShapingGM2010,
	title = {The corporate shaping of {GM} crops as a technology for the poor},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0306-6150},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150903498754},
	doi = {10.1080/03066150903498754},
	abstract = {Genetically modified (GM, transgenic) crops are often invoked in debates about poverty, hunger, and agricultural development. The framing of GM crops as a ‘pro-poor’ and environmentally sustainable technology was partly a creation of the biotechnology industry, but cannot be explained as merely a cynical exercise in public relations. Storylines about poverty alleviation and sustainable development actually helped to drive and shape the technical and commercial strategies of the leading transnational agribusiness company, Monsanto, during the 1970s, 80s and 90s. However, while those storylines emerged alongside the GM crop technologies that were being developed in the company's laboratories and greenhouses, they failed to influence their design or technological content. Nevertheless, the pro-poor and sustainability rhetoric contributed directly to a transformation of Monsanto's sectoral and geographical scope, to include a new focus on markets in developing countries. In principle, serving farmers in these markets could lead the company to develop new products and technologies that are designed to address the needs of resource-poor smallholders, but the evidence of such a change occurring is scant.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-07-05},
	journal = {The Journal of Peasant Studies},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Glover, Dominic},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150903498754},
	keywords = {GM crops, Monsanto, agriculture, biotechnology, narrative},
	pages = {67--90},
}

Genetically modified (GM, transgenic) crops are often invoked in debates about poverty, hunger, and agricultural development. The framing of GM crops as a ‘pro-poor’ and environmentally sustainable technology was partly a creation of the biotechnology industry, but cannot be explained as merely a cynical exercise in public relations. Storylines about poverty alleviation and sustainable development actually helped to drive and shape the technical and commercial strategies of the leading transnational agribusiness company, Monsanto, during the 1970s, 80s and 90s. However, while those storylines emerged alongside the GM crop technologies that were being developed in the company's laboratories and greenhouses, they failed to influence their design or technological content. Nevertheless, the pro-poor and sustainability rhetoric contributed directly to a transformation of Monsanto's sectoral and geographical scope, to include a new focus on markets in developing countries. In principle, serving farmers in these markets could lead the company to develop new products and technologies that are designed to address the needs of resource-poor smallholders, but the evidence of such a change occurring is scant.

@book{baumgartnerAgendasInstabilityAmerican2009,
	address = {Chicago, IL},
	series = {Chicago {Studies} in {American} {Politics}},
	title = {Agendas and {Instability} in {American} {Politics}, {Second} {Edition}},
	isbn = {978-0-226-03949-7},
	url = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/A/bo6763995.html},
	abstract = {When Agendas and Instability in American Politics appeared fifteen years ago, offering a profoundly original account of how policy issues rise and fall on the national agenda, the Journal of Politics predicted that it would “become a landmark study of public policy making and American politics.” That prediction proved true and, in this long-awaited second edition, Bryan Jones and Frank Baumgartner refine their influential argument and expand it to illuminate the workings of democracies beyond the United States.The authors retain all the substance of their contention that short-term, single-issue analyses cast public policy too narrowly as the result of cozy and dependable arrangements among politicians, interest groups, and the media. Jones and Baumgartner provide a different interpretation by taking the long view of several issues—including nuclear energy, urban affairs, smoking, and auto safety—to demonstrate that bursts of rapid, unpredictable policy change punctuate the patterns of stability more frequently associated with government. Featuring a new introduction and two additional chapters, this updated edition ensures that their findings will remain a touchstone of policy studies for many years to come.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-01-29},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Baumgartner, Frank R. and Jones, Bryan D.},
	month = may,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {american politics, auto safety, congress, democracy, democratic process, elections, governing, governmental studies, graduate level, interest groups, landmark study, lawmakers, mass media, national agenda, nuclear energy, policy issues, policy-making, political science, politicians, public opinion, rapid change, single-issue analyses, smoking, social topics, sociology, textbooks, united states government, updated edition, urban affairs, us history},
}

When Agendas and Instability in American Politics appeared fifteen years ago, offering a profoundly original account of how policy issues rise and fall on the national agenda, the Journal of Politics predicted that it would “become a landmark study of public policy making and American politics.” That prediction proved true and, in this long-awaited second edition, Bryan Jones and Frank Baumgartner refine their influential argument and expand it to illuminate the workings of democracies beyond the United States.The authors retain all the substance of their contention that short-term, single-issue analyses cast public policy too narrowly as the result of cozy and dependable arrangements among politicians, interest groups, and the media. Jones and Baumgartner provide a different interpretation by taking the long view of several issues—including nuclear energy, urban affairs, smoking, and auto safety—to demonstrate that bursts of rapid, unpredictable policy change punctuate the patterns of stability more frequently associated with government. Featuring a new introduction and two additional chapters, this updated edition ensures that their findings will remain a touchstone of policy studies for many years to come.

@incollection{vallejosConditionFarmworkerHousing2009,
	address = {Safety and Justice},
	title = {The {Condition} of {Farmworker} {Housing} in the {Eastern} {United} {States}},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {: {Arcury} {T}., {Quandt}., {S}., {Latino} {Farmworkers} in the {Eastern} {United} {States}: {Health}},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Vallejos, Q. and Quandt, S. and Arcury, T.},
	year = {2009},
}

@article{galtItJustGoes2009,
	title = {"{It} just {Goes} to {Kill} {Ticos}": {National} market regulation and the political ecology of farmers' pesticide use in {Costa} {Rica}},
	volume = {16},
	doi = {10.2458/v16i1.21689},
	abstract = {This paper addresses pesticide residues on vegetables in developing countries through the specific case of Costa Rica. Pesticide residues are often very high on vegetables in developing countries, generally considerably higher than in industrialized countries. Using a political ecology approach, I combine qualitative and quantitative primary data with secondary data to answer two questions. Why do farmers use pesticides in a manner that results in high levels of residues on vegetables? And, how do markets with unequal regulatory strength affect farmers' pesticides use, and, by inference, the resulting exposure of different populations fed by different market segments? While usually attributed to farmer ignorance, I argue that the pesticide residue problem arises from a triad of causes: higher efficacy of more residual and toxic pesticides, combined with many vegetables' biological trait of consecutive harvests, and a volatile vegetable market upon which farm household reproduction depends. With high input costs and low farm gate prices, farmers in markets with minimal regulation will use more residual and toxic pesticides. Using the idea of a double standard, I show that lax regulation in the open national market means that farmers are less cautious about residues on national market produce than export produce, and that some export farmers use the open national market as an outlet for their produce when they use highly residual pesticides. Uneven regulations between North and South are manifested in farmer's management decisions, and lead to the injustice of higher residues in developing country vegetables.Keywords: pesticide residues; pesticide use; uneven regulation; Costa Rica; developing countries; national market vegetables; export vegetables; environmental injustice},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Political Ecology},
	author = {Galt, Ryan E.},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Costa Rica, Latin America, Pesticide, Regulation},
	pages = {1--33},
}

This paper addresses pesticide residues on vegetables in developing countries through the specific case of Costa Rica. Pesticide residues are often very high on vegetables in developing countries, generally considerably higher than in industrialized countries. Using a political ecology approach, I combine qualitative and quantitative primary data with secondary data to answer two questions. Why do farmers use pesticides in a manner that results in high levels of residues on vegetables? And, how do markets with unequal regulatory strength affect farmers' pesticides use, and, by inference, the resulting exposure of different populations fed by different market segments? While usually attributed to farmer ignorance, I argue that the pesticide residue problem arises from a triad of causes: higher efficacy of more residual and toxic pesticides, combined with many vegetables' biological trait of consecutive harvests, and a volatile vegetable market upon which farm household reproduction depends. With high input costs and low farm gate prices, farmers in markets with minimal regulation will use more residual and toxic pesticides. Using the idea of a double standard, I show that lax regulation in the open national market means that farmers are less cautious about residues on national market produce than export produce, and that some export farmers use the open national market as an outlet for their produce when they use highly residual pesticides. Uneven regulations between North and South are manifested in farmer's management decisions, and lead to the injustice of higher residues in developing country vegetables.Keywords: pesticide residues; pesticide use; uneven regulation; Costa Rica; developing countries; national market vegetables; export vegetables; environmental injustice

@article{bakkerNeoliberalNatureEcological2009,
	title = {Neoliberal {Nature}, {Ecological} {Fixes}, and the {Pitfalls} of {Comparative} {Research}},
	volume = {41},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1068/a4277},
	doi = {10.1068/a4277},
	abstract = {The entanglement of markets and nature has become the focus of a rapidly growing body of scholarship. The urgency of this debate arises from the recent proliferation of marketized forms of natureöfrom carbon emissions markets to debt-for-nature swaps
to water privatization. The fierce controversies which ensue make for complicated analytical and political terrain. The ideological differences run deep, as evidenced by the array of terms deployed: free market environmentalism, liberal environmentalism, (marketized) environmental governance, green neoliberalism, to name just a few.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space},
	author = {Bakker, Karen},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1781--1787},
}

The entanglement of markets and nature has become the focus of a rapidly growing body of scholarship. The urgency of this debate arises from the recent proliferation of marketized forms of natureöfrom carbon emissions markets to debt-for-nature swaps to water privatization. The fierce controversies which ensue make for complicated analytical and political terrain. The ideological differences run deep, as evidenced by the array of terms deployed: free market environmentalism, liberal environmentalism, (marketized) environmental governance, green neoliberalism, to name just a few.

@phdthesis{buffinUKPesticidesPolicy2009,
	type = {doctoral},
	title = {{UK} pesticides policy - a policy paradigm in transition?},
	url = {https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/19607/},
	abstract = {This research has established that a dominant 'pesticide policy paradigm' emerged in the UK in the mid 20th century which is now challenged and under pressure. The research proposes that another 'ecological pest management paradigm' appears to be emerging, but its development is held back by under-investment and powerful commitments to the current pesticide policy paradigm.

In the main, pesticides are researched and studied within the confines of natural science. The cross disciplinary nature of the present research has involved a wider analysis of pesticide policy from a scientific, social and political perspective. Pesticide policy and practice has been analysed using existing research data, grey literature and semi-structured interviews with 47 senior pesticide policy stakeholders from across the food and agrichemical sectors. The interviews were conducted to test the theoretical framework proposed.

After the Second World War significant crop yield increases were achieved, partly through the intensive use of synthetic pesticides, as an established part of conventional agriculture. Although successful at controlling pests, synthetic pesticides have also had unintended side effects on human health and the environment, which are reviewed. In response to rising evidence of harm, critical stakeholders have asserted the primacy of protecting human health and the environment.

The research identified 'productive stakeholders' who are locked into the technology, and 'critical stakeholders' with fundamental concerns about the need for pesticides, who champion a more precautionary approach. The interviews suggest 'societal failure' for pesticides, which is not dispelled by government and productive stakeholder assurances.

Biologically based alternatives are emerging as one response to the unintentional side effects of synthetic pesticides. However these bio-pesticide products are considered under the same regulatory requirements as synthetic pesticides. Thus, the high cost of regulatory development is impeding their development, and though widely considered safer than synthetic pesticides, this is currently difficult to prove. Bio-pesticides are thus subsumed in the same paradigm as synthetic pesticides; where as they could be seen as part of a more sustainable and holistic ecological pest management paradigm.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-04-03},
	school = {City University London},
	author = {Buffin, D. G.},
	year = {2009},
}

This research has established that a dominant 'pesticide policy paradigm' emerged in the UK in the mid 20th century which is now challenged and under pressure. The research proposes that another 'ecological pest management paradigm' appears to be emerging, but its development is held back by under-investment and powerful commitments to the current pesticide policy paradigm. In the main, pesticides are researched and studied within the confines of natural science. The cross disciplinary nature of the present research has involved a wider analysis of pesticide policy from a scientific, social and political perspective. Pesticide policy and practice has been analysed using existing research data, grey literature and semi-structured interviews with 47 senior pesticide policy stakeholders from across the food and agrichemical sectors. The interviews were conducted to test the theoretical framework proposed. After the Second World War significant crop yield increases were achieved, partly through the intensive use of synthetic pesticides, as an established part of conventional agriculture. Although successful at controlling pests, synthetic pesticides have also had unintended side effects on human health and the environment, which are reviewed. In response to rising evidence of harm, critical stakeholders have asserted the primacy of protecting human health and the environment. The research identified 'productive stakeholders' who are locked into the technology, and 'critical stakeholders' with fundamental concerns about the need for pesticides, who champion a more precautionary approach. The interviews suggest 'societal failure' for pesticides, which is not dispelled by government and productive stakeholder assurances. Biologically based alternatives are emerging as one response to the unintentional side effects of synthetic pesticides. However these bio-pesticide products are considered under the same regulatory requirements as synthetic pesticides. Thus, the high cost of regulatory development is impeding their development, and though widely considered safer than synthetic pesticides, this is currently difficult to prove. Bio-pesticides are thus subsumed in the same paradigm as synthetic pesticides; where as they could be seen as part of a more sustainable and holistic ecological pest management paradigm.

@book{clappCorporatePowerGlobal2009,
	address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
	series = {Food, {Health}, and the {Environment}},
	title = {Corporate {Power} in {Global} {Agrifood} {Governance}},
	isbn = {978-0-262-01275-1},
	abstract = {Experts examine the ways transnational corporations exercise power over governance of the global food system and the implications this has for sustainability},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	editor = {Clapp, Jennifer and Fuchs, Doris and Gottlieb, Robert and Cohen, Nevin},
	month = may,
	year = {2009},
}

Experts examine the ways transnational corporations exercise power over governance of the global food system and the implications this has for sustainability

@book{deguineCropProtectionAgrochemistry2009,
	address = {Enfield, NH},
	title = {Crop {Protection}: {From} agrochemistry to agroecology},
	isbn = {978-1-57808-652-8},
	shorttitle = {Crop protection},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Science Publishers},
	author = {Deguine, Jean-Philippe and Ferron, Pierre and Russell, Derek},
	year = {2009},
	note = {OCLC: ocn383815996},
	keywords = {Agricultural ecology, Cotton, Diseases and pests Integrated control},
}

@article{jansenUnspeakableBanTranslation2008,
	title = {The {Unspeakable} {Ban}: {The} translation of global pesticide governance into {Honduran} national regulation},
	volume = {36},
	doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.04.017},
	abstract = {This study examines the transfer of regulatory models from the international to the national level, drawing on a case study of Honduras and its adoption of the International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides. A key question concerns why the banning of hazardous pesticides disappears from the national policy agenda in the transfer process. The paper argues that development interventions reinforce a way of framing pesticide risks which prioritizes the scientific assessment of pesticides as a product rather than examining the everyday context in which they are used.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	journal = {World Development},
	author = {Jansen, Kees},
	month = apr,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Honduras, Latin America, Pesticides, Regulation, frame, global, governance},
	pages = {575--589},
}

This study examines the transfer of regulatory models from the international to the national level, drawing on a case study of Honduras and its adoption of the International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides. A key question concerns why the banning of hazardous pesticides disappears from the national policy agenda in the transfer process. The paper argues that development interventions reinforce a way of framing pesticide risks which prioritizes the scientific assessment of pesticides as a product rather than examining the everyday context in which they are used.

@article{nashPurityDangerHistorical2008,
	title = {Purity and {Danger}: {Historical} reflections on the regulation of environmental pollutants},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1084-5453},
	shorttitle = {Purity and {Danger}},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/25473292},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-11-30},
	journal = {Environmental History},
	publisher = {[Forest History Society, Forest History Society and The American Society for Environmental History, American Society for Environmental History, Oxford University Press]},
	author = {Nash, Linda},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Chemical geographies, Pesticide, Pesticide regulations, Regulation, Toxicity, pesticide exposure},
	pages = {651--658},
}

@article{galtCirclePoisonSignificant2008,
	series = {Local evidence on vulnerabilities and adaptations to global environmental change},
	title = {Beyond the circle of poison: {Significant} shifts in the global pesticide complex, 1976–2008},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {0959-3780},
	shorttitle = {Beyond the circle of poison},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378008000605},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.003},
	abstract = {Almost 30 years after its introduction, the “circle of poison” remains a common conceptualization of the global pesticide complex among scholars and especially in popular understanding. The circle of poison describes a situation in which, pesticides banned in industrialized countries continue to be manufactured there and exported to developing countries, are then used in developing countries almost entirely on export crops, and return to industrialized countries as pesticide residues on food. Using secondary data and a case study of pesticide use in Costa Rica, I review the applicability of the circle of poison conceptualization to the current global pesticide complex. I argue that (1) the circle of poison is no longer accurate due to important global changes in pesticide regulation, production, trade, sales, and use driven by a number of dynamic economic, social, and ecological processes; (2) using industrialized countries’ pesticide regulations as proxies for safety should be replaced by multi-characteristic risk assessments; and (3) revisions of the circle of poison conceptualization should be updated because of export farmers’ adoption of newer classes of pesticides. The paper concludes by offering a new characterization of the global pesticide complex vis-à-vis pesticide use in developing countries: pesticide divergence by market orientation.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	journal = {Global Environmental Change},
	author = {Galt, Ryan E.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Circle of poison, Costa Rica, Developing countries, Global pesticide complex, Industrialized countries, Pesticides},
	pages = {786--799},
}

Almost 30 years after its introduction, the “circle of poison” remains a common conceptualization of the global pesticide complex among scholars and especially in popular understanding. The circle of poison describes a situation in which, pesticides banned in industrialized countries continue to be manufactured there and exported to developing countries, are then used in developing countries almost entirely on export crops, and return to industrialized countries as pesticide residues on food. Using secondary data and a case study of pesticide use in Costa Rica, I review the applicability of the circle of poison conceptualization to the current global pesticide complex. I argue that (1) the circle of poison is no longer accurate due to important global changes in pesticide regulation, production, trade, sales, and use driven by a number of dynamic economic, social, and ecological processes; (2) using industrialized countries’ pesticide regulations as proxies for safety should be replaced by multi-characteristic risk assessments; and (3) revisions of the circle of poison conceptualization should be updated because of export farmers’ adoption of newer classes of pesticides. The paper concludes by offering a new characterization of the global pesticide complex vis-à-vis pesticide use in developing countries: pesticide divergence by market orientation.

@article{decosseSanteTravailleursAgricoles2008,
	title = {La santé des travailleurs agricoles migrants : un objet politique ?},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1777-537X},
	shorttitle = {La santé des travailleurs agricoles migrants},
	url = {https://journals.openedition.org/etudesrurales/8806},
	doi = {10.4000/etudesrurales.8806},
	abstract = {S’appuyant sur plusieurs années d’une enquête menée dans le sud de la France, en Andalousie et dans le pré-Rif marocain, cet article s’intéresse à la santé de la main-d’œuvre temporaire étrangère que l’agriculture intensive méditerranéenne mobilise. Alors que ces saisonniers sont victimes d’un nombre élevé d’accidents et de maladies, les risques auxquels ils sont exposés et, plus encore, les pathologies dont ils sont atteints sont rendus invisibles, sont sous-déclarés et ne sont pas pris en charge. Ne suscitant qu’une faible mobilisation de la part des acteurs du champ, cette question n’émerge donc pas comme un problème de santé publique, ce qui permet une externalisation des coûts, à la fois économiques et humains, vers les pays d’origine, où ces salariés sont tenus de retourner à la fin de chaque saison. Ainsi s’institue une nouvelle division internationale des risques du travail agricole.},
	language = {fr},
	number = {182},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	journal = {Études rurales},
	author = {Décosse, Frédéric},
	month = jul,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Bassin méditerranéen, agriculture intensive, invisibilisation des risques et pathologies, saisonniers agricoles étrangers, santé au travail},
	pages = {103--120},
}

S’appuyant sur plusieurs années d’une enquête menée dans le sud de la France, en Andalousie et dans le pré-Rif marocain, cet article s’intéresse à la santé de la main-d’œuvre temporaire étrangère que l’agriculture intensive méditerranéenne mobilise. Alors que ces saisonniers sont victimes d’un nombre élevé d’accidents et de maladies, les risques auxquels ils sont exposés et, plus encore, les pathologies dont ils sont atteints sont rendus invisibles, sont sous-déclarés et ne sont pas pris en charge. Ne suscitant qu’une faible mobilisation de la part des acteurs du champ, cette question n’émerge donc pas comme un problème de santé publique, ce qui permet une externalisation des coûts, à la fois économiques et humains, vers les pays d’origine, où ces salariés sont tenus de retourner à la fin de chaque saison. Ainsi s’institue une nouvelle division internationale des risques du travail agricole.

@article{ngowiSmallholderVegetableFarmers2007,
	title = {Smallholder vegetable farmers in {Northern} {Tanzania}: {Pesticides} use practices, perceptions, cost and health effects},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {0261-2194},
	shorttitle = {Smallholder vegetable farmers in {Northern} {Tanzania}},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261219407000439},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cropro.2007.01.008},
	abstract = {Smallholder farmers in Northern Tanzania grow vegetables that include tomatoes, cabbages and onions and use many types of pesticides to control pests and diseases that attack these crops. Based on the use of questionnaires and interviews that were conducted in Arumeru, Monduli, Karatu and Moshi rural districts, this study investigates farmers’ practices, perceptions and related cost and health effects on vegetable pest management using pesticides. The types of pesticides used by the farmers in the study areas were insecticides (59\%), fungicides (29\%) and herbicides (10\%) with the remaining 2\% being rodenticides. Pesticides were bought from pesticides shops (60\%), general shops (30\%) and cooperative shops (10\%). The pesticides were supplied in containers ranging from 0.5 to 5l or in packets ranging from 0.5 to 25kg. Vendors often dispensed smaller quantities of pesticides in unlabelled containers. About a third of the farmers applied pesticides in mixtures. Up to 90\% of this third had a maximum of 3 pesticides in a mixture. In all cases, there were no specific instructions either from the labels or extension workers regarding these tank mixtures. More than 50\% of the respondents applied pesticides up to 5 times or more per cropping season depending on the crop. Insecticides and fungicides were routinely applied by 77\% and 7\%, respectively. Fifty-three percent of the farmers reported that the trend of pesticide use was increasing, while 33\% was constant and 14\% was decreasing. Sixty-eight percent of farmers reported having felt sick after routine application of pesticides. Pesticide-related health symptoms that were associated with pesticides use included skin problems and neurological system disturbances (dizziness, headache). Thirty-nine percent of farmers reported spending between 20 and 130,200 Tanzanian shillings (0.018–116 US dollars) in a year on health due to pesticides. These results will contribute to the reformation of pesticide policies for safe and effective use of pesticides by smallholder farmers in Tanzania.},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2017-12-26},
	journal = {Crop Protection},
	author = {Ngowi, A. V. F. and Mbise, T. J. and Ijani, A. S. M. and London, L. and Ajayi, O. C.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Cost, Health, Northern Tanzania, Pesticides, Smallholder farmers, Vegetables},
	pages = {1617--1624},
}

Smallholder farmers in Northern Tanzania grow vegetables that include tomatoes, cabbages and onions and use many types of pesticides to control pests and diseases that attack these crops. Based on the use of questionnaires and interviews that were conducted in Arumeru, Monduli, Karatu and Moshi rural districts, this study investigates farmers’ practices, perceptions and related cost and health effects on vegetable pest management using pesticides. The types of pesticides used by the farmers in the study areas were insecticides (59%), fungicides (29%) and herbicides (10%) with the remaining 2% being rodenticides. Pesticides were bought from pesticides shops (60%), general shops (30%) and cooperative shops (10%). The pesticides were supplied in containers ranging from 0.5 to 5l or in packets ranging from 0.5 to 25kg. Vendors often dispensed smaller quantities of pesticides in unlabelled containers. About a third of the farmers applied pesticides in mixtures. Up to 90% of this third had a maximum of 3 pesticides in a mixture. In all cases, there were no specific instructions either from the labels or extension workers regarding these tank mixtures. More than 50% of the respondents applied pesticides up to 5 times or more per cropping season depending on the crop. Insecticides and fungicides were routinely applied by 77% and 7%, respectively. Fifty-three percent of the farmers reported that the trend of pesticide use was increasing, while 33% was constant and 14% was decreasing. Sixty-eight percent of farmers reported having felt sick after routine application of pesticides. Pesticide-related health symptoms that were associated with pesticides use included skin problems and neurological system disturbances (dizziness, headache). Thirty-nine percent of farmers reported spending between 20 and 130,200 Tanzanian shillings (0.018–116 US dollars) in a year on health due to pesticides. These results will contribute to the reformation of pesticide policies for safe and effective use of pesticides by smallholder farmers in Tanzania.

@article{jasPublicHealthPesticide2007,
	title = {Public {Health} and {Pesticide} {Regulation} in {France} {Before} and {After} {Silent} {Spring}},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0734-1512},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/07341510701527435},
	doi = {10.1080/07341510701527435},
	abstract = {By analysing aspects of the development and functioning of the French pesticide registration system up to 1972, this paper highlights four long‐term trends that significantly influenced how that system took charge of public health, while exposing a series of problems with pesticide‐related health management practices. It argues that the function of these practices was not so much to protect populations from the detrimental effects of pesticides but to enable the development of intensive agriculture and the pesticide industry. Ultimately, it stresses the need to introduce long‐term perspectives into risk studies and to place economic interests at the core their analyses.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	journal = {History and Technology},
	author = {Jas, Nathalie},
	month = dec,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {France, Pesticides, Public Health, Regulation, Twentieth Century},
	pages = {369--388},
}

By analysing aspects of the development and functioning of the French pesticide registration system up to 1972, this paper highlights four long‐term trends that significantly influenced how that system took charge of public health, while exposing a series of problems with pesticide‐related health management practices. It argues that the function of these practices was not so much to protect populations from the detrimental effects of pesticides but to enable the development of intensive agriculture and the pesticide industry. Ultimately, it stresses the need to introduce long‐term perspectives into risk studies and to place economic interests at the core their analyses.

@book{lytleGentleSubversiveRachel2007,
	address = {Oxford},
	title = {The {Gentle} {Subversive}: {Rachel} {Carson}, {Silent} {Spring}, and the {Rise} of the {Environmental} {Movement}},
	isbn = {978-0-19-803853-5},
	shorttitle = {The {Gentle} {Subversive}},
	abstract = {Rachel Carson's Silent Spring antagonized some of the most powerful interests in the nation--including the farm block and the agricultural chemical industry--and helped launch the modern environmental movement. In The Gentle Subversive, Mark Hamilton Lytle offers a compact biography of Carson, illuminating the road that led to this vastly influential book. Lytle explores the evolution of Carson's ideas about nature, her love for the sea, her career as a biologist, and above all her emergence as a writer of extraordinary moral and ecological vision. We follow Carson from her childhood on a farm outside Pittsburgh, where she first developed her love of nature (and where, at age eleven, she published her first piece in a children's magazine), to her graduate work at Johns Hopkins and her career with the Fish and Wildlife Service. Lytle describes the genesis of her first book, Under the Sea-Wind, the incredible success of The Sea Around Us (a New York Times bestseller for over a year), and her determination to risk her fame in order to write her "poison book": Silent Spring. The author contends that despite Carson's demure, lady-like demeanor, she was subversive in her thinking and aggressive in her campaign against pesticides. Carson became the spokeswoman for a network of conservationists, scientists, women, and other concerned citizens who had come to fear the mounting dangers of the human assault on nature. What makes this story particularly compelling is that Carson took up this cause at the very moment when she herself faced a losing battle with cancer. Succinct and engaging, The Gentle Subversive is a story of success, celebrity, controversy, and vindication. It will inspire anyone interested in protecting the natural world or in women's struggle to find a voice in society.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Lytle, Mark Hamilton},
	month = jul,
	year = {2007},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: SOSD4PFchmsC},
	keywords = {Biography \& Autobiography / Science \& Technology, Nature / Environmental Conservation \& Protection, Science / Philosophy \& Social Aspects},
}

Rachel Carson's Silent Spring antagonized some of the most powerful interests in the nation–including the farm block and the agricultural chemical industry–and helped launch the modern environmental movement. In The Gentle Subversive, Mark Hamilton Lytle offers a compact biography of Carson, illuminating the road that led to this vastly influential book. Lytle explores the evolution of Carson's ideas about nature, her love for the sea, her career as a biologist, and above all her emergence as a writer of extraordinary moral and ecological vision. We follow Carson from her childhood on a farm outside Pittsburgh, where she first developed her love of nature (and where, at age eleven, she published her first piece in a children's magazine), to her graduate work at Johns Hopkins and her career with the Fish and Wildlife Service. Lytle describes the genesis of her first book, Under the Sea-Wind, the incredible success of The Sea Around Us (a New York Times bestseller for over a year), and her determination to risk her fame in order to write her "poison book": Silent Spring. The author contends that despite Carson's demure, lady-like demeanor, she was subversive in her thinking and aggressive in her campaign against pesticides. Carson became the spokeswoman for a network of conservationists, scientists, women, and other concerned citizens who had come to fear the mounting dangers of the human assault on nature. What makes this story particularly compelling is that Carson took up this cause at the very moment when she herself faced a losing battle with cancer. Succinct and engaging, The Gentle Subversive is a story of success, celebrity, controversy, and vindication. It will inspire anyone interested in protecting the natural world or in women's struggle to find a voice in society.

@book{nicolinoPesticidesRevelationsScandale2007,
	title = {Pesticides: {Révélations} sur un scandale français},
	isbn = {978-2-213-64488-2},
	shorttitle = {Pesticides},
	abstract = {C'est un sujet qui peut nous paraître lointain, et pourtant il nous concerne tous. Car les pesticides sont partout, jusque dans la rosée du matin. Et dans la pluie des villes, bien sûr, de toutes les villes de France.Pour cette raison et quelques autres que vous apprendrez, les conséquences sanitaires de l'exposition aux pesticides sont d'ores et déjà massives. Des centaines d'études, à l'échelle internationale, montrent que ces produits de la chimie de synthèse agissent, même à des doses infinitésimales, sur notre équilibre le plus intime. Le cordon ombilical du fœtus, le système endocrinien, la fabrication du sperme sont atteints. Les cancers et les maladies neurologiques se multiplient.Ce n'est pas drôle ? Non. Mais les auteurs de ce livre ont pris un parti : celui de raconter des histoires avec de vraies gens. Vivantes, parfois extravagantes. Depuis 1945, l'industrie des pesticides a pris le pouvoir en France, sans que personne s'en doute. Cet ouvrage donne des noms, livre des dates, fouille les archives. Oui, on a truqué des congrès prétendument scientifiques. Oui, les industriels ont infiltré, et continuent de le faire, les commissions officielles chargées du contrôle des pesticides. Oui, l'« agriculture raisonnée », que les pouvoirs publics français présentent comme la solution de l'avenir, est une farce, une incroyable manipulation.En lisant ce récit passionnant, vous découvrirez le rôle scandaleux de la haute administration de notre pays dans la mort de milliards d'abeilles. Vous découvrirez comment on dissimule l'existence de milliers de malades. Vous découvrirez une vérité que personne ne pouvait soupçonner.},
	language = {fr},
	publisher = {Fayard},
	author = {Nicolino, Fabrice and Veillerette, François},
	month = feb,
	year = {2007},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: PncQ4s3a\_LAC},
	keywords = {Political Science / General, Social Science / Essays},
}

C'est un sujet qui peut nous paraître lointain, et pourtant il nous concerne tous. Car les pesticides sont partout, jusque dans la rosée du matin. Et dans la pluie des villes, bien sûr, de toutes les villes de France.Pour cette raison et quelques autres que vous apprendrez, les conséquences sanitaires de l'exposition aux pesticides sont d'ores et déjà massives. Des centaines d'études, à l'échelle internationale, montrent que ces produits de la chimie de synthèse agissent, même à des doses infinitésimales, sur notre équilibre le plus intime. Le cordon ombilical du fœtus, le système endocrinien, la fabrication du sperme sont atteints. Les cancers et les maladies neurologiques se multiplient.Ce n'est pas drôle ? Non. Mais les auteurs de ce livre ont pris un parti : celui de raconter des histoires avec de vraies gens. Vivantes, parfois extravagantes. Depuis 1945, l'industrie des pesticides a pris le pouvoir en France, sans que personne s'en doute. Cet ouvrage donne des noms, livre des dates, fouille les archives. Oui, on a truqué des congrès prétendument scientifiques. Oui, les industriels ont infiltré, et continuent de le faire, les commissions officielles chargées du contrôle des pesticides. Oui, l'« agriculture raisonnée », que les pouvoirs publics français présentent comme la solution de l'avenir, est une farce, une incroyable manipulation.En lisant ce récit passionnant, vous découvrirez le rôle scandaleux de la haute administration de notre pays dans la mort de milliards d'abeilles. Vous découvrirez comment on dissimule l'existence de milliers de malades. Vous découvrirez une vérité que personne ne pouvait soupçonner.

@techreport{bertrandProcessusDalerteDispositifs2007,
	address = {Paris},
	title = {Processus d’alerte et dispositifs d’expertise dans les dossiers sanitaires et environnementaux {Expérimentation} d’un observatoire informatisé de veille sociologique à partir du cas des pesticides.},
	url = {http://gspr.ehess.free.fr/contrats/Pesticides-AFSSET-RapportFinal.pdf},
	institution = {GSPR(Ehess)/Afsset},
	author = {Bertrand, Anne and Chateauraynaud, Francis and Torny, Didier},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {139},
}

@article{tranGuerreDefoliationDans2007,
	title = {Guerre et défoliation dans le {Sud} {Viêt}-{Nam}, 1961-1971: {Aux} sources de l’histoire},
	volume = {XXII},
	issn = {0982-1783, 1957-7745},
	shorttitle = {Guerre et défoliation dans le {Sud} {Viêt}-{Nam}, 1961-1971},
	url = {http://journals.openedition.org/histoiremesure/2273},
	doi = {10.4000/histoiremesure.2273},
	abstract = {War and Defoliation in the South Vietnam (1961-1971). The Sources of History. Thirty years after the end of the conflict in 1975, the debate on the controversial use of herbicides in Vietnam remains heated. The chemical component of this war carried was the program Ranch Hand (1961-1971), which aimed to the total destruction of the vegetational cover. At that time, the international scientific community already realized what would be the catastrophic environmental and medical consequences in the post-war period. The disappearance of very large surfaces of forests, mangrove forests and others plant communities durably endangered biodiversity; the soils and water were also polluted. Since 1974, reports of the American National Academy of Sciences have listed the number of air missions and the quantity of herbicides spread per military area and year. Although their statistics include variations, errors and omissions, these sources give an idea of the extent of the phenomenon. Nowadays, the American Defense Department tends to open its files to researchers. The few ones that are already available prove of priceless value for the history of defoliation and bring new dimensions. We can now weigh war as a disturbance and locate the number of missions and the type and quantity of herbicides, which will eventually allow us to assess the impact of defoliation on ecosystems and people.},
	language = {fr},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-09-26},
	journal = {Histoire \& mesure},
	author = {Tran, Thao and Amat, Jean-Paul and Pirot, Françoise},
	month = aug,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {71--107},
}

War and Defoliation in the South Vietnam (1961-1971). The Sources of History. Thirty years after the end of the conflict in 1975, the debate on the controversial use of herbicides in Vietnam remains heated. The chemical component of this war carried was the program Ranch Hand (1961-1971), which aimed to the total destruction of the vegetational cover. At that time, the international scientific community already realized what would be the catastrophic environmental and medical consequences in the post-war period. The disappearance of very large surfaces of forests, mangrove forests and others plant communities durably endangered biodiversity; the soils and water were also polluted. Since 1974, reports of the American National Academy of Sciences have listed the number of air missions and the quantity of herbicides spread per military area and year. Although their statistics include variations, errors and omissions, these sources give an idea of the extent of the phenomenon. Nowadays, the American Defense Department tends to open its files to researchers. The few ones that are already available prove of priceless value for the history of defoliation and bring new dimensions. We can now weigh war as a disturbance and locate the number of missions and the type and quantity of herbicides, which will eventually allow us to assess the impact of defoliation on ecosystems and people.

@article{mussellimorettiTrackingTrendMarket2006,
	title = {Tracking the trend towards market concentration :},
	shorttitle = {Tracking the trend towards market concentration},
	url = {https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/574354},
	abstract = {Musselli Moretti, Irene},
	language = {fr},
	urldate = {2022-07-05},
	publisher = {[UN],},
	author = {Musselli Moretti, Irene and Secretariat, Unctad},
	month = apr,
	year = {2006},
}

Musselli Moretti, Irene

@book{nashInescapableEcologiesHistory2006,
	address = {Berkeley},
	title = {Inescapable {Ecologies}: {A} {History} of {Environment}, {Disease}, and {Knowledge}},
	isbn = {978-0-520-24887-8},
	shorttitle = {Inescapable {Ecologies}},
	abstract = {Among the most far-reaching effects of the modern environmental movement was the widespread acknowledgment that human beings were inescapably part of a larger ecosystem. With this book, Linda Nash gives us a wholly original and much longer history of “ecological” ideas of the body as that history unfolded in California’s Central Valley. Taking us from nineteenth-century fears of miasmas and faith in wilderness cures to the recent era of chemical pollution and cancer clusters, Nash charts how Americans have connected their diseases to race and place as well as dirt and germs. In this account, the rise of germ theory and the pushing aside of an earlier environmental approach to illness constituted not a clear triumph of modern biomedicine but rather a brief period of modern amnesia. As Nash shows us, place-based accounts of illness re-emerged in the postwar decades, galvanizing environmental protest against smog and toxic chemicals. Carefully researched and richly conceptual, Inescapable Ecologies brings critically important insights to the histories of environment, culture, and public health, while offering a provocative commentary on the human relationship to the larger world.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {University of California Press},
	author = {Nash, Linda},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {History / Modern / 20th Century / General, History / United States / State \& Local / West (AK, CA, CO, HI, ID, MT, NV, UT, WY), Science / History},
}

Among the most far-reaching effects of the modern environmental movement was the widespread acknowledgment that human beings were inescapably part of a larger ecosystem. With this book, Linda Nash gives us a wholly original and much longer history of “ecological” ideas of the body as that history unfolded in California’s Central Valley. Taking us from nineteenth-century fears of miasmas and faith in wilderness cures to the recent era of chemical pollution and cancer clusters, Nash charts how Americans have connected their diseases to race and place as well as dirt and germs. In this account, the rise of germ theory and the pushing aside of an earlier environmental approach to illness constituted not a clear triumph of modern biomedicine but rather a brief period of modern amnesia. As Nash shows us, place-based accounts of illness re-emerged in the postwar decades, galvanizing environmental protest against smog and toxic chemicals. Carefully researched and richly conceptual, Inescapable Ecologies brings critically important insights to the histories of environment, culture, and public health, while offering a provocative commentary on the human relationship to the larger world.

@article{pralleMouseThatRoared2006,
	title = {The “{Mouse} {That} {Roared}”: {Agenda} {Setting} in {Canadian} {Pesticides} {Politics}},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1541-0072},
	shorttitle = {The “{Mouse} {That} {Roared}”},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2006.00165.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1541-0072.2006.00165.x},
	abstract = {Issue redefinition and venue shopping have been identified as key strategies for enacting agenda and policy change, but much work remains to be done in elaborating these processes. I argue that an important aspect of issue redefinition involves shifting not only the image of an issue but also the bases for considering those issues—what I call policy principles. Policy principles are the core values, beliefs, or guidelines attached to policies that help direct decision making. The emergence and acceptance of new principles by the public and policymakers can be a vital source of policy change, at times having far greater consequences for policy than redefining an issue. Venue shopping is also a multifaceted undertaking involving efforts by policy entrepreneurs and advocacy groups to keep issues out of venues they would rather not participate in as well as move decision making to new arenas. Moreover, while the literature suggests that shifting venues is usually a sensible strategy, sometimes venue shopping can backfire. A case study of the municipal movement to restrict the nonessential use of lawn and garden pesticides in Canada illustrates these theoretical points and shows the applicability of agenda setting models to contexts outside the United States.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-01-23},
	journal = {Policy Studies Journal},
	author = {Pralle, Sarah},
	year = {2006},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2006.00165.x},
	keywords = {agenda setting, environmental policy, pesticides, policy change},
	pages = {171--194},
}

Issue redefinition and venue shopping have been identified as key strategies for enacting agenda and policy change, but much work remains to be done in elaborating these processes. I argue that an important aspect of issue redefinition involves shifting not only the image of an issue but also the bases for considering those issues—what I call policy principles. Policy principles are the core values, beliefs, or guidelines attached to policies that help direct decision making. The emergence and acceptance of new principles by the public and policymakers can be a vital source of policy change, at times having far greater consequences for policy than redefining an issue. Venue shopping is also a multifaceted undertaking involving efforts by policy entrepreneurs and advocacy groups to keep issues out of venues they would rather not participate in as well as move decision making to new arenas. Moreover, while the literature suggests that shifting venues is usually a sensible strategy, sometimes venue shopping can backfire. A case study of the municipal movement to restrict the nonessential use of lawn and garden pesticides in Canada illustrates these theoretical points and shows the applicability of agenda setting models to contexts outside the United States.

@article{aqieldalvieDisposalUnwantedPesticides2006,
	title = {Disposal of unwanted pesticides in {Stellenbosch}, {South} {Africa}},
	volume = {361},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.049},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Unwanted pesticides in developing countries are major environmental health threats. This study followed-up a previous audit of unwanted and obsolete pesticides on farms in a rural district of South Africa six years after a National Retrieval Project (NPR) was undertaken.
METHODS: A descriptive survey of 37 farms that had been in possession of unwanted pesticides in a 1995 survey and a purposive sample of 34 neighbouring farms, was carried out. The survey data included farm details; details of unwanted pesticide stocks, volumes of empty containers and safety and hygiene of pesticide stores. In addition, management was asked if they had been informed about and participated in the 1997 NPR and similarly whether they were aware of the retrieval planned by the African Stockpiles Programme (ASP).
RESULTS: Forty (56\%) farms were in possession of obsolete pesticides of which 24 (59\%) were farms that had unwanted stocks in the previous survey. There were more than 9 tonnes of these pesticides, 50\% more than in the previous survey, including 20 chemicals banned, withdrawn or restricted in South Africa or classified as WHO Class I toxicity. Over 2,800 kg of pesticides (30\%) were not identifiable. None of the farms participated in the NPR, although 47 knew of the initiative. Only six farmers (9\%) knew of the ASP initiative. Fifty-nine farms (83\%) had empty containers on the premises. Most pesticide stores (67\%) had floors contaminated with chemicals.
CONCLUSION: The survey found that despite the NPR, the problem of unwanted pesticides in the study area and probably throughout South Africa has deteriorated. National and international policies should control the problem at source and encourage more sustainable agriculture.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1-3},
	journal = {The Science of the Total Environment},
	author = {Aqiel Dalvie, Mohamed and Africa, Algernon and London, Leslie},
	month = may,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Agriculture, Data Collection, Humans, Pesticides, Public Health, Refuse Disposal, South Africa},
	pages = {8--17},
}

BACKGROUND: Unwanted pesticides in developing countries are major environmental health threats. This study followed-up a previous audit of unwanted and obsolete pesticides on farms in a rural district of South Africa six years after a National Retrieval Project (NPR) was undertaken. METHODS: A descriptive survey of 37 farms that had been in possession of unwanted pesticides in a 1995 survey and a purposive sample of 34 neighbouring farms, was carried out. The survey data included farm details; details of unwanted pesticide stocks, volumes of empty containers and safety and hygiene of pesticide stores. In addition, management was asked if they had been informed about and participated in the 1997 NPR and similarly whether they were aware of the retrieval planned by the African Stockpiles Programme (ASP). RESULTS: Forty (56%) farms were in possession of obsolete pesticides of which 24 (59%) were farms that had unwanted stocks in the previous survey. There were more than 9 tonnes of these pesticides, 50% more than in the previous survey, including 20 chemicals banned, withdrawn or restricted in South Africa or classified as WHO Class I toxicity. Over 2,800 kg of pesticides (30%) were not identifiable. None of the farms participated in the NPR, although 47 knew of the initiative. Only six farmers (9%) knew of the ASP initiative. Fifty-nine farms (83%) had empty containers on the premises. Most pesticide stores (67%) had floors contaminated with chemicals. CONCLUSION: The survey found that despite the NPR, the problem of unwanted pesticides in the study area and probably throughout South Africa has deteriorated. National and international policies should control the problem at source and encourage more sustainable agriculture.

@article{managiAreThereIncreasing2006,
	title = {Are there increasing returns to pollution abatement? {Empirical} analytics of the {Environmental} {Kuznets} {Curve} in pesticides},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {0921-8009},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Ecological Economics},
	author = {Managi, Shunsuke},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Agricultural development, Environmental Kuznets curve, LMICs, Pesticide, Pesticide use},
	pages = {617--636},
}

@incollection{newellCorporatePowerBounded2006,
	title = {Corporate power and ‘bounded autonomy’ in the global politics of biotechnology},
	isbn = {978-0-230-00125-1},
	booktitle = {The {International} {Politics} of {Genetically} {Modified} {Food}},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan UK},
	author = {Newell, Peter},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {67--84},
}

@article{carvalhoAgriculturePesticidesFood2006,
	title = {Agriculture, pesticides, food security and food safety},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1462-9011},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901106001092},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envsci.2006.08.002},
	abstract = {Decades ago, agrochemicals were introduced aiming at enhancing crop yields and at protecting crops from pests. Due to adaptation and resistance developed by pests to chemicals, every year higher amounts and new chemical compounds are used to protect crops, causing undesired side effects and raising the costs of food production. Eventually, new techniques, including genetically modified organisms (GMOs) resistant to pests, could halt the massive spread of agrochemicals in agriculture fields. Biological chemical-free agriculture is gaining also more and more support but it is still not able to respond to the need for producing massive amounts of food. The use of agrochemicals, including pesticides, remains a common practice especially in tropical regions and South countries. Cheap compounds, such as DDT, HCH and lindane, that are environmentally persistent, are today banned from agriculture use in developed countries, but remain popular in developing countries. As a consequence, persistent residues of these chemicals contaminate food and disperse in the environment. Coordinated efforts are needed to increase the production of food but with a view to enhanced food quality and safety as well as to controlling residues of persistent pesticides in the environment.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2020-11-30},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Policy},
	author = {Carvalho, Fernando P.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Agricultural development, Food production, Food safety, LMICs, Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), Pesticide footprint, Pesticide residues, Population growth},
	pages = {685--692},
}

Decades ago, agrochemicals were introduced aiming at enhancing crop yields and at protecting crops from pests. Due to adaptation and resistance developed by pests to chemicals, every year higher amounts and new chemical compounds are used to protect crops, causing undesired side effects and raising the costs of food production. Eventually, new techniques, including genetically modified organisms (GMOs) resistant to pests, could halt the massive spread of agrochemicals in agriculture fields. Biological chemical-free agriculture is gaining also more and more support but it is still not able to respond to the need for producing massive amounts of food. The use of agrochemicals, including pesticides, remains a common practice especially in tropical regions and South countries. Cheap compounds, such as DDT, HCH and lindane, that are environmentally persistent, are today banned from agriculture use in developed countries, but remain popular in developing countries. As a consequence, persistent residues of these chemicals contaminate food and disperse in the environment. Coordinated efforts are needed to increase the production of food but with a view to enhanced food quality and safety as well as to controlling residues of persistent pesticides in the environment.

@book{prettyPesticideDetoxMore2005,
	address = {London ; Sterling, VA},
	title = {The {Pesticide} {Detox}: {Towards} a more sustainable agriculture},
	isbn = {978-1-84407-142-5 978-1-84407-141-8},
	shorttitle = {The pesticide detox},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Earthscan},
	editor = {Pretty, Jules N.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Agricultural pests, Biological control, Environmental aspects, Organic farming, Pesticides},
}

@book{danielToxicDriftPesticides2005,
	title = {Toxic {Drift}: {Pesticides} and {Health} in the {Post}-{World} {War} {II} {South}},
	isbn = {978-0-8071-3245-6},
	shorttitle = {Toxic {Drift}},
	abstract = {Following World War II, chemical companies and agricultural experts promoted the use of synthetic chemicals as pesticides on weeds and insects. It was, Pete Daniel points out, a convenient way for companies to apply their wartime research to the domestic market. In Toxic Drift, Daniel documents the particularly disastrous effects this campaign had on the South's public health and environment, exposing the careless mentality that allowed pesticide application to swerve out of control. The quest to destroy pests, Daniel contends, unfortunately outran research on insect resistance, ignored environmental damage, and downplayed the dangers of residue accumulation and threats to fish, wildlife, domestic animals, and humans. Using legal sources, archival records, newspapers, and congressional hearings, Daniel constructs a moving, fact-filled account of the use, abuse, and regulation of pesticides from World War II until 1970.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Louisiana State University Press},
	author = {Daniel, Pete},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: m\_3s\_QWVve0C},
	keywords = {History / United States / General, Science / Environmental Science},
}

Following World War II, chemical companies and agricultural experts promoted the use of synthetic chemicals as pesticides on weeds and insects. It was, Pete Daniel points out, a convenient way for companies to apply their wartime research to the domestic market. In Toxic Drift, Daniel documents the particularly disastrous effects this campaign had on the South's public health and environment, exposing the careless mentality that allowed pesticide application to swerve out of control. The quest to destroy pests, Daniel contends, unfortunately outran research on insect resistance, ignored environmental damage, and downplayed the dangers of residue accumulation and threats to fish, wildlife, domestic animals, and humans. Using legal sources, archival records, newspapers, and congressional hearings, Daniel constructs a moving, fact-filled account of the use, abuse, and regulation of pesticides from World War II until 1970.

@book{eckermanBhopalSagaCauses2005,
	address = {Hyderabad},
	title = {The {Bhopal} {Saga}: {Causes} and {Consequences} of {Worlds} {Largest} {Industrial} {Disaster}},
	isbn = {978-81-7371-515-0},
	shorttitle = {The {Bhopal} {Saga}},
	language = {Anglais},
	publisher = {Universities Press,India},
	author = {Eckerman, Ingrid},
	month = feb,
	year = {2005},
}

@article{andersonWarWeedsIowa2005,
	title = {War on {Weeds}: {Iowa} {Farmers} and {Growth}-{Regulator} {Herbicides}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1097-3729},
	shorttitle = {War on {Weeds}},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/192282},
	doi = {10.1353/tech.2006.0001},
	abstract = {After World War II farmers transformed the Iowa landscape by using newly developed growth regulator herbicides while simultaneously shaping the way herbicides were used. Herbicides met many farmers' goals, including cutting fuel and labor costs of cultivating while boosting yields by reducing weed competition for soil nutrients, light, and moisture. In the 1940s and 1950s, experts advised farmers to only use chemicals to supplement mechanical cultivation, but by the 1960s some farmers reduced or eliminated cultivation. Farmers also contended with unanticipated consequences of herbicide use. Some weeds were resistant to herbicide and proliferated as farmers reduced or eliminated species that were easier to control. Weed control became more expensive and complicated by 1972, with new varieties, combinations, additives, and government regulation. In spite of the expense of herbicides and some undesirable consequences, farmers continued to use them, accepting a new chemical paradigm and altering the Midwestern landscape.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2025-09-25},
	journal = {Technology and Culture},
	author = {Anderson, J. L},
	month = oct,
	year = {2005},
	pages = {719--744},
}

After World War II farmers transformed the Iowa landscape by using newly developed growth regulator herbicides while simultaneously shaping the way herbicides were used. Herbicides met many farmers' goals, including cutting fuel and labor costs of cultivating while boosting yields by reducing weed competition for soil nutrients, light, and moisture. In the 1940s and 1950s, experts advised farmers to only use chemicals to supplement mechanical cultivation, but by the 1960s some farmers reduced or eliminated cultivation. Farmers also contended with unanticipated consequences of herbicide use. Some weeds were resistant to herbicide and proliferated as farmers reduced or eliminated species that were easier to control. Weed control became more expensive and complicated by 1972, with new varieties, combinations, additives, and government regulation. In spite of the expense of herbicides and some undesirable consequences, farmers continued to use them, accepting a new chemical paradigm and altering the Midwestern landscape.

@article{raynoldsGlobalizationOrganicAgroFood2004,
	title = {The {Globalization} of {Organic} {Agro}-{Food} {Networks}},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0305-750X},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X04000270},
	doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.11.008},
	abstract = {This article analyzes the booming world trade in organic agro-foods such as tropical products, counterseasonal fresh produce, and processed foods. Research focuses on expanding South–North networks linking major US and European markets with major production regions, particularly in Latin America. Employing a commodity network approach, I analyze organic production, distribution, and consumption patterns and the roles of social, political, and economic actors in consolidating international trade. Organic certification proves central to network governance, shaping product specifications, production parameters, and enterprise participation. My analysis identifies key contradictions between mainstream agro-industrial and alternative movement conventions in global organic networks.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2025-02-03},
	journal = {World Development},
	author = {Raynolds, Laura T.},
	month = may,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {certification, commodity chains, globalization, organic, regulation, trade},
	pages = {725--743},
}

This article analyzes the booming world trade in organic agro-foods such as tropical products, counterseasonal fresh produce, and processed foods. Research focuses on expanding South–North networks linking major US and European markets with major production regions, particularly in Latin America. Employing a commodity network approach, I analyze organic production, distribution, and consumption patterns and the roles of social, political, and economic actors in consolidating international trade. Organic certification proves central to network governance, shaping product specifications, production parameters, and enterprise participation. My analysis identifies key contradictions between mainstream agro-industrial and alternative movement conventions in global organic networks.

@article{quezadaNouvellesFirmesNouvelles2004,
	title = {Nouvelles firmes, nouvelles stratégies ?},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0048-8046},
	url = {https://journals.openedition.org/ress/486#authors},
	doi = {10.4000/ress.486},
	abstract = {Introduction Ainsi que le rappellent J. Bijman et P.-B. Joly (2001), les industries des semences et des produits phytosanitaires européennes ont subi des transformations profondes pendant la dernière décennie du XXe siècle. En effet, les biotechnologies des plantes ont contribué à un processus de restructuration et de concentration sans précédent dans ces secteurs. Cette tendance fait partie d’un phénomène plus large de concentration qui touche encore d’autres secteurs, tels que la pharmacie,...},
	language = {fr},
	number = {XLII-130},
	urldate = {2022-07-05},
	journal = {Revue européenne des sciences sociales. European Journal of Social Sciences},
	publisher = {Librairie Droz},
	author = {Quezada, Maria-Alicia},
	month = nov,
	year = {2004},
	note = {ISBN: 9782600009805
Number: XLII-130},
	pages = {259--292},
}

Introduction Ainsi que le rappellent J. Bijman et P.-B. Joly (2001), les industries des semences et des produits phytosanitaires européennes ont subi des transformations profondes pendant la dernière décennie du XXe siècle. En effet, les biotechnologies des plantes ont contribué à un processus de restructuration et de concentration sans précédent dans ces secteurs. Cette tendance fait partie d’un phénomène plus large de concentration qui touche encore d’autres secteurs, tels que la pharmacie,...

@phdthesis{fourcheContributionLhistoireProtection2004,
	title = {Contribution à l’histoire de la protection phytosanitaire dans l’agriculture française, 1880-1970},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	url = {https://journals.openedition.org/ruralia/1049},
	abstract = {Depuis la fin du 19e siècle, les productions végétales sont marquées par une augmentation du nombre d’espèces cultivées et un accroissement des rendements. Parmi les sources d’évolution des quantités produites, sont traditionnellement citées la sélection variétale, la généralisation de l’usage des engrais et la mécanisation. La protection des végétaux est l’une des causes d’augmentation des rendements les moins étudiées. Cependant, scientifiques et politiques s’accordent à reconnaître l’impor...},
	language = {fr},
	urldate = {2024-10-16},
	school = {Université Lumière-Lyon 2},
	author = {Fourche, Rémi},
	month = jul,
	year = {2004},
}

Depuis la fin du 19e siècle, les productions végétales sont marquées par une augmentation du nombre d’espèces cultivées et un accroissement des rendements. Parmi les sources d’évolution des quantités produites, sont traditionnellement citées la sélection variétale, la généralisation de l’usage des engrais et la mécanisation. La protection des végétaux est l’une des causes d’augmentation des rendements les moins étudiées. Cependant, scientifiques et politiques s’accordent à reconnaître l’impor...

@article{nashFruitsIllHealthPesticides2004,
	title = {The {Fruits} of {Ill}-{Health}: {Pesticides} and {Workers}' {Bodies} in {Post}-{World} {War} {II} {California}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0369-7827},
	shorttitle = {The {Fruits} of {Ill}-{Health}},
	url = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/649402},
	doi = {10.1086/649402},
	abstract = {In the postwar period, modernist frameworks of the human body, which described the body as both cosmopolitan and separated from its environment, competed with ecological frameworks that constructed the body as inherently porous and tightly linked to the surrounding world. The history of pesticide-related illness among farmworkers, and the gradual recognition that pesticides posed a new kind of public health problem, illustrates how these competing understandings were adopted, mobilized, and applied by different groups, as well as how politics shaped the emergence of new medical facts. New forms of illness generated new knowledge about the modern landscape and made visible material links between bodies and their environments.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-10-31},
	journal = {Osiris},
	author = {Nash, Linda},
	month = jan,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {203--219},
}

In the postwar period, modernist frameworks of the human body, which described the body as both cosmopolitan and separated from its environment, competed with ecological frameworks that constructed the body as inherently porous and tightly linked to the surrounding world. The history of pesticide-related illness among farmworkers, and the gradual recognition that pesticides posed a new kind of public health problem, illustrates how these competing understandings were adopted, mobilized, and applied by different groups, as well as how politics shaped the emergence of new medical facts. New forms of illness generated new knowledge about the modern landscape and made visible material links between bodies and their environments.

@book{castonguayProtectionCulturesConstruction2004,
	title = {Protection des cultures, construction de la nature: agriculture, foresterie et entomologie au {Canada}, 1884-1959},
	isbn = {978-2-89448-377-0},
	shorttitle = {Protection des cultures, construction de la nature},
	language = {fr},
	publisher = {Les éditions du Septentrion},
	author = {Castonguay, Stéphane},
	year = {2004},
}

@article{championDeveloppementDurableSelon2004,
	title = {Le « développement durable » selon {Monsanto}},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {1166-3030},
	url = {https://www.cairn.info/revue-ecologie-et-politique-sciences-cultures-societes-2004-2-page-121.htm},
	doi = {10.3917/ecopo.029.0121},
	language = {fr},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-07-06},
	journal = {Écologie \& politique},
	publisher = {Presses de Sciences Po},
	author = {Champion, Emmanuelle and Gendron, Corinne},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Place: Paris},
	pages = {121--133},
}

@article{robbinsLawnChemicalEconomyIts2003,
	title = {The {Lawn}-{Chemical} {Economy} and {Its} {Discontents}},
	volume = {35},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8330.2003.00366.x},
	abstract = {The daily geographies of consumption represent some of the most ecologically important and economically complex frontiers for critical research. Among these, the turfgrass lawn is perhaps the most overlooked, owing to its very ordinariness. Despite the serious risks posed to human health and ecosystem viability by high-input lawn systems, little critical scholarship has engaged the lawn, especially as a structured economic phenomenon. This paper explores the forces and political economic conditions under which the lawn is produced, promulgated, and resisted in North America. In the process, we draw attention to the deeply structured economic impetus behind the direct sale of potentially toxic chemicals to urban dwellers. Based on survey research and a review of the industry, we argue (1) that chemical demand is driven by urban growth and classed aesthetics, (2) that direct and aggressive sales of chemicals to consumers are spurred by crises in the chemical-formulator industry, (3) that the search for consumer-lawn markets is driven by declining margins in the worldwide chemical trade, and (4) that counterinstitutional struggles against high- input lawns represent a salvo against otherwise abstract and daunting cultural-economic hegemony.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Antipode},
	author = {Robbins, Paul and Sharp, Julie},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Chemical geographies, Pesticide},
	pages = {955--979},
}

The daily geographies of consumption represent some of the most ecologically important and economically complex frontiers for critical research. Among these, the turfgrass lawn is perhaps the most overlooked, owing to its very ordinariness. Despite the serious risks posed to human health and ecosystem viability by high-input lawn systems, little critical scholarship has engaged the lawn, especially as a structured economic phenomenon. This paper explores the forces and political economic conditions under which the lawn is produced, promulgated, and resisted in North America. In the process, we draw attention to the deeply structured economic impetus behind the direct sale of potentially toxic chemicals to urban dwellers. Based on survey research and a review of the industry, we argue (1) that chemical demand is driven by urban growth and classed aesthetics, (2) that direct and aggressive sales of chemicals to consumers are spurred by crises in the chemical-formulator industry, (3) that the search for consumer-lawn markets is driven by declining margins in the worldwide chemical trade, and (4) that counterinstitutional struggles against high- input lawns represent a salvo against otherwise abstract and daunting cultural-economic hegemony.

@techreport{williamsonPesticideProvisionLiberalised2003,
	address = {London},
	title = {Pesticide {Provision} in {Liberalised} {Africa}: {Out} of control?},
	url = {https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=358c993e7ee62c2de5155a29e640467e5a56850d},
	language = {en},
	number = {126},
	institution = {Overseas Development Institute},
	author = {Williamson, Stephanie},
	year = {2003},
}

@article{houghPoisonsSystemGlobal2003,
	title = {Poisons in the {System}: {The} {Global} {Regulation} of {Hazardous} {Pesticides}},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {15263800},
	url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eih&AN=10422037&site=ehost-live&scope=site},
	doi = {10.1162/152638003322068182},
	abstract = {Discusses the global regulation of hazardous pesticides. Emergence of pesticide politics; Information on the pesticide regulation in the U.S.; Details of global agreements against pesticides, including methyl-bromide.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Global Environmental Politics},
	author = {Hough, Peter},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Delegated legislation, International obligations, Pesticide pollution, Pesticide regulations, Political science, United States, global},
	pages = {11},
}

Discusses the global regulation of hazardous pesticides. Emergence of pesticide politics; Information on the pesticide regulation in the U.S.; Details of global agreements against pesticides, including methyl-bromide.

@article{lemarieEvolutionStructuresIndustrielles2003,
	title = {Évolution des structures industrielles et de la concurrence dans les secteurs des semences et des pesticides},
	volume = {277},
	copyright = {free},
	url = {https://www.persee.fr/doc/ecoru_0013-0559_2003_num_277_1_5445},
	doi = {10.3406/ecoru.2003.5445},
	abstract = {Les secteurs des semences et des pesticides ont connu d'importantes restructurations depuis le début des années 1990. Cet article montre que le développement des biotechnologies a eu une influence majeure sur cette évolution et peut soulever des questions de concurrence nouvelles pour ces industries. Ainsi, aux problèmes classiques de concentration excessive sur certains segments de marché, viennent s'ajouter des problèmes liés à l'exploitation de la propriété intellectuelle et à l'évolution des pratiques commerciales.},
	language = {fre},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-07-06},
	journal = {Économie rurale},
	publisher = {Persée - Portail des revues scientifiques en SHS},
	author = {Lemarié, Stéphane},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {167--182},
}

Les secteurs des semences et des pesticides ont connu d'importantes restructurations depuis le début des années 1990. Cet article montre que le développement des biotechnologies a eu une influence majeure sur cette évolution et peut soulever des questions de concurrence nouvelles pour ces industries. Ainsi, aux problèmes classiques de concentration excessive sur certains segments de marché, viennent s'ajouter des problèmes liés à l'exploitation de la propriété intellectuelle et à l'évolution des pratiques commerciales.

@article{cunningham-parmeterPoisonedFieldFarmworkers2003,
	title = {A {Poisoned} {Field}: {Farmworkers}, {Pesticide} {Exposure}, and {Tort} {Recovery} in an {Era} of {Regulatory} {Failure}},
	volume = {28},
	shorttitle = {A {Poisoned} {Field}},
	url = {https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/nyuls28&id=439&div=&collection=},
	journal = {New York University Review of Law \& Social Change},
	author = {Cunningham-Parmeter, Keith},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {431},
}

@article{kromaGreeningPesticidesHistorical2003,
	title = {Greening pesticides: {A} historical analysis of the social construction of farm chemical advertisements},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1572-8366},
	shorttitle = {Greening pesticides},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022408506244},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1022408506244},
	abstract = {Ideology is maintained anddriven by powerful symbols. Agricultural mediasuch as farm magazines achieve this byappropriating societal values of currency andincorporating them in imagery that accompanyadvertisements of agricultural products,including pesticides. Critical questionsrelating to environmental sustainability andsocial risks associated with the use of suchproducts are often masked as a result. Contentanalyses of two mid-western farm magazines fromthe 1940s to 1990s trace the socialconstruction of pesticide advertisements overtime, illuminating changing images ofpesticides in farm magazine advertisements inresponse to changes in the socio-culturalsetting. Changing images reflect how theagricultural industry strategically repositionsitself to sustain market and corporate profitby co-opting dominant cultural themes atspecific historical moments in mediaadvertising. Sustainability implications in thebroad context of agriculture and society areexamined.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-07-07},
	journal = {Agriculture and Human Values},
	author = {Kroma, Margaret M. and Butler Flora, Cornelia},
	month = mar,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Agricultural media, Environmental sustainability, Ideology, Pesticide advertisements, Social risk},
	pages = {21--35},
}

Ideology is maintained anddriven by powerful symbols. Agricultural mediasuch as farm magazines achieve this byappropriating societal values of currency andincorporating them in imagery that accompanyadvertisements of agricultural products,including pesticides. Critical questionsrelating to environmental sustainability andsocial risks associated with the use of suchproducts are often masked as a result. Contentanalyses of two mid-western farm magazines fromthe 1940s to 1990s trace the socialconstruction of pesticide advertisements overtime, illuminating changing images ofpesticides in farm magazine advertisements inresponse to changes in the socio-culturalsetting. Changing images reflect how theagricultural industry strategically repositionsitself to sustain market and corporate profitby co-opting dominant cultural themes atspecific historical moments in mediaadvertising. Sustainability implications in thebroad context of agriculture and society areexamined.

@article{bijmanInnovationChallengesEuropean2003,
	title = {Innovation challenges for the {European} agbiotech industry.},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {1522-936X},
	url = {https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/innovation-challenges-for-the-european-agbiotech-industry},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-07-05},
	journal = {AgBioForum},
	publisher = {University of Missouri},
	author = {Bijman, J. and Joly, P. B.},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {4--13},
}