@article{ abney_when_2013,
  title = {When does valence matter? {Heightened} valence effects for governing parties during election campaigns},
  volume = {19},
  shorttitle = {When does valence matter?},
  abstract = {Empirical election studies conclude that party elites' images with respect to competence, integrity and party unity – attributes that we label character-based valence – affect their electoral support (Stone and Simas, 2010). We compile observations of media reports pertaining to governing party elites' character-based valence attributes, and we relate the content of these reports to mass support for the governing parties. We present pooled, time-series, analyses of party support and valence-related media reports in six European polities which suggest that these reports exert powerful electoral effects during election campaigns but little effect during off-election periods. This finding, which we label the Election Period Valence Effect, is consistent with previous work concluding that citizens are also more attentive to policy-based considerations and to national economic conditions around the time of elections. These findings have implications for political representation and for understanding election outcomes.},
  language = {en},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2014-06-06TZ},
  journal = {Party Politics},
  author = {Abney, Ronni and Adams, James and Clark, Michael and Easton, Malcolm and Ezrow, Lawrence and Kosmidis, Spyros and Neundorf, Anja},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {61--82}
}

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