Global concentrations of tropospheric sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium aerosol simulated in a general circulation model. Adams, P., J., Seinfeld, J., H., & Koch, D., M. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104:13791-13823, 1999. abstract bibtex Global sulfate aerosol composition is simulated online
in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation
model II' (GISS GCM II-prime). Four sulfur species, hydrogen
peroxide, gas phase ammonia, and particulate ammonium are the
prognostic tracer species, the emissions, transport, and deposition
of which are explicitly simulated. Nitric acid fields are
prescribed based on a global chemical transport model. An online
thermodynamic equilibrium calculation determines the partitioning
of ammonia and nitrate between gas and aerosol phases, and the
quantity of aerosol water based on the temperature, relative
humidity, and sulfate concentration in each GCM grid cell. The
total global burden of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and aerosol
water is 7.5 Tg and is most sensitive to changes in sulfur
emissions. Tropospheric lifetimes for ammonium and ammonia are 4.2
and 0.9 days, respectively; the tropospheric ammonium burden is
0.30 Tg N, compared with 0.14 Tg N for ammonia. Simulated ammonium
concentrations are generally within a factor of 2 of observations.
Subgrid variability in measured concentrations hinders comparison
of observations to predictions. Ammonium nitrate aerosol plays an
important role in determining total aerosol mass in polluted
continental areas. In the upper troposphere and near the poles,
cold temperatures allow unneutralized nitric acid to condense into
the aerosol phase. Acidic aerosol species tend to be neutralized by
ammonia to a greater degree over continents than over oceans. The
aerosol is most basic and gas phase ammonia concentrations are
highest over India. Water uptake per mole of sulfate aerosol varies
by two orders of magnitude because of changes in relative humidity
and aerosol composition. Spatial variations in aerosol composition
and water uptake have implications for direct and indirect aerosol
radiative forcing.
C1 CALTECH, Dept Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA.
@article{
title = {Global concentrations of tropospheric sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium aerosol simulated in a general circulation model},
type = {article},
year = {1999},
pages = {13791-13823},
volume = {104},
id = {95a73b5b-d70a-3192-8c08-bcd4ff10bceb},
created = {2014-10-08T16:28:18.000Z},
file_attached = {false},
profile_id = {363623ef-1990-38f1-b354-f5cdaa6548b2},
group_id = {02267cec-5558-3876-9cfc-78d056bad5b9},
last_modified = {2017-03-14T17:32:24.802Z},
read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
citation_key = {Adams:JGRA:1999a},
source_type = {article},
private_publication = {false},
abstract = {Global sulfate aerosol composition is simulated online
in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation
model II' (GISS GCM II-prime). Four sulfur species, hydrogen
peroxide, gas phase ammonia, and particulate ammonium are the
prognostic tracer species, the emissions, transport, and deposition
of which are explicitly simulated. Nitric acid fields are
prescribed based on a global chemical transport model. An online
thermodynamic equilibrium calculation determines the partitioning
of ammonia and nitrate between gas and aerosol phases, and the
quantity of aerosol water based on the temperature, relative
humidity, and sulfate concentration in each GCM grid cell. The
total global burden of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and aerosol
water is 7.5 Tg and is most sensitive to changes in sulfur
emissions. Tropospheric lifetimes for ammonium and ammonia are 4.2
and 0.9 days, respectively; the tropospheric ammonium burden is
0.30 Tg N, compared with 0.14 Tg N for ammonia. Simulated ammonium
concentrations are generally within a factor of 2 of observations.
Subgrid variability in measured concentrations hinders comparison
of observations to predictions. Ammonium nitrate aerosol plays an
important role in determining total aerosol mass in polluted
continental areas. In the upper troposphere and near the poles,
cold temperatures allow unneutralized nitric acid to condense into
the aerosol phase. Acidic aerosol species tend to be neutralized by
ammonia to a greater degree over continents than over oceans. The
aerosol is most basic and gas phase ammonia concentrations are
highest over India. Water uptake per mole of sulfate aerosol varies
by two orders of magnitude because of changes in relative humidity
and aerosol composition. Spatial variations in aerosol composition
and water uptake have implications for direct and indirect aerosol
radiative forcing.
C1 CALTECH, Dept Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Adams, P J and Seinfeld, J H and Koch, D M},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.}
}
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Four sulfur species, hydrogen\nperoxide, gas phase ammonia, and particulate ammonium are the\nprognostic tracer species, the emissions, transport, and deposition\nof which are explicitly simulated. Nitric acid fields are\nprescribed based on a global chemical transport model. An online\nthermodynamic equilibrium calculation determines the partitioning\nof ammonia and nitrate between gas and aerosol phases, and the\nquantity of aerosol water based on the temperature, relative\nhumidity, and sulfate concentration in each GCM grid cell. The\ntotal global burden of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and aerosol\nwater is 7.5 Tg and is most sensitive to changes in sulfur\nemissions. Tropospheric lifetimes for ammonium and ammonia are 4.2\nand 0.9 days, respectively; the tropospheric ammonium burden is\n0.30 Tg N, compared with 0.14 Tg N for ammonia. Simulated ammonium\nconcentrations are generally within a factor of 2 of observations.\nSubgrid variability in measured concentrations hinders comparison\nof observations to predictions. Ammonium nitrate aerosol plays an\nimportant role in determining total aerosol mass in polluted\ncontinental areas. In the upper troposphere and near the poles,\ncold temperatures allow unneutralized nitric acid to condense into\nthe aerosol phase. Acidic aerosol species tend to be neutralized by\nammonia to a greater degree over continents than over oceans. The\naerosol is most basic and gas phase ammonia concentrations are\nhighest over India. Water uptake per mole of sulfate aerosol varies\nby two orders of magnitude because of changes in relative humidity\nand aerosol composition. Spatial variations in aerosol composition\nand water uptake have implications for direct and indirect aerosol\nradiative forcing.\nC1 CALTECH, Dept Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.\nNASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA.","bibtype":"article","author":"Adams, P J and Seinfeld, J H and Koch, D M","journal":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.","bibtex":"@article{\n title = {Global concentrations of tropospheric sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium aerosol simulated in a general circulation model},\n type = {article},\n year = {1999},\n pages = {13791-13823},\n volume = {104},\n id = {95a73b5b-d70a-3192-8c08-bcd4ff10bceb},\n created = {2014-10-08T16:28:18.000Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {363623ef-1990-38f1-b354-f5cdaa6548b2},\n group_id = {02267cec-5558-3876-9cfc-78d056bad5b9},\n last_modified = {2017-03-14T17:32:24.802Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Adams:JGRA:1999a},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Global sulfate aerosol composition is simulated online\nin the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation\nmodel II' (GISS GCM II-prime). Four sulfur species, hydrogen\nperoxide, gas phase ammonia, and particulate ammonium are the\nprognostic tracer species, the emissions, transport, and deposition\nof which are explicitly simulated. Nitric acid fields are\nprescribed based on a global chemical transport model. An online\nthermodynamic equilibrium calculation determines the partitioning\nof ammonia and nitrate between gas and aerosol phases, and the\nquantity of aerosol water based on the temperature, relative\nhumidity, and sulfate concentration in each GCM grid cell. The\ntotal global burden of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and aerosol\nwater is 7.5 Tg and is most sensitive to changes in sulfur\nemissions. Tropospheric lifetimes for ammonium and ammonia are 4.2\nand 0.9 days, respectively; the tropospheric ammonium burden is\n0.30 Tg N, compared with 0.14 Tg N for ammonia. Simulated ammonium\nconcentrations are generally within a factor of 2 of observations.\nSubgrid variability in measured concentrations hinders comparison\nof observations to predictions. Ammonium nitrate aerosol plays an\nimportant role in determining total aerosol mass in polluted\ncontinental areas. In the upper troposphere and near the poles,\ncold temperatures allow unneutralized nitric acid to condense into\nthe aerosol phase. Acidic aerosol species tend to be neutralized by\nammonia to a greater degree over continents than over oceans. The\naerosol is most basic and gas phase ammonia concentrations are\nhighest over India. Water uptake per mole of sulfate aerosol varies\nby two orders of magnitude because of changes in relative humidity\nand aerosol composition. Spatial variations in aerosol composition\nand water uptake have implications for direct and indirect aerosol\nradiative forcing.\nC1 CALTECH, Dept Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.\nNASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Adams, P J and Seinfeld, J H and Koch, D M},\n journal = {J. Geophys. 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