@article{
 title = {General circulation model assessment of direct radiative forcing by the sulfate-nitrate-ammonium-water inorganic aerosol system},
 type = {article},
 year = {2001},
 pages = {1097-1111},
 volume = {106},
 id = {ee3e2277-56a2-3a09-9239-1a49970d1697},
 created = {2014-10-08T16:28:18.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {363623ef-1990-38f1-b354-f5cdaa6548b2},
 group_id = {02267cec-5558-3876-9cfc-78d056bad5b9},
 last_modified = {2017-03-14T17:32:24.802Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Adams:JGRA:2001a},
 source_type = {article},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {An on-line simulation of aerosol sulfate, nitrate,
ammonium, and water in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies
general circulation model (GCM II-prime) has been used to estimate
direct aerosol radiative forcing for the years 1800, 2000, and
2100. This is the first direct forcing estimate based on the
equilibrium water content of a changing SO42-NO3--NH4+ mixture and
the first estimate of nitrate forcing based on a global model of
nitrate aerosol, Present-day global and annual average
anthropogenic direct forcing is estimated to be -0.95 and -0.19
W/m(2) for sulfate and nitrate, respectively. Simulations with a
future emissions scenario indicate that nitrate forcing could
increase to -1.28 W/m(2) by 2100, while sulfate forcing declines to
-0.85 W/m(2). This result shows that future estimates of aerosol
forcing based solely on predicted sulfate concentrations may be
misleading and that the potential for significant concentrations of
ammonium nitrate needs to be considered in estimates of future
climate change. Calculated direct aerosol forcing is highly
sensitive to the model treatment of water uptake. By calculating
the equilibrium water content of a SO42--NH4+ aerosol mixture and
the optical properties of the wet aerosol, we estimate a forcing
that is almost 35% greater than that derived from correcting a low
relative humidity scattering coefficient with an empirical f(RH)
factor. The discrepancy stems from the failure of the empirical
parameterization to adequately account for water uptake above about
90% relative humidity. These results suggest that water uptake
above 90% RH may make a substantial contribution to average direct
forcing, although subgrid-scale variability makes it difficult to
represent humid areas in a GCM.
C1 CALTECH, Dept Chem, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Harvard
Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Adams, P J and Seinfeld, J H and Koch, D and Mickley, L and Jacob, D},
 journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.}
}

{"_id":{"_str":"5411bfbb480d3bb058002ab2"},"__v":0,"authorIDs":[],"author_short":["Adams, P., J.","Seinfeld, J., H.","Koch, D.","Mickley, L.","Jacob, D."],"bibbaseid":"adams-seinfeld-koch-mickley-jacob-generalcirculationmodelassessmentofdirectradiativeforcingbythesulfatenitrateammoniumwaterinorganicaerosolsystem-2001","bibdata":{"title":"General circulation model assessment of direct radiative forcing by the sulfate-nitrate-ammonium-water inorganic aerosol system","type":"article","year":"2001","pages":"1097-1111","volume":"106","id":"ee3e2277-56a2-3a09-9239-1a49970d1697","created":"2014-10-08T16:28:18.000Z","file_attached":false,"profile_id":"363623ef-1990-38f1-b354-f5cdaa6548b2","group_id":"02267cec-5558-3876-9cfc-78d056bad5b9","last_modified":"2017-03-14T17:32:24.802Z","read":false,"starred":false,"authored":false,"confirmed":"true","hidden":false,"citation_key":"Adams:JGRA:2001a","source_type":"article","private_publication":false,"abstract":"An on-line simulation of aerosol sulfate, nitrate,\nammonium, and water in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies\ngeneral circulation model (GCM II-prime) has been used to estimate\ndirect aerosol radiative forcing for the years 1800, 2000, and\n2100. This is the first direct forcing estimate based on the\nequilibrium water content of a changing SO42-NO3--NH4+ mixture and\nthe first estimate of nitrate forcing based on a global model of\nnitrate aerosol, Present-day global and annual average\nanthropogenic direct forcing is estimated to be -0.95 and -0.19\nW/m(2) for sulfate and nitrate, respectively. Simulations with a\nfuture emissions scenario indicate that nitrate forcing could\nincrease to -1.28 W/m(2) by 2100, while sulfate forcing declines to\n-0.85 W/m(2). This result shows that future estimates of aerosol\nforcing based solely on predicted sulfate concentrations may be\nmisleading and that the potential for significant concentrations of\nammonium nitrate needs to be considered in estimates of future\nclimate change. Calculated direct aerosol forcing is highly\nsensitive to the model treatment of water uptake. By calculating\nthe equilibrium water content of a SO42--NH4+ aerosol mixture and\nthe optical properties of the wet aerosol, we estimate a forcing\nthat is almost 35% greater than that derived from correcting a low\nrelative humidity scattering coefficient with an empirical f(RH)\nfactor. The discrepancy stems from the failure of the empirical\nparameterization to adequately account for water uptake above about\n90% relative humidity. These results suggest that water uptake\nabove 90% RH may make a substantial contribution to average direct\nforcing, although subgrid-scale variability makes it difficult to\nrepresent humid areas in a GCM.\nC1 CALTECH, Dept Chem, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.\nNASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Harvard\nUniv, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.","bibtype":"article","author":"Adams, P J and Seinfeld, J H and Koch, D and Mickley, L and Jacob, D","journal":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.","bibtex":"@article{\n title = {General circulation model assessment of direct radiative forcing by the sulfate-nitrate-ammonium-water inorganic aerosol system},\n type = {article},\n year = {2001},\n pages = {1097-1111},\n volume = {106},\n id = {ee3e2277-56a2-3a09-9239-1a49970d1697},\n created = {2014-10-08T16:28:18.000Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {363623ef-1990-38f1-b354-f5cdaa6548b2},\n group_id = {02267cec-5558-3876-9cfc-78d056bad5b9},\n last_modified = {2017-03-14T17:32:24.802Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Adams:JGRA:2001a},\n source_type = {article},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {An on-line simulation of aerosol sulfate, nitrate,\nammonium, and water in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies\ngeneral circulation model (GCM II-prime) has been used to estimate\ndirect aerosol radiative forcing for the years 1800, 2000, and\n2100. This is the first direct forcing estimate based on the\nequilibrium water content of a changing SO42-NO3--NH4+ mixture and\nthe first estimate of nitrate forcing based on a global model of\nnitrate aerosol, Present-day global and annual average\nanthropogenic direct forcing is estimated to be -0.95 and -0.19\nW/m(2) for sulfate and nitrate, respectively. Simulations with a\nfuture emissions scenario indicate that nitrate forcing could\nincrease to -1.28 W/m(2) by 2100, while sulfate forcing declines to\n-0.85 W/m(2). This result shows that future estimates of aerosol\nforcing based solely on predicted sulfate concentrations may be\nmisleading and that the potential for significant concentrations of\nammonium nitrate needs to be considered in estimates of future\nclimate change. Calculated direct aerosol forcing is highly\nsensitive to the model treatment of water uptake. By calculating\nthe equilibrium water content of a SO42--NH4+ aerosol mixture and\nthe optical properties of the wet aerosol, we estimate a forcing\nthat is almost 35% greater than that derived from correcting a low\nrelative humidity scattering coefficient with an empirical f(RH)\nfactor. The discrepancy stems from the failure of the empirical\nparameterization to adequately account for water uptake above about\n90% relative humidity. These results suggest that water uptake\nabove 90% RH may make a substantial contribution to average direct\nforcing, although subgrid-scale variability makes it difficult to\nrepresent humid areas in a GCM.\nC1 CALTECH, Dept Chem, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.\nNASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Harvard\nUniv, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Adams, P J and Seinfeld, J H and Koch, D and Mickley, L and Jacob, D},\n journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.}\n}","author_short":["Adams, P., J.","Seinfeld, J., H.","Koch, D.","Mickley, L.","Jacob, D."],"bibbaseid":"adams-seinfeld-koch-mickley-jacob-generalcirculationmodelassessmentofdirectradiativeforcingbythesulfatenitrateammoniumwaterinorganicaerosolsystem-2001","role":"author","urls":{},"downloads":0},"bibtype":"article","biburl":null,"creationDate":"2014-09-11T15:28:59.308Z","downloads":0,"keywords":[],"search_terms":["general","circulation","model","assessment","direct","radiative","forcing","sulfate","nitrate","ammonium","water","inorganic","aerosol","system","adams","seinfeld","koch","mickley","jacob"],"title":"General circulation model assessment of direct radiative forcing by the sulfate-nitrate-ammonium-water inorganic aerosol system","year":2001}