@article{akeju2016,
	title = {Electroencephalogram signatures of ketamine anesthesia-induced unconsciousness},
	volume = {127},
	issn = {1388-2457},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S138824571600095X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.clinph.2016.03.005},
	abstract = {Objectives
Ketamine is an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist commonly administered as a general anesthetic. However, neural circuit mechanisms to explain ketamine anesthesia-induced unconsciousness in humans are yet to be clearly defined. Disruption of frontal–parietal network connectivity has been proposed as a mechanism to explain this brain state. However, this mechanism was recently demonstrated at subanesthetic doses of ketamine in awake-patients. Therefore, we investigated whether there is an electroencephalogram (EEG) signature specific for ketamine anesthesia-induced unconsciousness.
Methods
We retrospectively studied the EEG in 12 patients who received ketamine for the induction of general anesthesia. We analyzed the EEG dynamics using power spectral and coherence methods.
Results
Following the administration of a bolus dose of ketamine to induce unconsciousness, we observed a “gamma burst” EEG pattern that consisted of alternating slow-delta (0.1–4Hz) and gamma (∼27–40Hz) oscillations. This pattern was also associated with increased theta oscillations (∼4–8Hz) and decreased alpha/beta oscillations (∼10–24Hz).
Conclusions
Ketamine anesthesia-induced unconsciousness is associated with a gamma burst EEG pattern.
Significance
The EEG signature of ketamine anesthesia-induced unconsciousness may offer new insights into NMDA circuit mechanisms for unconsciousness.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2024-07-14},
	journal = {Clinical Neurophysiology},
	author = {Akeju, Oluwaseun and Song, Andrew H. and Hamilos, Allison E. and Pavone, Kara J. and Flores, Francisco J. and Brown, Emery N. and Purdon, Patrick L.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Brain, Humans, Adult, Male, Anesthesia, Anesthetics, General, EEG, Female, Gamma oscillations, Gamma Rhythm, Ketamine, Middle Aged, Slow oscillations, Unconsciousness},
	pages = {2414--2422},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/lcneuro/Zotero/storage/SUYLG8EI/Akeju et al. - 2016 - Electroencephalogram signatures of ketamine anesth.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/lcneuro/Zotero/storage/R8JR26UU/S138824571600095X.html:text/html},
}

{"_id":"S9EFsbXegQgWTdf2E","bibbaseid":"akeju-song-hamilos-pavone-flores-brown-purdon-electroencephalogramsignaturesofketamineanesthesiainducedunconsciousness-2016","author_short":["Akeju, O.","Song, A. H.","Hamilos, A. E.","Pavone, K. J.","Flores, F. J.","Brown, E. N.","Purdon, P. L."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","title":"Electroencephalogram signatures of ketamine anesthesia-induced unconsciousness","volume":"127","issn":"1388-2457","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S138824571600095X","doi":"10.1016/j.clinph.2016.03.005","abstract":"Objectives Ketamine is an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist commonly administered as a general anesthetic. However, neural circuit mechanisms to explain ketamine anesthesia-induced unconsciousness in humans are yet to be clearly defined. Disruption of frontal–parietal network connectivity has been proposed as a mechanism to explain this brain state. However, this mechanism was recently demonstrated at subanesthetic doses of ketamine in awake-patients. Therefore, we investigated whether there is an electroencephalogram (EEG) signature specific for ketamine anesthesia-induced unconsciousness. Methods We retrospectively studied the EEG in 12 patients who received ketamine for the induction of general anesthesia. We analyzed the EEG dynamics using power spectral and coherence methods. Results Following the administration of a bolus dose of ketamine to induce unconsciousness, we observed a “gamma burst” EEG pattern that consisted of alternating slow-delta (0.1–4Hz) and gamma (∼27–40Hz) oscillations. This pattern was also associated with increased theta oscillations (∼4–8Hz) and decreased alpha/beta oscillations (∼10–24Hz). Conclusions Ketamine anesthesia-induced unconsciousness is associated with a gamma burst EEG pattern. Significance The EEG signature of ketamine anesthesia-induced unconsciousness may offer new insights into NMDA circuit mechanisms for unconsciousness.","number":"6","urldate":"2024-07-14","journal":"Clinical Neurophysiology","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Akeju"],"firstnames":["Oluwaseun"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Song"],"firstnames":["Andrew","H."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Hamilos"],"firstnames":["Allison","E."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Pavone"],"firstnames":["Kara","J."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Flores"],"firstnames":["Francisco","J."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Brown"],"firstnames":["Emery","N."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Purdon"],"firstnames":["Patrick","L."],"suffixes":[]}],"month":"June","year":"2016","keywords":"Brain, Humans, Adult, Male, Anesthesia, Anesthetics, General, EEG, Female, Gamma oscillations, Gamma Rhythm, Ketamine, Middle Aged, Slow oscillations, Unconsciousness","pages":"2414–2422","file":"Full Text:/Users/lcneuro/Zotero/storage/SUYLG8EI/Akeju et al. - 2016 - Electroencephalogram signatures of ketamine anesth.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/lcneuro/Zotero/storage/R8JR26UU/S138824571600095X.html:text/html","bibtex":"@article{akeju2016,\n\ttitle = {Electroencephalogram signatures of ketamine anesthesia-induced unconsciousness},\n\tvolume = {127},\n\tissn = {1388-2457},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S138824571600095X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.clinph.2016.03.005},\n\tabstract = {Objectives\nKetamine is an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist commonly administered as a general anesthetic. However, neural circuit mechanisms to explain ketamine anesthesia-induced unconsciousness in humans are yet to be clearly defined. Disruption of frontal–parietal network connectivity has been proposed as a mechanism to explain this brain state. However, this mechanism was recently demonstrated at subanesthetic doses of ketamine in awake-patients. Therefore, we investigated whether there is an electroencephalogram (EEG) signature specific for ketamine anesthesia-induced unconsciousness.\nMethods\nWe retrospectively studied the EEG in 12 patients who received ketamine for the induction of general anesthesia. We analyzed the EEG dynamics using power spectral and coherence methods.\nResults\nFollowing the administration of a bolus dose of ketamine to induce unconsciousness, we observed a “gamma burst” EEG pattern that consisted of alternating slow-delta (0.1–4Hz) and gamma (∼27–40Hz) oscillations. This pattern was also associated with increased theta oscillations (∼4–8Hz) and decreased alpha/beta oscillations (∼10–24Hz).\nConclusions\nKetamine anesthesia-induced unconsciousness is associated with a gamma burst EEG pattern.\nSignificance\nThe EEG signature of ketamine anesthesia-induced unconsciousness may offer new insights into NMDA circuit mechanisms for unconsciousness.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2024-07-14},\n\tjournal = {Clinical Neurophysiology},\n\tauthor = {Akeju, Oluwaseun and Song, Andrew H. and Hamilos, Allison E. and Pavone, Kara J. and Flores, Francisco J. and Brown, Emery N. and Purdon, Patrick L.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {Brain, Humans, Adult, Male, Anesthesia, Anesthetics, General, EEG, Female, Gamma oscillations, Gamma Rhythm, Ketamine, Middle Aged, Slow oscillations, Unconsciousness},\n\tpages = {2414--2422},\n\tfile = {Full Text:/Users/lcneuro/Zotero/storage/SUYLG8EI/Akeju et al. - 2016 - Electroencephalogram signatures of ketamine anesth.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/lcneuro/Zotero/storage/R8JR26UU/S138824571600095X.html:text/html},\n}\n\n","author_short":["Akeju, O.","Song, A. 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