State of Europe's forests 2015. Alberdi Asensio, I., Baycheva-Merger, T., Bouvet, A., Bozzano, M., Caudullo, G., Cienciala, E., Corona, P., Domínguez Torres, G., Houston Durrant, T., Edwards, D., Estreguil, C., Ferreti, M., Fischer, U., Freudenschuss, A., Gasparini, P., Godinho Ferreira, P., Hansen, K., Hiederer, R., Inhaizer, H., Jellesmark Thorsen, B., Jonsson, R., Kastenholz, E., Kleinschmit von Lengefeld, A., Köhl, M., Korhonen, K., Koskela, J., Krumm, F., Lanz, A., Lasserre, B., Levet, A., Li, Y., Lier, M., Mallarach Carrera, J. M., Marchetti, M., Martínez de Arano, I., Michel, A., Moffat, A., Nabuurs, G., Oldenburger, J., Parviainen, J., Pettenella, D., Prokofieva, I., Quadt, V., Rametsteiner, E., Rinaldi, F., Sanders, T., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Schuck, A., Seidling, W., Solberg, B., Sotirov, M., Ståhl, G., Tomé, M., Toth, G., van Brusselen, J., Verkerk, H., Vítková, L., Weiss, G., Wildburguer, C., Winkel, G., Zasada, M., & Zingg, A. Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (FOREST EUROPE)., Madrid, Spain, 2015.
State of Europe's forests 2015 [link]Paper  abstract   bibtex   
The Summary for Policy Makers is a brief document based on information included in the ” State of Europe's Forests 2015”report. This document off ers a comprehensive overview of European forests, their current status, trends and policy responses related to them, as well as an insight into sustainable forest management (SFM) in Europe. [\n] The State of Europe's Forests 2015 report will, along with other publications, serve as background information for political discussions on future opportunities and challenges, and the associated political responses. This report is focused on the current status and trends (10-year trends and 25-year trends) of European forests and sustainable forest management in the period 1990-2015 and has been prepared for the 7th Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe, held in Madrid on 20-21 October 2015. [\n] The State of Europe's Forests 2015 report is organised in two parts. The first part (Overall Policies, Institutions and Instruments for Sustainable Forest Management) provides general information about the way forests are governed in a country through the policies, institutions and instruments for SFM. These aspects are covered by five Qualitative1 Indicators, and changes reported in these indicators over time reflect the responses of policy makers to challenges and opportunities related to forests and SFM. The second part (European Forests: Status, Trends and Policy Responses) has been prepared following the Advisory Group recommendations and on the basis of data gleaned from the 35 Quantitative Indicators, which provide information on the current status and changes in European forests and progress on SFM, and from the 12 Qualitative Indicators, which shed light on the policies, institutions and instruments used to address specific policy areas related to the afore mentioned Quantitative Indicators. This second part is structured according to the Six Criteria for SFM and includes the respective Quantitative Indicators and Qualitative Indicators directly related to them. [\n] The Output Tables included in the Annexes display the information on Quantitative Indicators reported by 34 signatory countries, the information included in the 11 desk studies carried out by UNECE/FAO Forestry and Timber Section, and the information reported by the Russian Federation for the previous edition of the State of Europe's Forests report. Given the lack of comparable current data from the Russian Federation and in order to maintain the internal consistency of the report, the information provided by the Russian Federation in 2011 is not included in the analysis or the graphs. [::State of Europe's Forests 2015] European forests play an important role in environmental functions, crucial for our wellbeing, as fighting climate change, conserving biological diversity, protecting soils or preserving water resources. Furthermore, the productive role of European forests has a relevant value producing also significant socio-economic benefits [...] [::Overall policies, institutions and instruments for SFM] This chapter provides general information about the way forests are governed in the FOREST EUROPE signatories through policies, institutions and instruments for Sustainable Forest Management (SFM). These are covered by 5 Qualitative Indicators (Part I of pan-European Qualitative Indicators). Changes reported in these indicators over time reflect the responses of policy makers to challenges and opportunities related to forests and SFM. [::] A1. National Forest Programme (NFP) or similar and related forest policies [...] [::] A2. Institutional frameworks [...] [::] A3. Legal/regulatory frameworks and international commitments [...] [::] A4. Financial instruments and economic policy [...] [::] A5. Informational means [...] [::Forest Resources and their Contribution to Global Carbon Cycles] [::] Forests cover more than one third of Europe`s land surface, and forest area continues to increase [...] [::] Growing stock in European forests is above the world average and still increasing [...] [::] One third of European forests are uneven-aged [...] [::] The forest area is expanding according to the defined targets in the countries with low forest cover [...] [::] European forests are major carbon sink [...] [::] Carbon stocks and stock changes in forests as well as climate change mitigation and adaptation are the most frequently mentioned objectives [...] [::Forest Ecosystem Health and Vitality] [::] Depositions of air pollutants have continuously decreased since 1997, except for N-depositions, which have increased in Southern and Central- Eastern Europe [...] [::] Data from forest areas correspond with previous assessments showing that soil organic carbon concentration levels have increased following a South-East to North-West trend in the EU [...] [::] Defoliation remained unchanged on around two thirds of the plots monitored over the 10-year period [...] [::] 3.1% (or 3.7 million hectares) of Europe's forests are affected by forest damage, most frequently caused by biotic agents [...] [::] Most countries reported specific objectives related to forest health and vitality (i.e. improved resistance, monitoring systems and climate change adaptation) [...] [::Productive Functions of Forests] [::] Increments in European forests substantially exceed fellings [...] [::] Europe remains one of the largest producers of roundwood in the world [...] [::] The total value of marketed non-wood goods reported was almost €2.3 million [...] [::] The total reported value for marketed services is around €723 million [...] [::] Most forests in Europe have a management plan [...] [::] Few changes were reported concerning the objectives related to the production and use of wood, with most of such changes connected to the bioenergy sector. About 30% of the signatory countries reported developments in informational means [...] [::] While 25% of the reporting signatory countries reported changes in specific objectives, the majority showed continuity in relation to mechanisms and instruments [...] [::Biological Diversity in Forest Ecosystems] [::] Mixed species stands dominate European forests [...] [::] Regeneration approaches and natural expansion vary widely across Europe [...] [::] 4% of European forests are undisturbed by man [...] [::] Introduced tree species dominate 4.4% of European forests [...] [::] Deadwood is increasing slightly in European forests [...] [::] The areas managed for conservation of forest genetic resources and for seed production have increased over the last 25 years [...] [::] Two thirds of European forests are in a core natural landscape pattern [...] [::] Forests are an important habitat for threatened species [...] [::] More than 30 million ha of European forests are protected [...] [::] A large majority of countries (more than 90%) have specific objectives in relation to biodiversity. Almost half have reported legislative developments and just small changes in other instruments [...] [::Protective Functions in Forest Management] [::] Forest fulfill all protective functions [...] [::] Forests protect infrastructures and managed natural resources from natural hazards [...] [::] Long term commitment on protection of water and soil in Europe [...] [::Socio-Economic Functions and Conditions] [::] The number of private forest holdings is increasing [...] [::] The forest sector contributed around 0.8% to GDP (Gross Domestic Product) in the region as a whole [...] [::] Most parts of the regions in Europe saw an annual increase in net value added [...] [::] Expenditures for services remain constant, while revenues from services are increasing [...] [::] Forest sector still plays an important role in relation to employment [...] [::] Forest work remains a dangerous occupation [...] [::] During the 2008-2009 financial crisis, wood consumption decreased in Europe [...] [::] Europe has shifted from a net importer to a net exporter of primary wood and paper products [...] [::] Energy from wood resources contributes significantly to renewable energy targets [...] [::] Most forests in Europe are accessible for recreation [...] [::] More than 1.25 million cultural sites are located in European forests [...] [::] Most reporting signatories have specific policy objectives in relation to the economic viability of forests [...] [::] The majority of reporting signatories have specific objectives related to employment [...] [::] More countries are promoting participation, with a wide variety of means being used, as was also stated in 2011 [...] [::] Enhancing research activities, cross-sectoral cooperation, innovation and technological development, as well as improving the quality and efficiency of forest education and training at all levels is becoming more important [...] [::] Increased interest has been shown through more countries reporting and a significant proportion (60%) of positive developments in cultural and spiritual values [...]
@book{citeulike:13878890,
    abstract = {The Summary for Policy Makers is a brief document based
on information included in the  ” State of Europe's Forests
2015”report. This document off ers a comprehensive
overview of European forests, their current status, trends
and policy responses related to them, as well as an insight
into sustainable forest management ({SFM}) in Europe.

[\n] The State of Europe's Forests 2015 report will, along with other
publications, serve as background information for political
discussions on future opportunities and challenges, and the
associated political responses. This report is focused on the
current status and trends (10-year trends and 25-year trends)
of European forests and sustainable forest management in the
period 1990-2015 and has been prepared for the 7th Ministerial
Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe, held in Madrid
on 20-21 October 2015.

[\n] The State of Europe's Forests 2015 report is organised in two parts.
The first part (Overall Policies, Institutions and Instruments for
Sustainable Forest Management) provides general information
about the way forests are governed in a country through the
policies, institutions and instruments for {SFM}. These aspects are
covered by five Qualitative1 Indicators, and changes reported in
these indicators over time reflect the responses of policy makers
to challenges and opportunities related to forests and {SFM}.
The second part (European Forests: Status, Trends and Policy
Responses) has been prepared following the Advisory Group
recommendations and on the basis of data gleaned from the
35 Quantitative Indicators, which provide information on the
current status and changes in European forests and progress
on {SFM}, and from the 12 Qualitative Indicators, which shed light
on the policies, institutions and instruments used to address
specific policy areas related to the afore mentioned Quantitative
Indicators. This second part is structured according to the
Six Criteria for {SFM} and includes the respective Quantitative
Indicators and Qualitative Indicators directly related to them.

[\n] The Output Tables included in the Annexes display the
information on Quantitative Indicators reported by 34
signatory countries, the information included in the 11
desk studies carried out by {UNECE}/{FAO} Forestry and
Timber Section, and the information reported by the
Russian Federation for the previous edition of the State
of Europe's Forests report. Given the lack of comparable
current data from the Russian Federation and in order
to maintain the internal consistency of the report, the
information provided by the Russian Federation in
2011 is not included in the analysis or the graphs. 

[::State of Europe's Forests 2015] European forests play an important role in environmental functions, crucial for our
wellbeing, as fighting climate change, conserving biological diversity, protecting
soils or preserving water resources. Furthermore, the productive role of European
forests has a relevant value producing also significant socio-economic benefits
[...]

[::Overall policies, institutions and instruments for {SFM}] This chapter provides general information about the way forests are governed
in the {FOREST} {EUROPE} signatories through policies, institutions and
instruments for Sustainable Forest Management ({SFM}). These are covered
by 5 Qualitative Indicators (Part I of {pan-European} Qualitative Indicators).
Changes reported in these indicators over time reflect the responses of policy
makers to challenges and opportunities related to forests and {SFM}. 
[::] A1. National Forest Programme ({NFP}) or similar and related forest policies [...]
[::] A2. Institutional frameworks [...]
[::] A3. Legal/regulatory frameworks and international commitments [...]
[::] A4. Financial instruments and economic policy [...]
[::] A5. Informational means [...]

[::Forest Resources and their Contribution to Global Carbon Cycles]
[::] Forests cover more than one third of Europe`s land surface, and forest
area continues to increase [...]
[::] Growing stock in European forests is above the world average and still
increasing [...]
[::] One third of European forests are uneven-aged [...]
[::] The forest area is expanding according to the defined targets in the
countries with low forest cover [...]
[::] European forests are major carbon sink [...]
[::] Carbon stocks and stock changes in forests as well as climate change
mitigation and adaptation are the most frequently mentioned objectives [...]

[::Forest Ecosystem Health and Vitality]

[::] Depositions of air pollutants have continuously decreased since 1997,
except for N-depositions, which have increased in Southern and Central-
Eastern Europe [...]
[::] Data from forest areas correspond with previous assessments showing
that soil organic carbon concentration levels have increased following a
{South-East} to {North-West} trend in the {EU} [...]
[::] Defoliation remained unchanged on around two thirds of the plots
monitored over the 10-year period [...]
[::] 3.1\% (or 3.7 million hectares) of Europe's forests are affected by forest
damage, most frequently caused by biotic agents [...]
[::] Most countries reported specific objectives related to forest health and
vitality (i.e. improved resistance, monitoring systems and climate change
adaptation) [...]

[::Productive Functions of Forests]
[::] Increments in European forests substantially exceed fellings [...]
[::] Europe remains one of the largest producers of roundwood in the world [...]
[::] The total value of marketed non-wood goods reported was almost €2.3 million [...]
[::] The total reported value for marketed services is around €723 million [...]
[::] Most forests in Europe have a management plan [...]
[::] Few changes were reported concerning the objectives related to the
production and use of wood, with most of such changes connected to
the bioenergy sector. About 30\% of the signatory countries reported
developments in informational means [...]
[::] While 25\% of the reporting signatory countries reported changes
in specific objectives, the majority showed continuity in relation to
mechanisms and instruments [...]

[::Biological Diversity in Forest Ecosystems]

[::] Mixed species stands dominate European forests [...]
[::] Regeneration approaches and natural expansion vary widely across Europe [...]
[::] 4\% of European forests are undisturbed by man [...]
[::] Introduced tree species dominate 4.4\% of European forests [...]
[::] Deadwood is increasing slightly in European forests [...]
[::] The areas managed for conservation of forest genetic resources and for
seed production have increased over the last 25 years [...]
[::] Two thirds of European forests are in a core natural landscape pattern [...]
[::] Forests are an important habitat for threatened species [...]
[::] More than 30 million ha of European forests are protected [...]
[::] A large majority of countries (more than 90\%) have specific objectives
in relation to biodiversity. Almost half have reported legislative
developments and just small changes in other instruments [...]

[::Protective Functions in Forest Management]

[::] Forest fulfill all protective functions [...]
[::] Forests protect infrastructures and managed natural resources from
natural hazards [...]
[::] Long term commitment on protection of water and soil in Europe [...]

[::{Socio-Economic} Functions and Conditions]

[::] The number of private forest holdings is increasing [...]
[::] The forest sector contributed around 0.8\% to {GDP} (Gross Domestic
Product) in the region as a whole [...]
[::] Most parts of the regions in Europe saw an annual increase in net value added [...]
[::] Expenditures for services remain constant, while revenues from services
are increasing [...]
[::] Forest sector still plays an important role in relation to employment [...]
[::] Forest work remains a dangerous occupation [...]
[::] During the 2008-2009 financial crisis, wood consumption decreased in
Europe [...]
[::] Europe has shifted from a net importer to a net exporter of primary wood
and paper products [...]
[::] Energy from wood resources contributes significantly to renewable
energy targets [...]
[::] Most forests in Europe are accessible for recreation [...]
[::] More than 1.25 million cultural sites are located in European forests [...]
[::] Most reporting signatories have specific policy objectives in relation to the economic viability of forests [...]
[::] The majority of reporting signatories have specific objectives related to employment [...]
[::] More countries are promoting participation, with a wide variety of means being used, as was also stated in 2011 [...]
[::] Enhancing research activities, cross-sectoral cooperation, innovation
and technological development, as well as improving the quality and efficiency of forest education and training at all levels is becoming more important [...]
[::] Increased interest has been shown through more countries reporting and a
significant proportion (60\%) of positive developments in cultural and spiritual
values [...]},
    address = {Madrid, Spain},
    author = {Alberdi Asensio, Iciar and Baycheva-Merger, Tanya and Bouvet, Alain and Bozzano, Michele and Caudullo, Giovanni and Cienciala, Emil and Corona, Piermaria and Dom\'{\i}nguez Torres, Gl\`{o}ria and Houston Durrant, Tracy and Edwards, David and Estreguil, Christine and Ferreti, Marco and Fischer, Uwe and Freudenschuss, Alexandra and Gasparini, Patrizia and Godinho Ferreira, Paulo and Hansen, Karin and Hiederer, Roland and Inhaizer, Hubert and Jellesmark Thorsen, Bo and Jonsson, Ragnar and Kastenholz, Edgar and Kleinschmit von Lengefeld, Andreas and K\"{o}hl, Michael and Korhonen, Kari and Koskela, Jarkko and Krumm, Frank and Lanz, Adrian and Lasserre, Bruno and Levet, Anne-Laure and Li, Yanshu and Lier, Markus and Mallarach Carrera, Josep M. and Marchetti, Marco and Mart\'{\i}nez de Arano, Inazio and Michel, Alexa and Moffat, Andy and Nabuurs, Gert-Jan and Oldenburger, Jan and Parviainen, Jari and Pettenella, Davide and Prokofieva, Irina and Quadt, Verena and Rametsteiner, Ewald and Rinaldi, Francesca and Sanders, Tanja and San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jes\'{u}s and Schuck, Andreas and Seidling, Walter and Solberg, Birger and Sotirov, Metodi and St\r{a}hl, G\"{o}ran and Tom\'{e}, Margarida and Toth, Gergely and van Brusselen, Jo and Verkerk, Hans and V\'{\i}tkov\'{a}, Lucie and Weiss, Gerhard and Wildburguer, Christoph and Winkel, Gerorg and Zasada, Michal and Zingg, Andreas},
    citeulike-article-id = {13878890},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/13878890},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://www.webcitation.org/6mG9U2ex9},
    citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://www.webcitation.org/6mGA7hobB},
    citeulike-linkout-3 = {http://foresteurope.org/state-europes-forests-2015-report/},
    citeulike-linkout-4 = {http://www.foresteurope.org/docs/SoeF2015/BIBLIOGRAPHY.pdf},
    citeulike-linkout-5 = {http://www.foresteurope.org/fullsoef2015},
    comment = {== References ==
\# Alberdi, I., Michalak, R., Fischer, C., Gasparini, P., Br\"{a}ndli, U.-B., Tomter, S.M., Kuliesis, A., Snorrason, A., Redmond, J., Hern\'{a}ndez, L., Ca\~{n}ellas, I., Lanz, A., Vidondo, A., Stoyanov, N., Stoyanova, M., Vestman, M., Barreiro, S., Vidal, C. (Submitted). A common FAWS definition is of major importance for the results of any simulation of the European Forest projections. Annals of Forest Science.
\# Berg, A., Ehnstr\"{o}m, B., Gustafsson, L., Hallingb\"{a}ck, T., Jonsell, M., Weslien, J., 1994. Threatened plant, animal, and fungus species in Swedish forests: distributionand habitat associations. Conservation Biology 8, 718–731. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030718.x .
\# EEA (European Environment Agency), 2006. European forest types – Categories and types for sustainable forest management reporting and policy. EEA Technical Report No. 9/2006. EEA, Copenhagen.
\# EEA (European Environment Agency), 2008. European forests - ecosystem conditions and sustainable use. EEA Report number 3/2008. EEA, Copenhagen.
\# Estreguil, C., Caudullo, G., de Rigo, D., 2014. A proposal for an integrated modelling framework to characterise habitat pattern, Environmental Modelling \& Software 52, 176–191. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.10.011 .
\# Estreguil, C., Caudullo, G., de Rigo, D., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2013. Forest landscape in Europe: Pattern, fragmentation and connectivity. EUR – Scientific and Technical Research 25717 (JRC 77295), 18 pp.   doi:10.2788/77842 .
\# FAO, 2014. Contribution of the forestry sector to national economies, 1990-2011, by A. Lebedys and Y. Li. Forest Finance Working Paper FSFM/ACC/09. FAO, Rome.
\# FOREST EUROPE, UNECE, FAO, 2011. State of Europe's Forests 2011. Europe's Status \& Trends in Sustainable Forest Management in Europe.
\# Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2010. Global forest resources assessment 2010: Main report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1757e/i1757e.pdf .
\# Franc, N., 2007. Standing or downed dead trees - does it matter for saproxylic beetles in temperate oak-rich forest? Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37 (12), 2494–2507. doi:10.1139/X07-096 .
\# Grove, S.J., 2002. Saproxylic insect ecology and the sustainable management of forests. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33, 1–23. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150507 .
\# Harmon, M.E., Franklin, J.F., Swanson, F.J., Sollins, P., Gregory, S.V., Lattin, J.D., Anderson, N.H., Cline, S.P., Aumen, N.G., Sedell, J.R., Lienkaemper, G.W., Cromack,K., Cummins, K.W., 1986. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research 15, 133–302. 
\# Heilmann-Clausen, J., Christensen, M., 2004. Does size matter? On the importance of various dead wood fractions for fungal diversity in Danish beech forests. Forest Ecology and Management 201 (1), 105–117. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2004.07.010 .
\# Jonsell, M., Hansson, J., Wedmo, L., 2007. Diversity of saproxylic beetle species inlogging residues in Sweden - Comparisons between tree species and diameters. Biological Conservation 138 (1-2), 89–99. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.04.003 .
\# Larsson, T.-B., Angelstam, P., Balent, G., Barbati, A., Bijlsma, R.-J., Boncina, A., Bradshaw, R., B\"{u}cking, W., Ciancio, O., Corona, P., Diaci, J., Dias, S., Ellenberg, H., Fernandes, F. M., Fern\'{a}ndez-Gonzalez, F., Ferris, R., Frank, G., M{\o}ller, P. F., Giller, P. S., Gustafsson, L., Halbritter, K., Hall, S., Hansson, L., Innes, J., Jactel, H., Dobbertin, M. K., Klein, M., Marchetti, M., Mohren, F., Niemel\"{a}, P., O'Halloran, J., Rametsteiner, E., Rego, F., Scheidegger, C., Scotti, R., Sj\"{o}berg, K., Spanos, I., Spanos, K., Standov\'{a}r, T., Svensson, L., T{\o}mmer\r{a}s, B., Trakolis, D., Uuttera, J., VanDenMeersschaut, D., Vandekerkhove, K., Walsh, P. M., Watt, A. D., 2001. Biodiversity evaluation tools for European forests. Vol. 50 of Ecological Bulletins. Blackwell Science. 
\# Siitonen, J., 2001. Forest management, coarse woody debris and saproxylic organisms: Fennoscandian boreal forests as an example. Ecological Bulletins 49, 11–41. 
\# Siry, J.P, Cubbage, F.W, Newman, D.H. 2009: Global Forest Ownership: Implications for Forest Production, Management and Protection. In: Proceedings of the XIII World Forestry Congress (18-23 Oct. 2009), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
\# UNECE, 2011. Forest Products Annual Market Review 2010–2011. United Nations, Geneva.
\# Vantomme, P., 2003. What are 'Non-Wood Forest Products' for FAO?, International Forestry Review 5(2), 162.
\# Verkerk, P.J., Lindner, M., Zanchi, G., Zudin, S., 2011. Assessing impacts of intensified biomass removal on deadwood in European forests. Ecological Indicators 11 (1), 27–35. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.04.004 .},
    editor = {{Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe}},
    keywords = {europe, featured-publication, forest-resources, integration-techniques, multiauthor, science-policy-interface, scientific-communication},
    posted-at = {2015-12-09 15:33:21},
    priority = {2},
    publisher = {Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (FOREST EUROPE).},
    title = {{State of Europe's forests 2015}},
    url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/13878890},
    year = {2015}
}
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