Action monitoring in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, their nonaffected siblings, and normal control subjects: evidence for an endophenotype. Albrecht, B., Brandeis, D., Uebel, H., Heinrich, H., Mueller, U. C, Hasselhorn, M., Steinhausen, H., Rothenberger, A., & Banaschewski, T. Biological Psychiatry, 64(7):615–25, October, 2008. Publisher: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Göttingen, Germany. balbrec@gwdg.de
Action monitoring in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, their nonaffected siblings, and normal control subjects: evidence for an endophenotype. [link]Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   
BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a very common and highly heritable child psychiatric disorder associated with dysfunctions in fronto-striatal networks that control attention and response organization. The aim of this study was to investigate whether features of action monitoring related to dopaminergic functions represent endophenotypes that are brain functions on the pathway from genes and environmental risk factors to behavior. METHODS: Action monitoring and error processing as indicated by behavioral and electrophysiological parameters during a flanker task were examined in boys with ADHD combined type according to DSM-IV (n = 68), their nonaffected siblings (n = 18), and healthy control subjects with no known family history of ADHD (n = 22). RESULTS: Boys with ADHD displayed slower and more variable reaction-times. Error negativity (Ne) was smaller in boys with ADHD compared with healthy control subjects, whereas nonaffected siblings displayed intermediate amplitudes following a linear model predicted by genetic concordance. The three groups did not differ on error positivity (Pe). The N2 amplitude enhancement due to conflict (incongruent flankers) was reduced in the ADHD group. Nonaffected siblings also displayed intermediate N2 enhancement. CONCLUSIONS: Converging evidence from behavioral and event-related potential findings suggests that action monitoring and initial error processing, both related to dopaminergically modulated functions of anterior cingulate cortex, might be an endophenotype related to ADHD.
@article{albrecht_action_2008,
	title = {Action monitoring in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, their nonaffected siblings, and normal control subjects: evidence for an endophenotype.},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {1873-2402},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006322308000504},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.12.016},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a very common and highly heritable child psychiatric disorder associated with dysfunctions in fronto-striatal networks that control attention and response organization. The aim of this study was to investigate whether features of action monitoring related to dopaminergic functions represent endophenotypes that are brain functions on the pathway from genes and environmental risk factors to behavior. METHODS: Action monitoring and error processing as indicated by behavioral and electrophysiological parameters during a flanker task were examined in boys with ADHD combined type according to DSM-IV (n = 68), their nonaffected siblings (n = 18), and healthy control subjects with no known family history of ADHD (n = 22). RESULTS: Boys with ADHD displayed slower and more variable reaction-times. Error negativity (Ne) was smaller in boys with ADHD compared with healthy control subjects, whereas nonaffected siblings displayed intermediate amplitudes following a linear model predicted by genetic concordance. The three groups did not differ on error positivity (Pe). The N2 amplitude enhancement due to conflict (incongruent flankers) was reduced in the ADHD group. Nonaffected siblings also displayed intermediate N2 enhancement. CONCLUSIONS: Converging evidence from behavioral and event-related potential findings suggests that action monitoring and initial error processing, both related to dopaminergically modulated functions of anterior cingulate cortex, might be an endophenotype related to ADHD.},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2015-05-20},
	journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
	author = {Albrecht, Björn and Brandeis, Daniel and Uebel, Henrik and Heinrich, Hartmut and Mueller, Ueli C and Hasselhorn, Marcus and Steinhausen, Hans-Christoph and Rothenberger, Aribert and Banaschewski, Tobias},
	month = oct,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18339358},
	note = {Publisher: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Göttingen, Germany. balbrec@gwdg.de},
	keywords = {Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: dia, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: gen, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: phy, Child, Corpus Striatum, Corpus Striatum: physiopathology, Dopamine, Dopamine: metabolism, Electroencephalography, Environment, Evoked Potentials, Evoked Potentials: physiology, Frontal Lobe, Frontal Lobe: physiopathology, Gyrus Cinguli, Gyrus Cinguli: metabolism, Humans, Male, Nerve Net, Nerve Net: physiopathology, Phenotype, Psychomotor Performance, Psychomotor Performance: physiology, Reaction Time, Risk Factors, Siblings, attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity dia, attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity gen, attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity phy, child, corpus striatum, corpus striatum physiopathology, dopamine, dopamine metabolism, electroencephalography, environment, evoked potentials, evoked potentials physiology, frontal lobe, frontal lobe physiopathology, gyrus cinguli, gyrus cinguli metabolism, humans, male, nerve net, nerve net physiopathology, phenotype, psychomotor performance, psychomotor performance physiology, reaction time, risk factors, siblings},
	pages = {615--25},
}

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