@article{
 title = {Prevalence and Associated Factors of Chronic Diseases Among Adults in Somaliland: A Multilevel Analysis From the 2020 SLHDS},
 type = {article},
 year = {2025},
 keywords = {Somaliland,Sub-Saharan Africa,chronic diseases,health surveys,multilevel analysis,non-communicable diseases,socio-demographic determinants},
 pages = {306-315},
 volume = {11},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cdt3.70027},
 month = {12},
 publisher = {John Wiley & Sons, Ltd},
 day = {1},
 id = {1257f796-73f1-3fc0-b06f-41b02fa815e4},
 created = {2025-12-25T12:52:37.483Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {3d6b17c2-7de8-3a82-bf4f-ddb0e3081e5f},
 last_modified = {2025-12-25T12:52:37.483Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {JOUR},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {ABSTRACT Background Chronic diseases represent a growing public health challenge globally, particularly in developing regions like Sub-Saharan Africa. Somaliland faces a dual burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases amidst post-conflict recovery, yet data on non-communicable disease (NCD) prevalence and determinants remain scarce. This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence and identify socio-demographic factors associated with self-reported chronic diseases among adults in Somaliland. Methods This cross-sectional study utilized data from the Somaliland Health and Demographic Survey (SLHDS) 2020. The final sample of 11,153 adults had a highly skewed age distribution (94.6% aged 35?44), a primary limitation of this analysis. The outcome was a self-reported physician diagnosis of any chronic disease. A multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression model was employed to identify significant determinants while adjusting for confounders. Results The analysis identified several factors associated with reporting a chronic disease. Higher odds were observed among female-headed households (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.06?1.48) and divorced individuals (AOR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.55?2.37). Conversely, lower odds were associated with higher education (AOR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.34?0.82) and nomadic residence (AOR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.22?0.51). Unexpectedly, lack of electricity and no savings were also associated with lower odds, likely reflecting diagnostic access bias and reverse causation. Conclusion Findings suggest that self-reported chronic diseases are associated with specific socio-demographic vulnerabilities in Somaliland. The results should be interpreted with extreme caution and viewed as hypothesis-generating at best. Future research using objective measures and representative sampling is urgently needed to validate these associations and accurately quantify the NCD burden.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Ali, Abdirahman Omer and Hared, Yusuf Abdi and Abdillahi, Hodo Abdi and Dahir, Muhyadin Yusuf and Hassan, Abdisalam Mahdi and Hossain, Md. Moyazzem},
 doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cdt3.70027},
 journal = {Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine},
 number = {4}
}

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Somaliland faces a dual burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases amidst post-conflict recovery, yet data on non-communicable disease (NCD) prevalence and determinants remain scarce. This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence and identify socio-demographic factors associated with self-reported chronic diseases among adults in Somaliland. Methods This cross-sectional study utilized data from the Somaliland Health and Demographic Survey (SLHDS) 2020. The final sample of 11,153 adults had a highly skewed age distribution (94.6% aged 35?44), a primary limitation of this analysis. The outcome was a self-reported physician diagnosis of any chronic disease. A multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression model was employed to identify significant determinants while adjusting for confounders. Results The analysis identified several factors associated with reporting a chronic disease. Higher odds were observed among female-headed households (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.06?1.48) and divorced individuals (AOR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.55?2.37). Conversely, lower odds were associated with higher education (AOR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.34?0.82) and nomadic residence (AOR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.22?0.51). Unexpectedly, lack of electricity and no savings were also associated with lower odds, likely reflecting diagnostic access bias and reverse causation. Conclusion Findings suggest that self-reported chronic diseases are associated with specific socio-demographic vulnerabilities in Somaliland. The results should be interpreted with extreme caution and viewed as hypothesis-generating at best. Future research using objective measures and representative sampling is urgently needed to validate these associations and accurately quantify the NCD burden.","bibtype":"article","author":"Ali, Abdirahman Omer and Hared, Yusuf Abdi and Abdillahi, Hodo Abdi and Dahir, Muhyadin Yusuf and Hassan, Abdisalam Mahdi and Hossain, Md. Moyazzem","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cdt3.70027","journal":"Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine","number":"4","bibtex":"@article{\n title = {Prevalence and Associated Factors of Chronic Diseases Among Adults in Somaliland: A Multilevel Analysis From the 2020 SLHDS},\n type = {article},\n year = {2025},\n keywords = {Somaliland,Sub-Saharan Africa,chronic diseases,health surveys,multilevel analysis,non-communicable diseases,socio-demographic determinants},\n pages = {306-315},\n volume = {11},\n websites = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cdt3.70027},\n month = {12},\n publisher = {John Wiley & Sons, Ltd},\n day = {1},\n id = {1257f796-73f1-3fc0-b06f-41b02fa815e4},\n created = {2025-12-25T12:52:37.483Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {3d6b17c2-7de8-3a82-bf4f-ddb0e3081e5f},\n last_modified = {2025-12-25T12:52:37.483Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {true},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n source_type = {JOUR},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {ABSTRACT Background Chronic diseases represent a growing public health challenge globally, particularly in developing regions like Sub-Saharan Africa. Somaliland faces a dual burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases amidst post-conflict recovery, yet data on non-communicable disease (NCD) prevalence and determinants remain scarce. This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence and identify socio-demographic factors associated with self-reported chronic diseases among adults in Somaliland. Methods This cross-sectional study utilized data from the Somaliland Health and Demographic Survey (SLHDS) 2020. The final sample of 11,153 adults had a highly skewed age distribution (94.6% aged 35?44), a primary limitation of this analysis. The outcome was a self-reported physician diagnosis of any chronic disease. A multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression model was employed to identify significant determinants while adjusting for confounders. Results The analysis identified several factors associated with reporting a chronic disease. Higher odds were observed among female-headed households (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.06?1.48) and divorced individuals (AOR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.55?2.37). Conversely, lower odds were associated with higher education (AOR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.34?0.82) and nomadic residence (AOR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.22?0.51). Unexpectedly, lack of electricity and no savings were also associated with lower odds, likely reflecting diagnostic access bias and reverse causation. Conclusion Findings suggest that self-reported chronic diseases are associated with specific socio-demographic vulnerabilities in Somaliland. The results should be interpreted with extreme caution and viewed as hypothesis-generating at best. Future research using objective measures and representative sampling is urgently needed to validate these associations and accurately quantify the NCD burden.},\n bibtype = {article},\n author = {Ali, Abdirahman Omer and Hared, Yusuf Abdi and Abdillahi, Hodo Abdi and Dahir, Muhyadin Yusuf and Hassan, Abdisalam Mahdi and Hossain, Md. 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