Effect of intermediate phases on the formation of nanostructured lead-free (Bi0.5Na0.5)(0.94)Ba0.06TiO3 piezoceramics by mechanical alloying. Amini, R. & Ghazanfari, M. R. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 587:520–526, February, 2014. WOS:000329114100081
doi  abstract   bibtex   
The present study focuses on the effect of intermediate phases on the formation of perovskite (Bi0.5Na0.5)(0.94) Ba-0.06 TiO3 powders during mechanical alloying. Quantitative structural analyses were done by X-ray diffraction using Rietveld refinement, and microstructural studies were performed by transmission electron microscopy. The structural analyses revealed that during milling, crystalline perovskite and pyrochlore phases as well as an amorphous phase were formed, and the polymorphic transformations of TiO2 were observed. It was found that by the milling evolution, the amorphous phase was developed considerably and after sufficient milling time, the BNBT phase prevailed over other phases, due to the crystallization of the amorphous phase as well as the pyrochlore-to-perovskite phase transformation. However, by further progression of milling, the BNBT amount was gradually decreased, owing to its transformation to the amorphous phase. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
@article{amini_effect_2014,
	title = {Effect of intermediate phases on the formation of nanostructured lead-free ({Bi0}.{5Na0}.5)(0.94){Ba0}.{06TiO3} piezoceramics by mechanical alloying},
	volume = {587},
	issn = {0925-8388},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.10.192},
	abstract = {The present study focuses on the effect of intermediate phases on the formation of perovskite (Bi0.5Na0.5)(0.94) Ba-0.06 TiO3 powders during mechanical alloying. Quantitative structural analyses were done by X-ray diffraction using Rietveld refinement, and microstructural studies were performed by transmission electron microscopy. The structural analyses revealed that during milling, crystalline perovskite and pyrochlore phases as well as an amorphous phase were formed, and the polymorphic transformations of TiO2 were observed. It was found that by the milling evolution, the amorphous phase was developed considerably and after sufficient milling time, the BNBT phase prevailed over other phases, due to the crystallization of the amorphous phase as well as the pyrochlore-to-perovskite phase transformation. However, by further progression of milling, the BNBT amount was gradually decreased, owing to its transformation to the amorphous phase. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Journal of Alloys and Compounds},
	author = {Amini, Rasool and Ghazanfari, Mohammad Reza},
	month = feb,
	year = {2014},
	note = {WOS:000329114100081},
	keywords = {Crystal structure, Mechanical alloying, Nanostructured material, Phase   transitions, Rietveld analysis, amorphous content, ceramics, free piezoelectric ceramics, microstructure, mixed   oxides, mn, powders, titanate},
	pages = {520--526},
}

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