Reaction time performance in ADHD: improvement under fast-incentive condition and familial effects. Andreou, P., Neale, B. M, Chen, W., Christiansen, H., Gabriels, I., Heise, A., Meidad, S., Muller, U. C, Uebel, H., Banaschewski, T., Manor, I., Oades, R., Roeyers, H., Rothenberger, A., Sham, P., Steinhausen, H., Asherson, P., & Kuntsi, J. Psychological medicine, 37(12):1703–1715, December, 2007. Publisher: MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK.
Reaction time performance in ADHD: improvement under fast-incentive condition and familial effects. [link]Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   
BACKGROUND: Reaction time (RT) variability is one of the strongest findings to emerge in cognitive-experimental research of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We set out to confirm the association between ADHD and slow and variable RTs and investigate the degree to which RT performance improves under fast event rate and incentives. Using a group familial correlation approach, we tested the hypothesis that there are shared familial effects on RT performance and ADHD. METHOD: A total of 144 ADHD combined-type probands, 125 siblings of the ADHD probands and 60 control participants, ages 6-18, performed a four-choice RT task with baseline and fast-incentive conditions. RESULTS: ADHD was associated with slow and variable RTs, and with greater improvement in speed and RT variability from baseline to fast-incentive condition. RT performance showed shared familial influences with ADHD. Under the assumption that the familial effects represent genetic influences, the proportion of the phenotypic correlation due to shared familial influences was estimated as 60-70%. CONCLUSIONS: The data are inconsistent with models that consider RT variability as reflecting a stable cognitive deficit in ADHD, but instead emphasize the extent to which energetic or motivational factors can have a greater effect on RT performance in ADHD. The findings support the role of RT variability as an endophenotype mediating the link between genes and ADHD.
@article{andreou_reaction_2007,
	title = {Reaction time performance in {ADHD}: improvement under fast-incentive condition and familial effects.},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0033-2917},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17537284},
	doi = {10.1017/S0033291707000815},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Reaction time (RT) variability is one of the strongest findings to emerge in cognitive-experimental research of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We set out to confirm the association between ADHD and slow and variable RTs and investigate the degree to which RT performance improves under fast event rate and incentives. Using a group familial correlation approach, we tested the hypothesis that there are shared familial effects on RT performance and ADHD.

METHOD: A total of 144 ADHD combined-type probands, 125 siblings of the ADHD probands and 60 control participants, ages 6-18, performed a four-choice RT task with baseline and fast-incentive conditions.

RESULTS: ADHD was associated with slow and variable RTs, and with greater improvement in speed and RT variability from baseline to fast-incentive condition. RT performance showed shared familial influences with ADHD. Under the assumption that the familial effects represent genetic influences, the proportion of the phenotypic correlation due to shared familial influences was estimated as 60-70\%.

CONCLUSIONS: The data are inconsistent with models that consider RT variability as reflecting a stable cognitive deficit in ADHD, but instead emphasize the extent to which energetic or motivational factors can have a greater effect on RT performance in ADHD. The findings support the role of RT variability as an endophenotype mediating the link between genes and ADHD.},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2014-06-02},
	journal = {Psychological medicine},
	author = {Andreou, Penny and Neale, Ben M and Chen, Wai and Christiansen, Hanna and Gabriels, Isabel and Heise, Alexander and Meidad, Sheera and Muller, Ueli C and Uebel, Henrik and Banaschewski, Tobias and Manor, Iris and Oades, Robert and Roeyers, Herbert and Rothenberger, Aribert and Sham, Pak and Steinhausen, Hans-Christoph and Asherson, Philip and Kuntsi, Jonna},
	month = dec,
	year = {2007},
	pmid = {17537284},
	note = {Publisher: MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK.},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: dia, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: gen, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: psy, Child, Female, Genetic, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genetic Predisposition to Disease: genetics, Humans, Male, Models, Motivation, Phenotype, Reaction Time, Reaction Time: genetics, Siblings, Statistics as Topic, adolescent, attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity dia, attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity gen, attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity psy, child, female, genetic, genetic predisposition disease, genetic predisposition disease genetics, humans, male, models, motivation, phenotype, reaction time, reaction time genetics, siblings, statistics topic},
	pages = {1703--1715},
}
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