@inproceedings{10.1145/3618257.3624841,
author = {Ardi, Calvin and Calder, Matt},
title = {The Prevalence of Single Sign-On on the Web: Towards the Next Generation of Web Content Measurement},
year = {2023},
isbn = {9798400703829},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3618257.3624841},
doi = {10.1145/3618257.3624841},
abstract = {Much of the content and structure of the Web remains inaccessible to evaluate at scale because it is gated by user authentication. This limitation restricts researchers to examining only a superficial layer of a website: the landing page or public, search-indexable pages. Since it is infeasible to create individual accounts across thousands of webpages, we examine the prevalence of Single Sign-On (SSO) on the web to explore the feasibility of using a few accounts to authenticate to many sites. We find that 58\% of the top 10K websites with logins are accessible with popular 3rd-party SSO providers, such as Google, Facebook, and Apple, indicating that leveraging SSO offers a scalable solution to access a large volume of user-gated content.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2023 ACM on Internet Measurement Conference},
pages = {124–130},
numpages = {7},
keywords = {web measurement, web authentication, top lists, single sign-on},
location = {Montreal QC, Canada},
series = {IMC '23}
}

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