Evidence for a non-linguistic distinction between singular and plural sets in rhesus monkeys. Barner, D., Wood, J., Hauser, M., & Carey, S. Cognition, 107(2):603-22, 2008.
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Set representations are explicitly expressed in natural language. For example, many languages distinguish between sets and subsets (all vs. some), as well as between singular and plural sets (a cat vs. some cats). Three experiments explored the hypothesis that these representations are language specific, and thus absent from the conceptual resources of non-linguistic animals. We found that rhesus monkeys spontaneously discriminate sets based on a conceptual singular-plural distinction. Under conditions that do not elicit comparisons based on approximate magnitudes or one-to-one correspondence, rhesus monkeys distinguished between singular and plural sets (1 vs. 2 and 1 vs. 5), but not between two plural sets (2 vs. 3, 2 vs. 4, and 2 vs. 5). These results suggest that set-relational distinctions are not a privileged part of natural language, and may have evolved in non-linguistic species to support domain general quantitative computations.
@Article{Barner2008,
  author   = {David Barner and Justin Wood and Marc Hauser and Susan Carey},
  journal  = {Cognition},
  title    = {Evidence for a non-linguistic distinction between singular and plural sets in rhesus monkeys.},
  year     = {2008},
  number   = {2},
  pages    = {603-22},
  volume   = {107},
  abstract = {Set representations are explicitly expressed in natural language.
	For example, many languages distinguish between sets and subsets
	(all vs. some), as well as between singular and plural sets (a cat
	vs. some cats). Three experiments explored the hypothesis that these
	representations are language specific, and thus absent from the conceptual
	resources of non-linguistic animals. We found that rhesus monkeys
	spontaneously discriminate sets based on a conceptual singular-plural
	distinction. Under conditions that do not elicit comparisons based
	on approximate magnitudes or one-to-one correspondence, rhesus monkeys
	distinguished between singular and plural sets (1 vs. 2 and 1 vs.
	5), but not between two plural sets (2 vs. 3, 2 vs. 4, and 2 vs.
	5). These results suggest that set-relational distinctions are not
	a privileged part of natural language, and may have evolved in non-linguistic
	species to support domain general quantitative computations.},
  doi      = {10.1016/j.cognition.2007.11.010},
  keywords = {Animals, Appetitive Behavior, Choice Behavior, Concept Formation, Discrimination Learning, Female, Language Development, Macaca mulatta, Male, Mathematics, Pattern Recognition, Problem Solving, Psycholinguistics, Semantics, Set (Psychology), Visual, 18164282},
}

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