Detection of Acute Tubular Necrosis Using Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent (BOLD) MRI. Bauer, F., Wald, J., Bauer, F. J., Dahlkamp, L. M., Seibert, F. S., Pagonas, N., Gedat, E., Babel, N., Zidek, W., von Bodman, C., Noldus, J., Liermann, D., & Westhoff, T. H. Kidney & blood pressure research, 42(6):1078--1089, 2017.
doi  abstract   bibtex   
BACKGROUND/AIMS: To date, there is no imaging technique to assess tubular function in vivo. Blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD MRI) measures tissue oxygenation based on the transverse relaxation rate (R2*). The present study investigates whether BOLD MRI can assess tubular function using a tubule-specific pharmacological maneuver. METHODS: Cross sectional study with 28 participants including 9 subjects with ATN-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), 9 healthy controls, and 10 subjects with nephron sparing tumor resection (NSS) with clamping of the renal artery serving as a model of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced subclinical ATN (median clamping time 15 min, no significant decrease of eGFR, p=0.14). BOLD MRI was performed before and 5, 7, and 10 min after intravenous administration of 40 mg furosemide. RESULTS: Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin was significantly higher in ATN-induced AKI and NSS subjects than in healthy controls (p=0.03 and p=0.01, respectively). Before administration of furosemide, absolute medullary R2*, cortical R2*, and medullary/cortical R2* ratio did not significantly differ between ATN-induced AKI vs. healthy controls and between NSS-I/R vs. contralateral healthy kidneys (p\textgreater0.05 each). Furosemide led to a significant decrease in the medullary and cortical R2* of healthy subjects and NSS contralateral kidneys (p\textless0.05 each), whereas there was no significant change of R2* in ATN-induced AKI and the NSS-I/R kidneys (p\textgreater0.05 each). CONCLUSION: BOLD-MRI is able to detect even mild tubular injury but necessitates a tubule-specific pharmacological maneuver, e.g. blocking the Na+-K+-2Cl- transporter by furosemide.
@article{bauer_detection_2017,
	title = {Detection of {Acute} {Tubular} {Necrosis} {Using} {Blood} {Oxygenation} {Level}-{Dependent} ({BOLD}) {MRI}.},
	volume = {42},
	copyright = {(c) 2017 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.},
	issn = {1423-0143 1420-4096},
	doi = {10.1159/000485600},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND/AIMS: To date, there is no imaging technique to assess tubular function in vivo. Blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD MRI) measures tissue oxygenation based on the transverse relaxation rate (R2*). The present study investigates whether BOLD MRI can assess tubular function using a tubule-specific pharmacological maneuver. METHODS: Cross sectional study with 28 participants including 9 subjects with ATN-induced acute kidney injury (AKI),  9 healthy controls, and 10 subjects with nephron sparing tumor resection (NSS) with clamping of the renal artery serving as a model of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced subclinical ATN (median clamping time 15 min, no significant decrease of eGFR, p=0.14). BOLD MRI was performed before and 5, 7, and 10 min after intravenous administration of 40 mg furosemide. RESULTS: Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin was significantly higher in ATN-induced AKI and NSS subjects than in healthy controls (p=0.03 and p=0.01, respectively). Before administration of furosemide, absolute medullary R2*, cortical R2*, and medullary/cortical R2* ratio did not significantly differ between ATN-induced AKI vs. healthy controls and between NSS-I/R vs. contralateral healthy kidneys (p{\textgreater}0.05 each). Furosemide led to a significant decrease in the medullary and cortical R2* of healthy subjects and NSS contralateral kidneys (p{\textless}0.05 each), whereas there was no significant change of R2* in ATN-induced AKI and the NSS-I/R kidneys (p{\textgreater}0.05 each). CONCLUSION: BOLD-MRI is able to detect even mild tubular injury but necessitates a tubule-specific pharmacological maneuver, e.g. blocking the Na+-K+-2Cl- transporter by furosemide.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Kidney \& blood pressure research},
	author = {Bauer, Frederic and Wald, Jan and Bauer, Felix Jan and Dahlkamp, Lisa Maria and Seibert, Felix S. and Pagonas, Nikolaos and Gedat, Egbert and Babel, Nina and Zidek, Walter and von Bodman, Christian and Noldus, Joachim and Liermann, Dieter and Westhoff, Timm H.},
	year = {2017},
	pmid = {29197870},
	keywords = {Acute kidney injury, BOLD, Ischemia-reperfusion injury, Kidney, MRI},
	pages = {1078--1089}
}

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