Explicating Top-Down Causation Using Networks and Dynamics. Bechtel, W. Philosophy of Science, 84(2):253–274, April, 2017.
abstract   bibtex   
In many fields in the life sciences investigators refer to downward or top-down causal effects. Craver and I defended the view that such cases should be understood in terms of a constitution relation between levels in a mechanism and intralevel causal relations (occurring at any level). We did not, however, specify when entities constitute a higherlevel mechanism. In this article I appeal to graph-theoretic representations of networks, now widely employed in systems biology and neuroscience, and associate mechanisms with modules that exhibit high clustering. As a result of interconnections within clusters, mechanisms often exhibit complex dynamic behaviors that constrain how individual components respond to external inputs, a central feature of top-down causation.
@article{bechtel_explicating_2017,
	title = {Explicating {Top}-{Down} {Causation} {Using} {Networks} and {Dynamics}},
	volume = {84},
	issn = {00318248},
	abstract = {In many fields in the life sciences investigators refer to downward or top-down causal effects. Craver and I defended the view that such cases should be understood in terms of a constitution relation between levels in a mechanism and intralevel causal relations (occurring at any level). We did not, however, specify when entities constitute a higherlevel mechanism. In this article I appeal to graph-theoretic representations of networks, now widely employed in systems biology and neuroscience, and associate mechanisms with modules that exhibit high clustering. As a result of interconnections within clusters, mechanisms often exhibit complex dynamic behaviors that constrain how individual components respond to external inputs, a central feature of top-down causation.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Philosophy of Science},
	author = {Bechtel, William},
	month = apr,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {CAUSAL models, CAUSATION (Philosophy), Causal models, Causation (Philosophy), GRANGER causality test, Granger causality test, LOG-linear models, Log-linear models, PATH analysis (Statistics), Path analysis (Statistics)},
	pages = {253--274}
}

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