An Inventory for Measuring Depression. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(6):561–571, 1961. ISBN: 0003-990X, Printdoi abstract bibtex The difficulties inherent in obtaining consistent and adequate diagnoses for the purposes of research and therapy have been pointed out by a a number of authors. Pasamanick in a recent article viewed the low interclinician agreement on diagnosis as an indictment of the present state of psychiatry and called for "the development of objective, measurable and verifiable criteria of classification based not on personal or parochial considerations, but on behavioral and other objectively measurable manifestations." Attempts by other investigators to subject clinical observations and judgments to objective measurement have resulted in a wide variety of psychiatric rating scales. These have been well summarized in a recent article by Lorr on "rating Scales and Check Lists for the Evaluation of Psychopathlogy." In the area of psychological testing, a variety of paper-and-pencil tests have been devised for the purpose of measuring specific personality traits; for example, the Depression-Elation Test, devised by Jasper in 1930. This report describes the development of an instrument designed to measure the behavioral manifestations of depression. In the planning of the research design of a project aimed at testing certain psychoanalytic formulations of depression, the necessity for establishing an appropriate system for identifying depression was recognized. Because of the reports on the low degree of interclinician agreement on diagnosis, we could not depend on the clinical diagnosis, but had to formulate a method of defining depression that would be reliable and valid. The available instruments were no considered adequate for our purposes. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, for example, was not specifically designed for the measurement of depression; its scales are based on the old psychiatric nomenclature; and factor analytic studies reveal that the Depression Scale contains a number of heterogeneous factors only one of which is consistent with the clinical concept of depression. Jasper's Depression-Elation test was derived from a study of normal college students, and his report does not refer to any studies with a psychiatric population.
@article{beck_inventory_1961,
title = {An {Inventory} for {Measuring} {Depression}},
volume = {4},
issn = {15383636},
doi = {10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004},
abstract = {The difficulties inherent in obtaining consistent and adequate diagnoses for the purposes of research and therapy have been pointed out by a a number of authors. Pasamanick in a recent article viewed the low interclinician agreement on diagnosis as an indictment of the present state of psychiatry and called for "the development of objective, measurable and verifiable criteria of classification based not on personal or parochial considerations, but on behavioral and other objectively measurable manifestations." Attempts by other investigators to subject clinical observations and judgments to objective measurement have resulted in a wide variety of psychiatric rating scales. These have been well summarized in a recent article by Lorr on "rating Scales and Check Lists for the Evaluation of Psychopathlogy." In the area of psychological testing, a variety of paper-and-pencil tests have been devised for the purpose of measuring specific personality traits; for example, the Depression-Elation Test, devised by Jasper in 1930. This report describes the development of an instrument designed to measure the behavioral manifestations of depression. In the planning of the research design of a project aimed at testing certain psychoanalytic formulations of depression, the necessity for establishing an appropriate system for identifying depression was recognized. Because of the reports on the low degree of interclinician agreement on diagnosis, we could not depend on the clinical diagnosis, but had to formulate a method of defining depression that would be reliable and valid. The available instruments were no considered adequate for our purposes. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, for example, was not specifically designed for the measurement of depression; its scales are based on the old psychiatric nomenclature; and factor analytic studies reveal that the Depression Scale contains a number of heterogeneous factors only one of which is consistent with the clinical concept of depression. Jasper's Depression-Elation test was derived from a study of normal college students, and his report does not refer to any studies with a psychiatric population.},
number = {6},
journal = {Archives of General Psychiatry},
author = {Beck, A. T. and Ward, C. H. and Mendelson, M. and Mock, J. and Erbaugh, J.},
year = {1961},
pmid = {13688369},
note = {ISBN: 0003-990X, Print},
pages = {561--571},
}
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Pasamanick in a recent article viewed the low interclinician agreement on diagnosis as an indictment of the present state of psychiatry and called for \"the development of objective, measurable and verifiable criteria of classification based not on personal or parochial considerations, but on behavioral and other objectively measurable manifestations.\" Attempts by other investigators to subject clinical observations and judgments to objective measurement have resulted in a wide variety of psychiatric rating scales. These have been well summarized in a recent article by Lorr on \"rating Scales and Check Lists for the Evaluation of Psychopathlogy.\" In the area of psychological testing, a variety of paper-and-pencil tests have been devised for the purpose of measuring specific personality traits; for example, the Depression-Elation Test, devised by Jasper in 1930. This report describes the development of an instrument designed to measure the behavioral manifestations of depression. In the planning of the research design of a project aimed at testing certain psychoanalytic formulations of depression, the necessity for establishing an appropriate system for identifying depression was recognized. Because of the reports on the low degree of interclinician agreement on diagnosis, we could not depend on the clinical diagnosis, but had to formulate a method of defining depression that would be reliable and valid. The available instruments were no considered adequate for our purposes. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, for example, was not specifically designed for the measurement of depression; its scales are based on the old psychiatric nomenclature; and factor analytic studies reveal that the Depression Scale contains a number of heterogeneous factors only one of which is consistent with the clinical concept of depression. 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