A decade of herbicide-resistant crops in Canada. Beckie, H., J., Harker, K., N., Hall, L., M., Warwick, S., I., Légère, A., Sikkema, P., H., Clayton, G., W., Thomas, A., G., Leeson, J., Y., Séguin-Swartz, G., & Simard, M., J. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 86(4):1243-1264, Agricultural Institute of Canada, 2006.
abstract   bibtex   
This review examines some agronomic, economic, and environmental impacts of herbicide-resistant (HR) canola, soybean, corn, and wheat in Canada after 10 yr of growing HR cultivars. The rapid adoption of HR canola and soybean suggests a net economic benefit to farmers. HR crops often have improved weed management, greater yields or economic returns, and similar or reduced environmental impact compared with their non-HR crop counterparts. There are no marked changes in volunteer weed problems associated with these crops, except in zero-tillage systems when glyphosate is used alone to control canola volunteers. Although gene flow from glyphosate-HR canola to wild populations of bird's rape (Brassica rapa L.) in eastern Canada has been measured, enrichment of hybrid plants in such populations should only occur when and where herbicide selection pressure is applied. Weed shifts as a consequence of HR canola have been documented, but a reduction in weed species diversity has not been demonstrated. However, reliance on HR crops in rotations using the same mode-of-action herbicide and/or multiple in-crop herbicide applications over time can result in intense selection pressure for weed resistance and consequently, greater herbicide use in the future to control HR weed biotypes. History has repeatedly shown that cropping system diversity is the pillar of sustainable agriculture; stewardship of HR crops must adhere to this fundamental principle.
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 title = {A decade of herbicide-resistant crops in Canada},
 type = {article},
 year = {2006},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Agricultural Economics (EE110),America,Brassica,Brassica napus,Brassica napus var. oleifera,Brassicaceae,Canada,Capparales,Capparidales,Commonwealth of Nations,Cyperales,Developed Countries,Fabaceae,Fabales,Field Crops (FF005) (New March 2000),GMOs,Genetic Engineering, Gene Transfer and Transgenics,Glycine (Fabaceae),Glycine max,North America,OECD Countries,Papilionoideae,Pesticide and Drug Resistance (HH410),Plant Breeding and Genetics (FF020),Poaceae,Spermatophyta,Triticum,Triticum aestivum,Weeds and Noxious Plants (FF500),Zea,Zea mays,angiosperms,canola,corn,cost benefit analysis,crop rotation,crop yield,dicotyledons,economic impact,environmental effects,environmental impact,eukaryotes,gene flow,genetic engineering,genetic manipulation,genetic transformation,genetically engineered plants,genetically modified plants,glyphosate,herbicide resistance,herbicides,hybrids,maize,monocotyledons,oilseed rape,plants,rape,returns,reviews,rotational cropping,rotations,selection pressure,soyabeans,soybeans,swede rape,transgenic plants,volunteer plants,weed control,weedicides,weedkillers,weeds,wheat},
 pages = {1243-1264},
 volume = {86},
 websites = {http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/cgi-bin/proxy.pl?server=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lah&AN=20073133743&site=ehost-live&scope=site,email: beckieh@agr.gc.ca},
 publisher = {Agricultural Institute of Canada},
 city = {Ottawa; Canada},
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 last_modified = {2012-01-05T12:55:02.000Z},
 tags = {Canada,canola,corn,economic,environmental,habitat,herbicide tolerance,non-target,producer income and expenses,productivity,review,soybean},
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 abstract = {This review examines some agronomic, economic, and environmental impacts of herbicide-resistant (HR) canola, soybean, corn, and wheat in Canada after 10 yr of growing HR cultivars. The rapid adoption of HR canola and soybean suggests a net economic benefit to farmers. HR crops often have improved weed management, greater yields or economic returns, and similar or reduced environmental impact compared with their non-HR crop counterparts. There are no marked changes in volunteer weed problems associated with these crops, except in zero-tillage systems when glyphosate is used alone to control canola volunteers. Although gene flow from glyphosate-HR canola to wild populations of bird's rape (Brassica rapa L.) in eastern Canada has been measured, enrichment of hybrid plants in such populations should only occur when and where herbicide selection pressure is applied. Weed shifts as a consequence of HR canola have been documented, but a reduction in weed species diversity has not been demonstrated. However, reliance on HR crops in rotations using the same mode-of-action herbicide and/or multiple in-crop herbicide applications over time can result in intense selection pressure for weed resistance and consequently, greater herbicide use in the future to control HR weed biotypes. History has repeatedly shown that cropping system diversity is the pillar of sustainable agriculture; stewardship of HR crops must adhere to this fundamental principle.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Beckie, H J and Harker, K N and Hall, L M and Warwick, S I and Légère, A and Sikkema, P H and Clayton, G W and Thomas, A G and Leeson, J Y and Séguin-Swartz, G and Simard, M J},
 journal = {Canadian Journal of Plant Science},
 number = {4}
}
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