Bromoanisoles and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers in macroalgae from Nordic coastal regions. Bidleman, T. F., Andersson, A., Brugel, S., Ericson, L., Haglund, P., Kupryianchyk, D., Lau, D. C. P., Liljelind, P., Lundin, L., Tysklind, A., & Tysklind, M. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 21(5):881–892, 2019. ![Bromoanisoles and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers in macroalgae from Nordic coastal regions [link]](https://bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg "link")
Paper doi abstract bibtex The content of bromoanisoles and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers varies by orders of magnitude among sixteen species of macroalgae collected from Nordic coastal waters. , Marine macroalgae are used worldwide for human consumption, animal feed, cosmetics and agriculture. In addition to beneficial nutrients, macroalgae contain halogenated natural products (HNPs), some of which have toxic properties similar to those of well-known anthropogenic contaminants. Sixteen species of red, green and brown macroalgae were collected in 2017–2018 from coastal waters of the northern Baltic Sea, Sweden Atlantic and Norway Atlantic, and analyzed for bromoanisoles (BAs) and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs). Target compounds were quantified by gas chromatography-low resolution mass spectrometry (GC-LRMS), with qualitative confirmation in selected species by GC-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). Quantified compounds were 2,4-diBA, 2,4,6-triBA, 2′-MeO-BDE68, 6-MeO-BDE47, and two tribromo-MeO-BDEs and one tetrabromo-MeO-BDE with unknown bromine substituent positions. Semiquantitative results for pentabromo-MeO-BDEs were also obtained for a few species by GC-HRMS. Three extraction methods were compared; soaking in methanol, soaking in methanol–dichloromethane, and blending with mixed solvents. Extraction yields of BAs did not differ significantly ( p \textgreater 0.05) with the three methods and the two soaking methods gave equivalent yields of MeO-BDEs. Extraction efficiencies of MeO-BDEs were significantly lower using the blend method ( p \textless 0.05). For reasons of simplicity and efficiency, the soaking methods are preferred. Concentrations varied by orders of magnitude among species: ∑ 2 BAs 57 to 57 700 and ∑ 5 MeO-BDEs \textless 10 to 476 pg g −1 wet weight (ww). Macroalgae standing out with ∑ 2 BAs \textgreater1000 pg g −1 ww were Ascophyllum nodosum , Ceramium tenuicorne , Ceramium virgatum , Fucus radicans , Fucus serratus , Fucus vesiculosus , Saccharina latissima , Laminaria digitata , and Acrosiphonia/Spongomorpha sp. Species A. nodosum , C. tenuicorne , Chara virgata , F. radicans and F. vesiculosus (Sweden Atlantic only) had ∑ 5 MeO-BDEs \textgreater100 pg g −1 ww. Profiles of individual compounds showed distinct differences among species and locations.
@article{bidleman_bromoanisoles_2019,
title = {Bromoanisoles and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers in macroalgae from {Nordic} coastal regions},
volume = {21},
issn = {2050-7887, 2050-7895},
url = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C9EM00042A},
doi = {10.1039/C9EM00042A},
abstract = {The content of bromoanisoles and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers varies by orders of magnitude among sixteen species of macroalgae collected from Nordic coastal waters.
,
Marine macroalgae are used worldwide for human consumption, animal feed, cosmetics and agriculture. In addition to beneficial nutrients, macroalgae contain halogenated natural products (HNPs), some of which have toxic properties similar to those of well-known anthropogenic contaminants. Sixteen species of red, green and brown macroalgae were collected in 2017–2018 from coastal waters of the northern Baltic Sea, Sweden Atlantic and Norway Atlantic, and analyzed for bromoanisoles (BAs) and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs). Target compounds were quantified by gas chromatography-low resolution mass spectrometry (GC-LRMS), with qualitative confirmation in selected species by GC-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). Quantified compounds were 2,4-diBA, 2,4,6-triBA, 2′-MeO-BDE68, 6-MeO-BDE47, and two tribromo-MeO-BDEs and one tetrabromo-MeO-BDE with unknown bromine substituent positions. Semiquantitative results for pentabromo-MeO-BDEs were also obtained for a few species by GC-HRMS. Three extraction methods were compared; soaking in methanol, soaking in methanol–dichloromethane, and blending with mixed solvents. Extraction yields of BAs did not differ significantly (
p
{\textgreater} 0.05) with the three methods and the two soaking methods gave equivalent yields of MeO-BDEs. Extraction efficiencies of MeO-BDEs were significantly lower using the blend method (
p
{\textless} 0.05). For reasons of simplicity and efficiency, the soaking methods are preferred. Concentrations varied by orders of magnitude among species: ∑
2
BAs 57 to 57 700 and ∑
5
MeO-BDEs {\textless} 10 to 476 pg g
−1
wet weight (ww). Macroalgae standing out with ∑
2
BAs {\textgreater}1000 pg g
−1
ww were
Ascophyllum nodosum
,
Ceramium tenuicorne
,
Ceramium virgatum
,
Fucus radicans
,
Fucus serratus
,
Fucus vesiculosus
,
Saccharina latissima
,
Laminaria digitata
, and
Acrosiphonia/Spongomorpha
sp. Species
A. nodosum
,
C. tenuicorne
,
Chara virgata
,
F. radicans
and
F. vesiculosus
(Sweden Atlantic only) had ∑
5
MeO-BDEs {\textgreater}100 pg g
−1
ww. Profiles of individual compounds showed distinct differences among species and locations.},
language = {en},
number = {5},
urldate = {2020-03-19},
journal = {Environmental Science: Processes \& Impacts},
author = {Bidleman, Terry F. and Andersson, Agneta and Brugel, Sonia and Ericson, Lars and Haglund, Peter and Kupryianchyk, Darya and Lau, Danny C. P. and Liljelind, Per and Lundin, Lisa and Tysklind, Anders and Tysklind, Mats},
year = {2019},
keywords = {\#nosource},
pages = {881--892},
}
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In addition to beneficial nutrients, macroalgae contain halogenated natural products (HNPs), some of which have toxic properties similar to those of well-known anthropogenic contaminants. Sixteen species of red, green and brown macroalgae were collected in 2017–2018 from coastal waters of the northern Baltic Sea, Sweden Atlantic and Norway Atlantic, and analyzed for bromoanisoles (BAs) and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs). Target compounds were quantified by gas chromatography-low resolution mass spectrometry (GC-LRMS), with qualitative confirmation in selected species by GC-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). Quantified compounds were 2,4-diBA, 2,4,6-triBA, 2′-MeO-BDE68, 6-MeO-BDE47, and two tribromo-MeO-BDEs and one tetrabromo-MeO-BDE with unknown bromine substituent positions. Semiquantitative results for pentabromo-MeO-BDEs were also obtained for a few species by GC-HRMS. Three extraction methods were compared; soaking in methanol, soaking in methanol–dichloromethane, and blending with mixed solvents. Extraction yields of BAs did not differ significantly ( p \\textgreater 0.05) with the three methods and the two soaking methods gave equivalent yields of MeO-BDEs. Extraction efficiencies of MeO-BDEs were significantly lower using the blend method ( p \\textless 0.05). For reasons of simplicity and efficiency, the soaking methods are preferred. Concentrations varied by orders of magnitude among species: ∑ 2 BAs 57 to 57 700 and ∑ 5 MeO-BDEs \\textless 10 to 476 pg g −1 wet weight (ww). Macroalgae standing out with ∑ 2 BAs \\textgreater1000 pg g −1 ww were Ascophyllum nodosum , Ceramium tenuicorne , Ceramium virgatum , Fucus radicans , Fucus serratus , Fucus vesiculosus , Saccharina latissima , Laminaria digitata , and Acrosiphonia/Spongomorpha sp. Species A. nodosum , C. tenuicorne , Chara virgata , F. radicans and F. vesiculosus (Sweden Atlantic only) had ∑ 5 MeO-BDEs \\textgreater100 pg g −1 ww. Profiles of individual compounds showed distinct differences among species and locations.","language":"en","number":"5","urldate":"2020-03-19","journal":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Bidleman"],"firstnames":["Terry","F."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Andersson"],"firstnames":["Agneta"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Brugel"],"firstnames":["Sonia"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Ericson"],"firstnames":["Lars"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Haglund"],"firstnames":["Peter"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Kupryianchyk"],"firstnames":["Darya"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Lau"],"firstnames":["Danny","C.","P."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Liljelind"],"firstnames":["Per"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Lundin"],"firstnames":["Lisa"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Tysklind"],"firstnames":["Anders"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Tysklind"],"firstnames":["Mats"],"suffixes":[]}],"year":"2019","keywords":"#nosource","pages":"881–892","bibtex":"@article{bidleman_bromoanisoles_2019,\n\ttitle = {Bromoanisoles and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers in macroalgae from {Nordic} coastal regions},\n\tvolume = {21},\n\tissn = {2050-7887, 2050-7895},\n\turl = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C9EM00042A},\n\tdoi = {10.1039/C9EM00042A},\n\tabstract = {The content of bromoanisoles and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers varies by orders of magnitude among sixteen species of macroalgae collected from Nordic coastal waters.\n , \n \n Marine macroalgae are used worldwide for human consumption, animal feed, cosmetics and agriculture. In addition to beneficial nutrients, macroalgae contain halogenated natural products (HNPs), some of which have toxic properties similar to those of well-known anthropogenic contaminants. Sixteen species of red, green and brown macroalgae were collected in 2017–2018 from coastal waters of the northern Baltic Sea, Sweden Atlantic and Norway Atlantic, and analyzed for bromoanisoles (BAs) and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs). Target compounds were quantified by gas chromatography-low resolution mass spectrometry (GC-LRMS), with qualitative confirmation in selected species by GC-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). Quantified compounds were 2,4-diBA, 2,4,6-triBA, 2′-MeO-BDE68, 6-MeO-BDE47, and two tribromo-MeO-BDEs and one tetrabromo-MeO-BDE with unknown bromine substituent positions. Semiquantitative results for pentabromo-MeO-BDEs were also obtained for a few species by GC-HRMS. Three extraction methods were compared; soaking in methanol, soaking in methanol–dichloromethane, and blending with mixed solvents. Extraction yields of BAs did not differ significantly (\n p\n {\\textgreater} 0.05) with the three methods and the two soaking methods gave equivalent yields of MeO-BDEs. Extraction efficiencies of MeO-BDEs were significantly lower using the blend method (\n p\n {\\textless} 0.05). For reasons of simplicity and efficiency, the soaking methods are preferred. Concentrations varied by orders of magnitude among species: ∑\n 2\n BAs 57 to 57 700 and ∑\n 5\n MeO-BDEs {\\textless} 10 to 476 pg g\n −1\n wet weight (ww). Macroalgae standing out with ∑\n 2\n BAs {\\textgreater}1000 pg g\n −1\n ww were\n Ascophyllum nodosum\n ,\n Ceramium tenuicorne\n ,\n Ceramium virgatum\n ,\n Fucus radicans\n ,\n Fucus serratus\n ,\n Fucus vesiculosus\n ,\n Saccharina latissima\n ,\n Laminaria digitata\n , and\n Acrosiphonia/Spongomorpha\n sp. 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