Appearance of putative amino acid neurotransmitters during differentiation of neurons in embryonic turtle cerebral cortex. Blanton, M G & Kriegstein, A R J Comp Neurol, 310(4):571–592, United States, August, 1991. abstract bibtex Pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons can be recognized early in the development of the cerebral cortex in both reptiles and mammals, and the neurotransmitters likely utilized by these cells, glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA, have been suggested to play critical developmental roles. Information concerning the timing and topography of neurotransmitter synthesis by specific classes of cortical neurons is important for understanding developmental roles of neurotransmitters and for identifying potential zones of neurotransmitter action in the developing brain. We therefore analyzed the appearance of GABA and glutamate in the cerebral cortex of embryonic turtles using polyclonal antisera raised against GABA and glutamate. Neuronal subtypes become immunoreactive for the putative amino acid neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate early in the embryonic development of turtle cerebral cortex, with nonpyramidal cells immunoreactive for GABA and pyramidal cells immunoreactive for glutamate. The results of controls strongly suggest that the immunocytochemical staining in tissue sections by the GABA and glutamate antisera corresponds to fixed endogenous GABA and glutamate. Horizontally oriented cells in the early marginal zone (stages 15-16) that are GABA-immunoreactive (GABA-IR) resemble nonpyramidal cells in morphology and distribution. GABA-IR neurons exhibit increasingly diverse morphologies and become distributed in all cortical layers as the cortex matures. Glutamate-immunoreactive (Glu-IR) cells dominate the cellular layer throughout development and are also common in the subcellular layer at early stages, a distribution like that of pyramidal neurons and distinct from that of GABA-IR nonpyramidal cells. The early organization of embryonic turtle cortex in reptiles resembles that of embryonic mammalian cortex, and the immunocytochemical results underline several shared as well as distinguishing features. Early GABA-IR nonpyramidal cells flank the developing cortical plate, composed primarily of pyramidal cells, shown here to be Glu-IR. The earliest GABA-IR cells in turtles likely correspond to Cajal-Retzius cells, a ubiquitous and precocious cell type in vertebrate cortex. Glutamate-IR projection neurons in vertebrates may also be related. The distinctly different topographies of GABA and glutamate containing cells in reptiles and mammals indicate that even if the basic amino acid transmitter-containing cell types are conserved in higher vertebrates, the local interactions mediated by these transmitters may differ. The potential role of GABA and glutamate in nonsynaptic interactions early in cortical development is reinforced by the precocious expression of these neurotransmitters in turtles, well before they are required for synaptic transmission.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
@ARTICLE{Blanton1991-lg,
title = "Appearance of putative amino acid neurotransmitters during
differentiation of neurons in embryonic turtle cerebral cortex",
author = "Blanton, M G and Kriegstein, A R",
abstract = "Pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons can be recognized early in the
development of the cerebral cortex in both reptiles and mammals,
and the neurotransmitters likely utilized by these cells,
glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA, have been
suggested to play critical developmental roles. Information
concerning the timing and topography of neurotransmitter
synthesis by specific classes of cortical neurons is important
for understanding developmental roles of neurotransmitters and
for identifying potential zones of neurotransmitter action in the
developing brain. We therefore analyzed the appearance of GABA
and glutamate in the cerebral cortex of embryonic turtles using
polyclonal antisera raised against GABA and glutamate. Neuronal
subtypes become immunoreactive for the putative amino acid
neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate early in the embryonic
development of turtle cerebral cortex, with nonpyramidal cells
immunoreactive for GABA and pyramidal cells immunoreactive for
glutamate. The results of controls strongly suggest that the
immunocytochemical staining in tissue sections by the GABA and
glutamate antisera corresponds to fixed endogenous GABA and
glutamate. Horizontally oriented cells in the early marginal zone
(stages 15-16) that are GABA-immunoreactive (GABA-IR) resemble
nonpyramidal cells in morphology and distribution. GABA-IR
neurons exhibit increasingly diverse morphologies and become
distributed in all cortical layers as the cortex matures.
Glutamate-immunoreactive (Glu-IR) cells dominate the cellular
layer throughout development and are also common in the
subcellular layer at early stages, a distribution like that of
pyramidal neurons and distinct from that of GABA-IR nonpyramidal
cells. The early organization of embryonic turtle cortex in
reptiles resembles that of embryonic mammalian cortex, and the
immunocytochemical results underline several shared as well as
distinguishing features. Early GABA-IR nonpyramidal cells flank
the developing cortical plate, composed primarily of pyramidal
cells, shown here to be Glu-IR. The earliest GABA-IR cells in
turtles likely correspond to Cajal-Retzius cells, a ubiquitous
and precocious cell type in vertebrate cortex. Glutamate-IR
projection neurons in vertebrates may also be related. The
distinctly different topographies of GABA and glutamate
containing cells in reptiles and mammals indicate that even if
the basic amino acid transmitter-containing cell types are
conserved in higher vertebrates, the local interactions mediated
by these transmitters may differ. The potential role of GABA and
glutamate in nonsynaptic interactions early in cortical
development is reinforced by the precocious expression of these
neurotransmitters in turtles, well before they are required for
synaptic transmission.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)",
journal = "J Comp Neurol",
volume = 310,
number = 4,
pages = "571--592",
month = aug,
year = 1991,
address = "United States",
language = "en"
}
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{"_id":"ui6pFdebarMj3pxgP","bibbaseid":"blanton-kriegstein-appearanceofputativeaminoacidneurotransmittersduringdifferentiationofneuronsinembryonicturtlecerebralcortex-1991","author_short":["Blanton, M G","Kriegstein, A R"],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","title":"Appearance of putative amino acid neurotransmitters during differentiation of neurons in embryonic turtle cerebral cortex","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Blanton"],"firstnames":["M","G"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Kriegstein"],"firstnames":["A","R"],"suffixes":[]}],"abstract":"Pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons can be recognized early in the development of the cerebral cortex in both reptiles and mammals, and the neurotransmitters likely utilized by these cells, glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA, have been suggested to play critical developmental roles. Information concerning the timing and topography of neurotransmitter synthesis by specific classes of cortical neurons is important for understanding developmental roles of neurotransmitters and for identifying potential zones of neurotransmitter action in the developing brain. We therefore analyzed the appearance of GABA and glutamate in the cerebral cortex of embryonic turtles using polyclonal antisera raised against GABA and glutamate. Neuronal subtypes become immunoreactive for the putative amino acid neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate early in the embryonic development of turtle cerebral cortex, with nonpyramidal cells immunoreactive for GABA and pyramidal cells immunoreactive for glutamate. The results of controls strongly suggest that the immunocytochemical staining in tissue sections by the GABA and glutamate antisera corresponds to fixed endogenous GABA and glutamate. Horizontally oriented cells in the early marginal zone (stages 15-16) that are GABA-immunoreactive (GABA-IR) resemble nonpyramidal cells in morphology and distribution. GABA-IR neurons exhibit increasingly diverse morphologies and become distributed in all cortical layers as the cortex matures. Glutamate-immunoreactive (Glu-IR) cells dominate the cellular layer throughout development and are also common in the subcellular layer at early stages, a distribution like that of pyramidal neurons and distinct from that of GABA-IR nonpyramidal cells. The early organization of embryonic turtle cortex in reptiles resembles that of embryonic mammalian cortex, and the immunocytochemical results underline several shared as well as distinguishing features. Early GABA-IR nonpyramidal cells flank the developing cortical plate, composed primarily of pyramidal cells, shown here to be Glu-IR. The earliest GABA-IR cells in turtles likely correspond to Cajal-Retzius cells, a ubiquitous and precocious cell type in vertebrate cortex. Glutamate-IR projection neurons in vertebrates may also be related. The distinctly different topographies of GABA and glutamate containing cells in reptiles and mammals indicate that even if the basic amino acid transmitter-containing cell types are conserved in higher vertebrates, the local interactions mediated by these transmitters may differ. The potential role of GABA and glutamate in nonsynaptic interactions early in cortical development is reinforced by the precocious expression of these neurotransmitters in turtles, well before they are required for synaptic transmission.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)","journal":"J Comp Neurol","volume":"310","number":"4","pages":"571–592","month":"August","year":"1991","address":"United States","language":"en","bibtex":"@ARTICLE{Blanton1991-lg,\n title = \"Appearance of putative amino acid neurotransmitters during\n differentiation of neurons in embryonic turtle cerebral cortex\",\n author = \"Blanton, M G and Kriegstein, A R\",\n abstract = \"Pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons can be recognized early in the\n development of the cerebral cortex in both reptiles and mammals,\n and the neurotransmitters likely utilized by these cells,\n glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA, have been\n suggested to play critical developmental roles. Information\n concerning the timing and topography of neurotransmitter\n synthesis by specific classes of cortical neurons is important\n for understanding developmental roles of neurotransmitters and\n for identifying potential zones of neurotransmitter action in the\n developing brain. We therefore analyzed the appearance of GABA\n and glutamate in the cerebral cortex of embryonic turtles using\n polyclonal antisera raised against GABA and glutamate. Neuronal\n subtypes become immunoreactive for the putative amino acid\n neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate early in the embryonic\n development of turtle cerebral cortex, with nonpyramidal cells\n immunoreactive for GABA and pyramidal cells immunoreactive for\n glutamate. The results of controls strongly suggest that the\n immunocytochemical staining in tissue sections by the GABA and\n glutamate antisera corresponds to fixed endogenous GABA and\n glutamate. Horizontally oriented cells in the early marginal zone\n (stages 15-16) that are GABA-immunoreactive (GABA-IR) resemble\n nonpyramidal cells in morphology and distribution. GABA-IR\n neurons exhibit increasingly diverse morphologies and become\n distributed in all cortical layers as the cortex matures.\n Glutamate-immunoreactive (Glu-IR) cells dominate the cellular\n layer throughout development and are also common in the\n subcellular layer at early stages, a distribution like that of\n pyramidal neurons and distinct from that of GABA-IR nonpyramidal\n cells. The early organization of embryonic turtle cortex in\n reptiles resembles that of embryonic mammalian cortex, and the\n immunocytochemical results underline several shared as well as\n distinguishing features. Early GABA-IR nonpyramidal cells flank\n the developing cortical plate, composed primarily of pyramidal\n cells, shown here to be Glu-IR. The earliest GABA-IR cells in\n turtles likely correspond to Cajal-Retzius cells, a ubiquitous\n and precocious cell type in vertebrate cortex. Glutamate-IR\n projection neurons in vertebrates may also be related. The\n distinctly different topographies of GABA and glutamate\n containing cells in reptiles and mammals indicate that even if\n the basic amino acid transmitter-containing cell types are\n conserved in higher vertebrates, the local interactions mediated\n by these transmitters may differ. The potential role of GABA and\n glutamate in nonsynaptic interactions early in cortical\n development is reinforced by the precocious expression of these\n neurotransmitters in turtles, well before they are required for\n synaptic transmission.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)\",\n journal = \"J Comp Neurol\",\n volume = 310,\n number = 4,\n pages = \"571--592\",\n month = aug,\n year = 1991,\n address = \"United States\",\n language = \"en\"\n}\n\n","author_short":["Blanton, M G","Kriegstein, A R"],"key":"Blanton1991-lg","id":"Blanton1991-lg","bibbaseid":"blanton-kriegstein-appearanceofputativeaminoacidneurotransmittersduringdifferentiationofneuronsinembryonicturtlecerebralcortex-1991","role":"author","urls":{},"metadata":{"authorlinks":{}}},"bibtype":"article","biburl":"https://bibbase.org/f/EJMp3HRuxirjxpcXh/references.bib","dataSources":["sAFYeB74DpbdXM9NN","4zx9n2tbeLTix3Wxr","k3cdWrThyTh5o59Rm","hq9pebjzmsTuyxGGx","h8Atv2SAy4PmShg5j"],"keywords":[],"search_terms":["appearance","putative","amino","acid","neurotransmitters","during","differentiation","neurons","embryonic","turtle","cerebral","cortex","blanton","kriegstein"],"title":"Appearance of putative amino acid neurotransmitters during differentiation of neurons in embryonic turtle cerebral cortex","year":1991}