@ARTICLE{Blanton1991-at,
  title    = "Morphological differentiation of distinct neuronal classes in
              embryonic turtle cerebral cortex",
  author   = "Blanton, M G and Kriegstein, A R",
  abstract = "As a starting point for understanding the development of the
              cerebral cortex in reptiles and for determining how reptilian
              cortical development compares to that in other vertebrate
              classes, we studied the appearance and morphological
              differentiation of cerebral cortical neurons in embryonic
              turtles. 3H-thymidine birthdate labeling and focal injections of
              horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in in vitro cortical slices revealed
              that replicating cells occupy the outer ventricular zone, and
              subsequently migrate to the ventricular surface where they
              divide. Postmitotic neurons begin differentiating and elaborating
              neurites while migrating back through the ventricular zone. On
              their arrival at the top of the ventricular zone, pyramidal and
              nonpyramidal neurons can be distinguished morphologically. Cells
              with multipolar apical dendritic tufts ascending in the marginal
              zone resemble immature pyramidal neurons. Neurons morphologically
              similar to these early pyramidal cells were retrogradely labeled
              by injections of the lipophilic tracer
              1,1-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethyl indocarbocyanine
              perchlorate (diI) in a known pyramidal cell target, the thalamus.
              Nonpyramidal neurons, resembling Cajal-Retzius cells, had
              horizontally oriented long axons and dendrites coursing in the
              plexiform primordium, the future marginal zone. With further
              development morphological differences between cell types became
              accentuated, and pyramidal cell somata were segregated into a
              single cellular layer flanked by zones containing predominantly
              nonpyramidal cells. Axon elaboration occurred early in embryonic
              development, as pyramidal cells sent axonal branches to the
              septum, thalamus, and cortical targets soon after their
              generation, and the intracortical axonal plexus became
              increasingly dense during embryonic life. Over a similar time
              course the distribution of projecting neurons labeled by thalamic
              diI injections changed from an initial homogeneous distribution
              to a preferential location in the superficial half of the
              cellular layer. Results from this study demonstrate several
              features of cortical differentiation that are conserved in
              reptiles and mammals, including similar early morphological
              differentiation events, the early distinction of principal cell
              types, and the parallel development of pyramidal and nonpyramidal
              neurons. The context in which these similar developmental events
              occur, however, differs profoundly in reptiles and mammals, with
              differences in the timing and location of neurite elaboration and
              differences in the appearance and architectonic organization of
              the cortex. Comparison of cortical developmental patterns between
              reptiles and mammals shows that similar functional cortical
              circuits with balanced excitation and inhibition can emerge in
              diverse cortical structures.",
  journal  = "J Comp Neurol",
  volume   =  310,
  number   =  4,
  pages    = "558--570",
  month    =  aug,
  year     =  1991,
  address  = "United States",
  language = "en"
}

{"_id":"nnW54pQmBnchkpDw6","bibbaseid":"blanton-kriegstein-morphologicaldifferentiationofdistinctneuronalclassesinembryonicturtlecerebralcortex-1991","author_short":["Blanton, M G","Kriegstein, A R"],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","title":"Morphological differentiation of distinct neuronal classes in embryonic turtle cerebral cortex","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Blanton"],"firstnames":["M","G"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Kriegstein"],"firstnames":["A","R"],"suffixes":[]}],"abstract":"As a starting point for understanding the development of the cerebral cortex in reptiles and for determining how reptilian cortical development compares to that in other vertebrate classes, we studied the appearance and morphological differentiation of cerebral cortical neurons in embryonic turtles. 3H-thymidine birthdate labeling and focal injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in in vitro cortical slices revealed that replicating cells occupy the outer ventricular zone, and subsequently migrate to the ventricular surface where they divide. Postmitotic neurons begin differentiating and elaborating neurites while migrating back through the ventricular zone. On their arrival at the top of the ventricular zone, pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons can be distinguished morphologically. Cells with multipolar apical dendritic tufts ascending in the marginal zone resemble immature pyramidal neurons. Neurons morphologically similar to these early pyramidal cells were retrogradely labeled by injections of the lipophilic tracer 1,1-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethyl indocarbocyanine perchlorate (diI) in a known pyramidal cell target, the thalamus. Nonpyramidal neurons, resembling Cajal-Retzius cells, had horizontally oriented long axons and dendrites coursing in the plexiform primordium, the future marginal zone. With further development morphological differences between cell types became accentuated, and pyramidal cell somata were segregated into a single cellular layer flanked by zones containing predominantly nonpyramidal cells. Axon elaboration occurred early in embryonic development, as pyramidal cells sent axonal branches to the septum, thalamus, and cortical targets soon after their generation, and the intracortical axonal plexus became increasingly dense during embryonic life. Over a similar time course the distribution of projecting neurons labeled by thalamic diI injections changed from an initial homogeneous distribution to a preferential location in the superficial half of the cellular layer. Results from this study demonstrate several features of cortical differentiation that are conserved in reptiles and mammals, including similar early morphological differentiation events, the early distinction of principal cell types, and the parallel development of pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons. The context in which these similar developmental events occur, however, differs profoundly in reptiles and mammals, with differences in the timing and location of neurite elaboration and differences in the appearance and architectonic organization of the cortex. Comparison of cortical developmental patterns between reptiles and mammals shows that similar functional cortical circuits with balanced excitation and inhibition can emerge in diverse cortical structures.","journal":"J Comp Neurol","volume":"310","number":"4","pages":"558–570","month":"August","year":"1991","address":"United States","language":"en","bibtex":"@ARTICLE{Blanton1991-at,\n title = \"Morphological differentiation of distinct neuronal classes in\n embryonic turtle cerebral cortex\",\n author = \"Blanton, M G and Kriegstein, A R\",\n abstract = \"As a starting point for understanding the development of the\n cerebral cortex in reptiles and for determining how reptilian\n cortical development compares to that in other vertebrate\n classes, we studied the appearance and morphological\n differentiation of cerebral cortical neurons in embryonic\n turtles. 3H-thymidine birthdate labeling and focal injections of\n horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in in vitro cortical slices revealed\n that replicating cells occupy the outer ventricular zone, and\n subsequently migrate to the ventricular surface where they\n divide. Postmitotic neurons begin differentiating and elaborating\n neurites while migrating back through the ventricular zone. On\n their arrival at the top of the ventricular zone, pyramidal and\n nonpyramidal neurons can be distinguished morphologically. Cells\n with multipolar apical dendritic tufts ascending in the marginal\n zone resemble immature pyramidal neurons. Neurons morphologically\n similar to these early pyramidal cells were retrogradely labeled\n by injections of the lipophilic tracer\n 1,1-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethyl indocarbocyanine\n perchlorate (diI) in a known pyramidal cell target, the thalamus.\n Nonpyramidal neurons, resembling Cajal-Retzius cells, had\n horizontally oriented long axons and dendrites coursing in the\n plexiform primordium, the future marginal zone. With further\n development morphological differences between cell types became\n accentuated, and pyramidal cell somata were segregated into a\n single cellular layer flanked by zones containing predominantly\n nonpyramidal cells. Axon elaboration occurred early in embryonic\n development, as pyramidal cells sent axonal branches to the\n septum, thalamus, and cortical targets soon after their\n generation, and the intracortical axonal plexus became\n increasingly dense during embryonic life. Over a similar time\n course the distribution of projecting neurons labeled by thalamic\n diI injections changed from an initial homogeneous distribution\n to a preferential location in the superficial half of the\n cellular layer. Results from this study demonstrate several\n features of cortical differentiation that are conserved in\n reptiles and mammals, including similar early morphological\n differentiation events, the early distinction of principal cell\n types, and the parallel development of pyramidal and nonpyramidal\n neurons. The context in which these similar developmental events\n occur, however, differs profoundly in reptiles and mammals, with\n differences in the timing and location of neurite elaboration and\n differences in the appearance and architectonic organization of\n the cortex. Comparison of cortical developmental patterns between\n reptiles and mammals shows that similar functional cortical\n circuits with balanced excitation and inhibition can emerge in\n diverse cortical structures.\",\n journal = \"J Comp Neurol\",\n volume = 310,\n number = 4,\n pages = \"558--570\",\n month = aug,\n year = 1991,\n address = \"United States\",\n language = \"en\"\n}\n\n","author_short":["Blanton, M G","Kriegstein, A R"],"key":"Blanton1991-at","id":"Blanton1991-at","bibbaseid":"blanton-kriegstein-morphologicaldifferentiationofdistinctneuronalclassesinembryonicturtlecerebralcortex-1991","role":"author","urls":{},"metadata":{"authorlinks":{}}},"bibtype":"article","biburl":"https://bibbase.org/f/EJMp3HRuxirjxpcXh/references.bib","dataSources":["sAFYeB74DpbdXM9NN","4zx9n2tbeLTix3Wxr","k3cdWrThyTh5o59Rm","hq9pebjzmsTuyxGGx","h8Atv2SAy4PmShg5j"],"keywords":[],"search_terms":["morphological","differentiation","distinct","neuronal","classes","embryonic","turtle","cerebral","cortex","blanton","kriegstein"],"title":"Morphological differentiation of distinct neuronal classes in embryonic turtle cerebral cortex","year":1991}