@article{RN275,
   author = {Blok, Gcgh and Nikkels, E. D. and van der Lei, J. and Berger, M. Y. and Holtman, G. A.},
   title = {Added value of CRP to clinical features when assessing appendicitis in children},
   journal = {Eur J Gen Pract},
   volume = {28},
   number = {1},
   pages = {95-101},
   note = {1751-1402 Blok, Guus C G H Orcid: 0000-0003-1654-6844 Nikkels, Eelke D van der Lei, Johan Orcid: 0000-0002-9203-3410 Berger, Marjolein Y Orcid: 0000-0001-9906-3666 Holtman, Gea A Orcid: 0000-0001-6579-767x Journal Article England 2022/05/11 Eur J Gen Pract. 2022 Dec;28(1):95-101. doi: 10.1080/13814788.2022.2067142.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The diagnostic value of C-reactive protein (CRP) for appendicitis in children has not been evaluated in primary care. As biochemical responses and differential diagnoses vary with age, separate evaluation in children and adults is needed. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether adding CRP to symptoms and signs improves the diagnosis of appendicitis in children with acute abdominal pain in primary care. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study in Dutch general practice. Data was collected from the Integrated Primary Care Information database between 2010 and 2016. We included children aged 4-18 years, with no history of appendicitis, presenting with acute abdominal pain, and having a CRP test. Initial CRP levels were related to the specialist's diagnosis of appendicitis, and the test's characteristics were calculated for multiple cut-offs. The value of adding CRP to signs and symptoms was analysed by logistic regression. RESULTS: We identified 1076 eligible children, among whom 203 were referred for specialist evaluation and 70 had appendicitis. The sensitivity and specificity of a CRP cut-off ≥10 mg/L were 0.87 (95%CI, 0.77-0.94) and 0.77 (95%CI, 0.74-0.79), respectively. When symptoms lasted > 48 h, this sensitivity increased to 1.00. Positive predictive values for CRP alone were low (0.18-0.38) for all cut-off values (6-100 mg/L). Adding CRP increased the area under the curve from 0.82 (95%CI, 0.78-0.87) to 0.88 (95%CI, 0.84-0.91), and decision curve analysis confirmed that its addition provided the highest net benefit. CONCLUSION: CRP adds value to history and physical examination when diagnosing appendicitis in children presenting acute abdominal pain in primary care. Appendicitis is least likely if the CRP value is < 10 mg/L and symptoms have been present for > 48 h.},
   keywords = {Abdominal Pain/diagnosis/etiology
Acute Disease
Adolescent
*Appendicitis/diagnosis
*C-Reactive Protein/analysis
Child
Child, Preschool
Humans
Leukocyte Count
Retrospective Studies
Sensitivity and Specificity
C-reactive protein
Primary health care
abdominal pain
appendicitis
point-of-care testing ,
ISSN = 1381-4788 (Print) 1381-4788 ,
DOI = 10.1080/13814788.2022.2067142},
   year = {2022},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

{"_id":"qatXZqTdM7w3NeGTX","bibbaseid":"blok-nikkels-vanderlei-berger-holtman-addedvalueofcrptoclinicalfeatureswhenassessingappendicitisinchildren-2022","author_short":["Blok, G.","Nikkels, E. D.","van der Lei, J.","Berger, M. Y.","Holtman, G. A."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"Journal Article","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Blok"],"firstnames":["Gcgh"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Nikkels"],"firstnames":["E.","D."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":["van","der"],"lastnames":["Lei"],"firstnames":["J."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Berger"],"firstnames":["M.","Y."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Holtman"],"firstnames":["G.","A."],"suffixes":[]}],"title":"Added value of CRP to clinical features when assessing appendicitis in children","journal":"Eur J Gen Pract","volume":"28","number":"1","pages":"95-101","note":"1751-1402 Blok, Guus C G H Orcid: 0000-0003-1654-6844 Nikkels, Eelke D van der Lei, Johan Orcid: 0000-0002-9203-3410 Berger, Marjolein Y Orcid: 0000-0001-9906-3666 Holtman, Gea A Orcid: 0000-0001-6579-767x Journal Article England 2022/05/11 Eur J Gen Pract. 2022 Dec;28(1):95-101. doi: 10.1080/13814788.2022.2067142.","abstract":"BACKGROUND: The diagnostic value of C-reactive protein (CRP) for appendicitis in children has not been evaluated in primary care. As biochemical responses and differential diagnoses vary with age, separate evaluation in children and adults is needed. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether adding CRP to symptoms and signs improves the diagnosis of appendicitis in children with acute abdominal pain in primary care. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study in Dutch general practice. Data was collected from the Integrated Primary Care Information database between 2010 and 2016. We included children aged 4-18 years, with no history of appendicitis, presenting with acute abdominal pain, and having a CRP test. Initial CRP levels were related to the specialist's diagnosis of appendicitis, and the test's characteristics were calculated for multiple cut-offs. The value of adding CRP to signs and symptoms was analysed by logistic regression. RESULTS: We identified 1076 eligible children, among whom 203 were referred for specialist evaluation and 70 had appendicitis. The sensitivity and specificity of a CRP cut-off ≥10 mg/L were 0.87 (95%CI, 0.77-0.94) and 0.77 (95%CI, 0.74-0.79), respectively. When symptoms lasted > 48 h, this sensitivity increased to 1.00. Positive predictive values for CRP alone were low (0.18-0.38) for all cut-off values (6-100 mg/L). Adding CRP increased the area under the curve from 0.82 (95%CI, 0.78-0.87) to 0.88 (95%CI, 0.84-0.91), and decision curve analysis confirmed that its addition provided the highest net benefit. CONCLUSION: CRP adds value to history and physical examination when diagnosing appendicitis in children presenting acute abdominal pain in primary care. Appendicitis is least likely if the CRP value is < 10 mg/L and symptoms have been present for > 48 h.","keywords":"Abdominal Pain/diagnosis/etiology Acute Disease Adolescent *Appendicitis/diagnosis *C-Reactive Protein/analysis Child Child, Preschool Humans Leukocyte Count Retrospective Studies Sensitivity and Specificity C-reactive protein Primary health care abdominal pain appendicitis point-of-care testing , ISSN = 1381-4788 (Print) 1381-4788 , DOI = 10.1080/13814788.2022.2067142","year":"2022","bibtex":"@article{RN275,\r\n author = {Blok, Gcgh and Nikkels, E. D. and van der Lei, J. and Berger, M. Y. and Holtman, G. A.},\r\n title = {Added value of CRP to clinical features when assessing appendicitis in children},\r\n journal = {Eur J Gen Pract},\r\n volume = {28},\r\n number = {1},\r\n pages = {95-101},\r\n note = {1751-1402 Blok, Guus C G H Orcid: 0000-0003-1654-6844 Nikkels, Eelke D van der Lei, Johan Orcid: 0000-0002-9203-3410 Berger, Marjolein Y Orcid: 0000-0001-9906-3666 Holtman, Gea A Orcid: 0000-0001-6579-767x Journal Article England 2022/05/11 Eur J Gen Pract. 2022 Dec;28(1):95-101. doi: 10.1080/13814788.2022.2067142.},\r\n abstract = {BACKGROUND: The diagnostic value of C-reactive protein (CRP) for appendicitis in children has not been evaluated in primary care. As biochemical responses and differential diagnoses vary with age, separate evaluation in children and adults is needed. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether adding CRP to symptoms and signs improves the diagnosis of appendicitis in children with acute abdominal pain in primary care. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study in Dutch general practice. Data was collected from the Integrated Primary Care Information database between 2010 and 2016. We included children aged 4-18 years, with no history of appendicitis, presenting with acute abdominal pain, and having a CRP test. Initial CRP levels were related to the specialist's diagnosis of appendicitis, and the test's characteristics were calculated for multiple cut-offs. The value of adding CRP to signs and symptoms was analysed by logistic regression. RESULTS: We identified 1076 eligible children, among whom 203 were referred for specialist evaluation and 70 had appendicitis. The sensitivity and specificity of a CRP cut-off ≥10 mg/L were 0.87 (95%CI, 0.77-0.94) and 0.77 (95%CI, 0.74-0.79), respectively. When symptoms lasted > 48 h, this sensitivity increased to 1.00. Positive predictive values for CRP alone were low (0.18-0.38) for all cut-off values (6-100 mg/L). Adding CRP increased the area under the curve from 0.82 (95%CI, 0.78-0.87) to 0.88 (95%CI, 0.84-0.91), and decision curve analysis confirmed that its addition provided the highest net benefit. CONCLUSION: CRP adds value to history and physical examination when diagnosing appendicitis in children presenting acute abdominal pain in primary care. Appendicitis is least likely if the CRP value is < 10 mg/L and symptoms have been present for > 48 h.},\r\n keywords = {Abdominal Pain/diagnosis/etiology\r\nAcute Disease\r\nAdolescent\r\n*Appendicitis/diagnosis\r\n*C-Reactive Protein/analysis\r\nChild\r\nChild, Preschool\r\nHumans\r\nLeukocyte Count\r\nRetrospective Studies\r\nSensitivity and Specificity\r\nC-reactive protein\r\nPrimary health care\r\nabdominal pain\r\nappendicitis\r\npoint-of-care testing ,\r\nISSN = 1381-4788 (Print) 1381-4788 ,\r\nDOI = 10.1080/13814788.2022.2067142},\r\n year = {2022},\r\n type = {Journal Article}\r\n}\r\n\r\n","author_short":["Blok, G.","Nikkels, E. D.","van der Lei, J.","Berger, M. Y.","Holtman, G. 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