@article{Blumenthal2019,
abstract = {Background Despite increasing numbers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected South Africans receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), tuberculosis remains the leading cause of mortality. Approximately 25{\%} of patients treated for tuberculosis have microbiologically unconfirmed diagnoses. We assessed whether elevated Kaposi's sarcoma-associated Herpes Virus (KSHV) viral load (VL) contributes to mortality in hospitalized HIV-infected patients investigated for tuberculosis. Methods 682 HIV-infected patients admitted to Khayelitsha Hospital, South Africa, were recruited, investigated for tuberculosis, and followed for 12-weeks. KSHV-serostatus, peripheral blood KSHV-VL, and KSHV-associated clinical correlates were evaluated. Results Median CD4 count was 62 cells/$\mu$L (range: 0-526); KSHV-seropositivity was 30.7{\%} (95{\%}CI: 27-34{\%}); 5.8{\%} had detectable KSHV-VL (median 199.1; range: 13.4-2.2x106 copies/106 cells); 22{\%} died. Elevated KSHV-VL was associated with mortality (adjusted OR=6.5 [95{\%}CI: 1.3, 32.4]) in patients without tuberculosis or other microbiologically confirmed co-infections (n=159). Six patients had “possible KSHV-inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS)”: five died, representing significantly worse survival (p{\textless}0.0001), and one was diagnosed with KSHV-associated multicentric Castleman disease at autopsy. Conclusion Given the association of mortality with elevated KSHV-VL in critically ill HIV-infected patients with suspected but not microbiologically confirmed tuberculosis, KSHV-VL and KICS criteria may guide diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation.},
author = {Blumenthal, Melissa J and Schutz, Charlotte and Barr, David A and Locketz, Michael and Marshall, Vickie and Whitby, Denise and Katz, Arieh A and Uldrick, Thomas and Meintjes, Graeme A and Sch{\"{a}}fer, Georgia},
doi = {10.1093/infdis/jiz180},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/01462563/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Blumenthal et al. - 2019 - The contribution of Kaposi's Sarcoma–associated herpesvirus to mortality in hospitalized Human Immunodeficien.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0022-1899},
journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases},
keywords = {OA,fund{\_}ack,original},
mendeley-tags = {OA,fund{\_}ack,original},
month = {apr},
number = {5},
pages = {841--851},
pmid = {31004430},
title = {{The contribution of Kaposi's Sarcoma–associated herpesvirus to mortality in hospitalized Human Immunodeficiency Virus–infected patients being investigated for tuberculosis in South Africa}},
url = {https://academic.oup.com/jid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiz180/5475547},
volume = {220},
year = {2019}
}

{"_id":"6trzNz9HKgHBx8Zsu","bibbaseid":"blumenthal-schutz-barr-locketz-marshall-whitby-katz-uldrick-etal-thecontributionofkaposissarcomaassociatedherpesvirustomortalityinhospitalizedhumanimmunodeficiencyvirusinfectedpatientsbeinginvestigatedfortuberculosisinsouthafrica-2019","author_short":["Blumenthal, M. J","Schutz, C.","Barr, D. A","Locketz, M.","Marshall, V.","Whitby, D.","Katz, A. A","Uldrick, T.","Meintjes, G. A","Schäfer, G."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","abstract":"Background Despite increasing numbers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected South Africans receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), tuberculosis remains the leading cause of mortality. Approximately 25% of patients treated for tuberculosis have microbiologically unconfirmed diagnoses. We assessed whether elevated Kaposi's sarcoma-associated Herpes Virus (KSHV) viral load (VL) contributes to mortality in hospitalized HIV-infected patients investigated for tuberculosis. Methods 682 HIV-infected patients admitted to Khayelitsha Hospital, South Africa, were recruited, investigated for tuberculosis, and followed for 12-weeks. KSHV-serostatus, peripheral blood KSHV-VL, and KSHV-associated clinical correlates were evaluated. Results Median CD4 count was 62 cells/$μ$L (range: 0-526); KSHV-seropositivity was 30.7% (95%CI: 27-34%); 5.8% had detectable KSHV-VL (median 199.1; range: 13.4-2.2x106 copies/106 cells); 22% died. Elevated KSHV-VL was associated with mortality (adjusted OR=6.5 [95%CI: 1.3, 32.4]) in patients without tuberculosis or other microbiologically confirmed co-infections (n=159). Six patients had “possible KSHV-inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS)”: five died, representing significantly worse survival (p\\textless0.0001), and one was diagnosed with KSHV-associated multicentric Castleman disease at autopsy. Conclusion Given the association of mortality with elevated KSHV-VL in critically ill HIV-infected patients with suspected but not microbiologically confirmed tuberculosis, KSHV-VL and KICS criteria may guide diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation.","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Blumenthal"],"firstnames":["Melissa","J"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Schutz"],"firstnames":["Charlotte"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Barr"],"firstnames":["David","A"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Locketz"],"firstnames":["Michael"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Marshall"],"firstnames":["Vickie"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Whitby"],"firstnames":["Denise"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Katz"],"firstnames":["Arieh","A"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Uldrick"],"firstnames":["Thomas"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Meintjes"],"firstnames":["Graeme","A"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Schäfer"],"firstnames":["Georgia"],"suffixes":[]}],"doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiz180","file":":C$\\$:/Users/01462563/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Blumenthal et al. - 2019 - The contribution of Kaposi's Sarcoma–associated herpesvirus to mortality in hospitalized Human Immunodeficien.pdf:pdf","issn":"0022-1899","journal":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","keywords":"OA,fund_ack,original","mendeley-tags":"OA,fund_ack,original","month":"apr","number":"5","pages":"841–851","pmid":"31004430","title":"The contribution of Kaposi's Sarcoma–associated herpesvirus to mortality in hospitalized Human Immunodeficiency Virus–infected patients being investigated for tuberculosis in South Africa","url":"https://academic.oup.com/jid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiz180/5475547","volume":"220","year":"2019","bibtex":"@article{Blumenthal2019,\r\nabstract = {Background Despite increasing numbers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected South Africans receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), tuberculosis remains the leading cause of mortality. Approximately 25{\\%} of patients treated for tuberculosis have microbiologically unconfirmed diagnoses. We assessed whether elevated Kaposi's sarcoma-associated Herpes Virus (KSHV) viral load (VL) contributes to mortality in hospitalized HIV-infected patients investigated for tuberculosis. Methods 682 HIV-infected patients admitted to Khayelitsha Hospital, South Africa, were recruited, investigated for tuberculosis, and followed for 12-weeks. KSHV-serostatus, peripheral blood KSHV-VL, and KSHV-associated clinical correlates were evaluated. Results Median CD4 count was 62 cells/$\\mu$L (range: 0-526); KSHV-seropositivity was 30.7{\\%} (95{\\%}CI: 27-34{\\%}); 5.8{\\%} had detectable KSHV-VL (median 199.1; range: 13.4-2.2x106 copies/106 cells); 22{\\%} died. Elevated KSHV-VL was associated with mortality (adjusted OR=6.5 [95{\\%}CI: 1.3, 32.4]) in patients without tuberculosis or other microbiologically confirmed co-infections (n=159). Six patients had “possible KSHV-inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS)”: five died, representing significantly worse survival (p{\\textless}0.0001), and one was diagnosed with KSHV-associated multicentric Castleman disease at autopsy. Conclusion Given the association of mortality with elevated KSHV-VL in critically ill HIV-infected patients with suspected but not microbiologically confirmed tuberculosis, KSHV-VL and KICS criteria may guide diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation.},\r\nauthor = {Blumenthal, Melissa J and Schutz, Charlotte and Barr, David A and Locketz, Michael and Marshall, Vickie and Whitby, Denise and Katz, Arieh A and Uldrick, Thomas and Meintjes, Graeme A and Sch{\\\"{a}}fer, Georgia},\r\ndoi = {10.1093/infdis/jiz180},\r\nfile = {:C$\\backslash$:/Users/01462563/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Blumenthal et al. - 2019 - The contribution of Kaposi's Sarcoma–associated herpesvirus to mortality in hospitalized Human Immunodeficien.pdf:pdf},\r\nissn = {0022-1899},\r\njournal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases},\r\nkeywords = {OA,fund{\\_}ack,original},\r\nmendeley-tags = {OA,fund{\\_}ack,original},\r\nmonth = {apr},\r\nnumber = {5},\r\npages = {841--851},\r\npmid = {31004430},\r\ntitle = {{The contribution of Kaposi's Sarcoma–associated herpesvirus to mortality in hospitalized Human Immunodeficiency Virus–infected patients being investigated for tuberculosis in South Africa}},\r\nurl = {https://academic.oup.com/jid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiz180/5475547},\r\nvolume = {220},\r\nyear = {2019}\r\n}\r\n","author_short":["Blumenthal, M. 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