Closed-class immanence in sentence production. Bock, K Cognition, 31(2):163-86, 1989.
abstract   bibtex   
The closed-class hypothesis asserts that function words play a privileged role in syntactic processes. In language production, the claim is that such words are intrinsic to, identified with, or immanent in phrasal skeletons. Two experiments tested this hypothesis with a syntactic priming procedure. In both, subjects tended to produce utterances in the same syntactic forms as priming sentences, with the structures of the self-generated sentences varying as a function of differences in the structures of the primes. Changes in the closed-class elements of the priming sentences had no effect on this tendency over and above the impact of the structural changes. These results suggest that free-standing closed-class morphemes are not inherent components of the structural frames of English sentences.
@ARTICLE{Bock1989,
  author = {K Bock},
  title = {Closed-class immanence in sentence production.},
  journal = {Cognition},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {163-86},
  number = {2},
  abstract = {The closed-class hypothesis asserts that function words play a privileged
	role in syntactic processes. In language production, the claim is
	that such words are intrinsic to, identified with, or immanent in
	phrasal skeletons. Two experiments tested this hypothesis with a
	syntactic priming procedure. In both, subjects tended to produce
	utterances in the same syntactic forms as priming sentences, with
	the structures of the self-generated sentences varying as a function
	of differences in the structures of the primes. Changes in the closed-class
	elements of the priming sentences had no effect on this tendency
	over and above the impact of the structural changes. These results
	suggest that free-standing closed-class morphemes are not inherent
	components of the structural frames of English sentences.},
  keywords = {Cues, Human, Linguistics, Models, Psychological, Phonetics, Support,
	U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Vocabulary, 2721134}
}

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