@article{bourgeon_individual_2012,
	title = {Individual variation in biomarkers of health: influence of persistent organic pollutants in {Great} skuas ({Stercorarius} skua) breeding at different geographical locations.},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {1096-0953},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921737},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2012.08.004},
	abstract = {Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been shown to cause adverse effects on a number of biomarkers of health in birds. POPs may impair immune function and alter the stress response, defined as a suite of behavioral and physiological responses to environmental perturbations. Recent studies have also proposed that POPs can induce oxidative stress. Nevertheless, there is a lack of studies simultaneously assessing the potential damaging effects of POPs on the latter biomarkers. In this study, we examined the contribution of legacy (organochlorines; (OCs)) and emerging (flame retardants; PBDEs) POPs to individual variations in stress levels (feather corticosterone), humoral immunity (plasma immunoglobulin Y levels) and oxidative stress occurring in three breeding colonies of a top predator seabird, the Great skua (Stercorarius skua), distributed from temperate regions to the high Arctic: Shetland (60°N), Iceland (63°N) and Bjørnøya (74°N). Our results demonstrated that plasma concentrations of OCs in Great skuas from Bjørnøya are among the highest in North Atlantic seabirds, with up to 7900 μg/kg (ww) ∑OCs. Yet, a latitudinal gradient in POP levels was observed with all compounds being significantly higher in Bjørnøya than in Iceland and Shetland (on average 4-7 fold higher for OCs and 2.5-4.5 for PBDEs, respectively). Contrary to our predictions, skuas breeding at the least contaminated site (i.e., Shetland) experienced the poorest physiological condition; i.e., the highest levels of stress hormones (25\% higher) and oxidative stress (50\% higher) and the lowest immunoglobulin levels (15\% lower) compared to the two other colonies. Finally, our results failed to point out consistent within-colony relationships between biomarkers of health and POPs. Overall, it is suggested that other ecological factors such as food availability could constrain physiological indicators more than anthropogenic contaminants.},
	journal = {Environmental research},
	author = {Bourgeon, Sophie and Leat, Eliza H K and Magnusdóttir, Ellen and Fisk, Aaron T and Furness, Robert W and Strøm, Hallvard and Hanssen, Sveinn Are and Petersen, Aevar and Olafsdóttir, Kristin and Borg{\textbackslash}a a, Katrine and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Bustnes, Jan Ove},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22921737},
	keywords = {Animals, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: blood, Birds, Birds: physiology, Breeding, Corticosterone, Corticosterone: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Feathers, Feathers: chemistry, Flame retardants, Health Status, Immunoglobulins, Immunoglobulins: blood, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: toxicity, Oxidative Stress},
	pages = {31--9},
}

{"_id":"55XEJfHJtw7oAoHpp","bibbaseid":"bourgeon-leat-magnusdttir-fisk-furness-strm-hanssen-petersen-etal-individualvariationinbiomarkersofhealthinfluenceofpersistentorganicpollutantsingreatskuasstercorariusskuabreedingatdifferentgeographicallocations-2012","author_short":["Bourgeon, S.","Leat, E. H K","Magnusdóttir, E.","Fisk, A. T","Furness, R. W","Strøm, H.","Hanssen, S. A.","Petersen, A.","Olafsdóttir, K.","Borg\\a a , K.","Gabrielsen, G. W","Bustnes, J. O."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","title":"Individual variation in biomarkers of health: influence of persistent organic pollutants in Great skuas (Stercorarius skua) breeding at different geographical locations.","volume":"118","issn":"1096-0953","url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921737","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2012.08.004","abstract":"Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been shown to cause adverse effects on a number of biomarkers of health in birds. POPs may impair immune function and alter the stress response, defined as a suite of behavioral and physiological responses to environmental perturbations. Recent studies have also proposed that POPs can induce oxidative stress. Nevertheless, there is a lack of studies simultaneously assessing the potential damaging effects of POPs on the latter biomarkers. In this study, we examined the contribution of legacy (organochlorines; (OCs)) and emerging (flame retardants; PBDEs) POPs to individual variations in stress levels (feather corticosterone), humoral immunity (plasma immunoglobulin Y levels) and oxidative stress occurring in three breeding colonies of a top predator seabird, the Great skua (Stercorarius skua), distributed from temperate regions to the high Arctic: Shetland (60°N), Iceland (63°N) and Bjørnøya (74°N). Our results demonstrated that plasma concentrations of OCs in Great skuas from Bjørnøya are among the highest in North Atlantic seabirds, with up to 7900 μg/kg (ww) ∑OCs. Yet, a latitudinal gradient in POP levels was observed with all compounds being significantly higher in Bjørnøya than in Iceland and Shetland (on average 4-7 fold higher for OCs and 2.5-4.5 for PBDEs, respectively). Contrary to our predictions, skuas breeding at the least contaminated site (i.e., Shetland) experienced the poorest physiological condition; i.e., the highest levels of stress hormones (25% higher) and oxidative stress (50% higher) and the lowest immunoglobulin levels (15% lower) compared to the two other colonies. Finally, our results failed to point out consistent within-colony relationships between biomarkers of health and POPs. Overall, it is suggested that other ecological factors such as food availability could constrain physiological indicators more than anthropogenic contaminants.","journal":"Environmental research","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Bourgeon"],"firstnames":["Sophie"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Leat"],"firstnames":["Eliza","H","K"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Magnusdóttir"],"firstnames":["Ellen"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Fisk"],"firstnames":["Aaron","T"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Furness"],"firstnames":["Robert","W"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Strøm"],"firstnames":["Hallvard"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Hanssen"],"firstnames":["Sveinn","Are"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Petersen"],"firstnames":["Aevar"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Olafsdóttir"],"firstnames":["Kristin"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":["Borg\\a","a"],"lastnames":[],"firstnames":["Katrine"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Gabrielsen"],"firstnames":["Geir","W"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Bustnes"],"firstnames":["Jan","Ove"],"suffixes":[]}],"month":"October","year":"2012","pmid":"22921737","keywords":"Animals, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: blood, Birds, Birds: physiology, Breeding, Corticosterone, Corticosterone: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Feathers, Feathers: chemistry, Flame retardants, Health Status, Immunoglobulins, Immunoglobulins: blood, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: toxicity, Oxidative Stress","pages":"31–9","bibtex":"@article{bourgeon_individual_2012,\n\ttitle = {Individual variation in biomarkers of health: influence of persistent organic pollutants in {Great} skuas ({Stercorarius} skua) breeding at different geographical locations.},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1096-0953},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921737},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.envres.2012.08.004},\n\tabstract = {Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been shown to cause adverse effects on a number of biomarkers of health in birds. POPs may impair immune function and alter the stress response, defined as a suite of behavioral and physiological responses to environmental perturbations. Recent studies have also proposed that POPs can induce oxidative stress. Nevertheless, there is a lack of studies simultaneously assessing the potential damaging effects of POPs on the latter biomarkers. In this study, we examined the contribution of legacy (organochlorines; (OCs)) and emerging (flame retardants; PBDEs) POPs to individual variations in stress levels (feather corticosterone), humoral immunity (plasma immunoglobulin Y levels) and oxidative stress occurring in three breeding colonies of a top predator seabird, the Great skua (Stercorarius skua), distributed from temperate regions to the high Arctic: Shetland (60°N), Iceland (63°N) and Bjørnøya (74°N). Our results demonstrated that plasma concentrations of OCs in Great skuas from Bjørnøya are among the highest in North Atlantic seabirds, with up to 7900 μg/kg (ww) ∑OCs. Yet, a latitudinal gradient in POP levels was observed with all compounds being significantly higher in Bjørnøya than in Iceland and Shetland (on average 4-7 fold higher for OCs and 2.5-4.5 for PBDEs, respectively). Contrary to our predictions, skuas breeding at the least contaminated site (i.e., Shetland) experienced the poorest physiological condition; i.e., the highest levels of stress hormones (25\\% higher) and oxidative stress (50\\% higher) and the lowest immunoglobulin levels (15\\% lower) compared to the two other colonies. Finally, our results failed to point out consistent within-colony relationships between biomarkers of health and POPs. Overall, it is suggested that other ecological factors such as food availability could constrain physiological indicators more than anthropogenic contaminants.},\n\tjournal = {Environmental research},\n\tauthor = {Bourgeon, Sophie and Leat, Eliza H K and Magnusdóttir, Ellen and Fisk, Aaron T and Furness, Robert W and Strøm, Hallvard and Hanssen, Sveinn Are and Petersen, Aevar and Olafsdóttir, Kristin and Borg{\\textbackslash}a a, Katrine and Gabrielsen, Geir W and Bustnes, Jan Ove},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22921737},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Biological Markers, Biological Markers: blood, Birds, Birds: physiology, Breeding, Corticosterone, Corticosterone: analysis, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollutants: toxicity, Feathers, Feathers: chemistry, Flame retardants, Health Status, Immunoglobulins, Immunoglobulins: blood, Organic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals: toxicity, Oxidative Stress},\n\tpages = {31--9},\n}\n\n\n\n","author_short":["Bourgeon, S.","Leat, E. H K","Magnusdóttir, E.","Fisk, A. T","Furness, R. W","Strøm, H.","Hanssen, S. A.","Petersen, A.","Olafsdóttir, K.","Borg\\a a , K.","Gabrielsen, G. W","Bustnes, J. 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