Primate frontal cortex neuronal activity following attentional verse intentional cues. Boussaoud, D. & Wise, S. P. Experimental Brain Research, 95(1):15-27, 1993. abstract bibtex We examined neuronal activity in three parts of the primate frontal cortex: the dorsal (PMd) and ventral (PMv) premotor cortex and a ventrolateral part of the dorsolateral prefrontal (PF) cortex. Two monkeys fixated a 0.2-degrees white square in the center of a video display while depressing a switch located between two touch pads. On each trial, a spatial-attentional/mnemonic (SAM) cue was presented first. The SAM cue consisted of one 2-degrees x 2-degrees square, usually red or green, and its location indicated where a conditional motor instruction would appear after a delay period. The stimulus event containing the motor instruction, termed the motor instructional/conditional (MIC) cue, could be of two general types. It might consist of a single 2-degrees x 2-degrees square stimulus identical to one of the SAM cues presented at the same location as the SAM cue on that trial. When the MIC cue was a single square, it instructed the monkey to move its forelimb to one of the two touch pads according to the following conditional rule: a green MIC cue meant that contact with the right touch pad would be rewarded on that trial and a red MIC cue instructed a movement to the left touch pad. Alternatively, the MIC cue might consist of two 2-degrees x 2-degrees squares, only one of which was at the SAM-cue location: in those cases, one square was red and the other was green. The colored square at the SAM cue location for that trial was the instructing stimulus, and the other part of the MIC cue was irrelevant. When, after a variable delay period, the MIC cue disappeared, the monkey had to touch the appropriate target within 1 s to receive a reward and could break visual fixation. The experimental design allowed comparison of frontal cortical activity when one stimulus, identical in retinocentric, craniocentric, and allocentric spatial location as well as all other stimulus parameters, had two different meanings for the animal's behavior. When a stimulus was the SAM cue, it led to either a reorientation of spatial attention to its location, or the storage of its location in spatial memory. By contrast, when it was the MIC cue, the same stimulus instructed a motor act to be executed after a delay period. For the majority of PMd neurons (55%), post-MIC cue activity exceeded post-SAM cue activity. In many instances, no activity followed the SAM cue, although the identical stimulus caused profound modulation when it served as the MIC cue. In PF, by contrast, significantly fewer cells (30%) showed such a property, and PMv was intermediate in this respect (36%). The results support the hypothesis that many PMd cells reflect the motor significance of stimuli, and that a significantly smaller proportion of cells in PF do so.
@article{ Boussaoud_Wise93,
author = {Boussaoud, D. and Wise, S. P.},
title = {Primate frontal cortex neuronal activity following attentional verse
intentional cues},
journal = {Experimental Brain Research},
year = {1993},
volume = {95},
pages = {15-27},
number = {1},
abstract = {We examined neuronal activity in three parts of the primate frontal
cortex: the dorsal (PMd) and ventral (PMv) premotor cortex and a
ventrolateral part of the dorsolateral prefrontal (PF) cortex. Two
monkeys fixated a 0.2-degrees white square in the center of a video
display while depressing a switch located between two touch pads.
On each trial, a spatial-attentional/mnemonic (SAM) cue was presented
first. The SAM cue consisted of one 2-degrees x 2-degrees square,
usually red or green, and its location indicated where a conditional
motor instruction would appear after a delay period. The stimulus
event containing the motor instruction, termed the motor instructional/conditional
(MIC) cue, could be of two general types. It might consist of a single
2-degrees x 2-degrees square stimulus identical to one of the SAM
cues presented at the same location as the SAM cue on that trial.
When the MIC cue was a single square, it instructed the monkey to
move its forelimb to one of the two touch pads according to the following
conditional rule: a green MIC cue meant that contact with the right
touch pad would be rewarded on that trial and a red MIC cue instructed
a movement to the left touch pad. Alternatively, the MIC cue might
consist of two 2-degrees x 2-degrees squares, only one of which was
at the SAM-cue location: in those cases, one square was red and the
other was green. The colored square at the SAM cue location for that
trial was the instructing stimulus, and the other part of the MIC
cue was irrelevant. When, after a variable delay period, the MIC
cue disappeared, the monkey had to touch the appropriate target within
1 s to receive a reward and could break visual fixation. The experimental
design allowed comparison of frontal cortical activity when one stimulus,
identical in retinocentric, craniocentric, and allocentric spatial
location as well as all other stimulus parameters, had two different
meanings for the animal's behavior. When a stimulus was the SAM cue,
it led to either a reorientation of spatial attention to its location,
or the storage of its location in spatial memory. By contrast, when
it was the MIC cue, the same stimulus instructed a motor act to be
executed after a delay period. For the majority of PMd neurons (55%),
post-MIC cue activity exceeded post-SAM cue activity. In many instances,
no activity followed the SAM cue, although the identical stimulus
caused profound modulation when it served as the MIC cue. In PF,
by contrast, significantly fewer cells (30%) showed such a property,
and PMv was intermediate in this respect (36%). The results support
the hypothesis that many PMd cells reflect the motor significance
of stimuli, and that a significantly smaller proportion of cells
in PF do so.},
en_number = { }
}
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The SAM cue consisted of one 2-degrees x 2-degrees square, usually red or green, and its location indicated where a conditional motor instruction would appear after a delay period. The stimulus event containing the motor instruction, termed the motor instructional/conditional (MIC) cue, could be of two general types. It might consist of a single 2-degrees x 2-degrees square stimulus identical to one of the SAM cues presented at the same location as the SAM cue on that trial. When the MIC cue was a single square, it instructed the monkey to move its forelimb to one of the two touch pads according to the following conditional rule: a green MIC cue meant that contact with the right touch pad would be rewarded on that trial and a red MIC cue instructed a movement to the left touch pad. Alternatively, the MIC cue might consist of two 2-degrees x 2-degrees squares, only one of which was at the SAM-cue location: in those cases, one square was red and the other was green. The colored square at the SAM cue location for that trial was the instructing stimulus, and the other part of the MIC cue was irrelevant. When, after a variable delay period, the MIC cue disappeared, the monkey had to touch the appropriate target within 1 s to receive a reward and could break visual fixation. The experimental design allowed comparison of frontal cortical activity when one stimulus, identical in retinocentric, craniocentric, and allocentric spatial location as well as all other stimulus parameters, had two different meanings for the animal's behavior. When a stimulus was the SAM cue, it led to either a reorientation of spatial attention to its location, or the storage of its location in spatial memory. By contrast, when it was the MIC cue, the same stimulus instructed a motor act to be executed after a delay period. For the majority of PMd neurons (55%), post-MIC cue activity exceeded post-SAM cue activity. In many instances, no activity followed the SAM cue, although the identical stimulus caused profound modulation when it served as the MIC cue. In PF, by contrast, significantly fewer cells (30%) showed such a property, and PMv was intermediate in this respect (36%). The results support the hypothesis that many PMd cells reflect the motor significance of stimuli, and that a significantly smaller proportion of cells in PF do so.","author":["Boussaoud, D.","Wise, S. P."],"author_short":["Boussaoud, D.","Wise, S.<nbsp>P."],"bibtex":"@article{ Boussaoud_Wise93,\n author = {Boussaoud, D. and Wise, S. P.},\n title = {Primate frontal cortex neuronal activity following attentional verse\n\tintentional cues},\n journal = {Experimental Brain Research},\n year = {1993},\n volume = {95},\n pages = {15-27},\n number = {1},\n abstract = {We examined neuronal activity in three parts of the primate frontal\n\tcortex: the dorsal (PMd) and ventral (PMv) premotor cortex and a\n\tventrolateral part of the dorsolateral prefrontal (PF) cortex. Two\n\tmonkeys fixated a 0.2-degrees white square in the center of a video\n\tdisplay while depressing a switch located between two touch pads.\n\tOn each trial, a spatial-attentional/mnemonic (SAM) cue was presented\n\tfirst. The SAM cue consisted of one 2-degrees x 2-degrees square,\n\tusually red or green, and its location indicated where a conditional\n\tmotor instruction would appear after a delay period. The stimulus\n\tevent containing the motor instruction, termed the motor instructional/conditional\n\t(MIC) cue, could be of two general types. It might consist of a single\n\t2-degrees x 2-degrees square stimulus identical to one of the SAM\n\tcues presented at the same location as the SAM cue on that trial.\n\tWhen the MIC cue was a single square, it instructed the monkey to\n\tmove its forelimb to one of the two touch pads according to the following\n\tconditional rule: a green MIC cue meant that contact with the right\n\ttouch pad would be rewarded on that trial and a red MIC cue instructed\n\ta movement to the left touch pad. Alternatively, the MIC cue might\n\tconsist of two 2-degrees x 2-degrees squares, only one of which was\n\tat the SAM-cue location: in those cases, one square was red and the\n\tother was green. The colored square at the SAM cue location for that\n\ttrial was the instructing stimulus, and the other part of the MIC\n\tcue was irrelevant. When, after a variable delay period, the MIC\n\tcue disappeared, the monkey had to touch the appropriate target within\n\t1 s to receive a reward and could break visual fixation. The experimental\n\tdesign allowed comparison of frontal cortical activity when one stimulus,\n\tidentical in retinocentric, craniocentric, and allocentric spatial\n\tlocation as well as all other stimulus parameters, had two different\n\tmeanings for the animal's behavior. When a stimulus was the SAM cue,\n\tit led to either a reorientation of spatial attention to its location,\n\tor the storage of its location in spatial memory. By contrast, when\n\tit was the MIC cue, the same stimulus instructed a motor act to be\n\texecuted after a delay period. For the majority of PMd neurons (55%),\n\tpost-MIC cue activity exceeded post-SAM cue activity. In many instances,\n\tno activity followed the SAM cue, although the identical stimulus\n\tcaused profound modulation when it served as the MIC cue. 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