@inProceedings{
 title = {Superconducting medium-voltage cables for urban power supply as an alternative scenario to 110 kV installations},
 type = {inProceedings},
 year = {2012},
 keywords = {Cable experience,HTS technology,Power cable,Superconducting cable,Superconducting fault current limiter,Superconductivity,Urban power supply},
 websites = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84872112988&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
 id = {fd515c14-8dc9-3d83-8a19-f4b54b74401f},
 created = {2015-12-03T11:11:12.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {9495636f-d73f-34d2-b6ff-fe5dfa3a8841},
 group_id = {7a3bc460-f939-3cef-a7d0-3ac6b86952c3},
 last_modified = {2015-12-03T11:11:12.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {Over the last few years, high-temperature superconductors (HTS) have matured especially due to the technical progress achieved in the manufacturing of conducting materials and are now on the verge of industrial-scale production. After several successful network trials, superconducting cables and superconducting current limiters for power systems are now worldwide on the threshold of commercialization [1], [2], [3]. The economical feasibility is a pre-requirement for a distribution system operator (DSO) to take such technologies into account for future grids. To get operating experience trials are necessary to show that the technical requirements can be met with high reliability and therefore can fulfill the technical and economical needs of a regulated asset owner. In this paper, the most important results of a collaborative feasibility study will be presented. The key purpose of this comprehensive study is to assess the technical and commercial feasibility of the use of superconducting cables, based on the example of the inner city of Essen, Germany. Superconductor technology is among the so-called "enabling technologies", which for the first time allows the high-voltage cables that were laid in the inner cities - including their associated high-capacity high-voltage transformer substations - to be replaced with medium-voltage cables. Furthermore, the use of superconducting cables allows the application of new and more economical grid concepts with simplified structures, and results in reduced space requirements for installations and line routings. The starting point for the technical and commercial comparison is the target grid planning for 2020. For the inner city areas this is based upon the use of conventional 110 kV cables. To provide alternatives, the study conceives and analyses target grids that employ conventional 10 kV cables and also 10 kV HTS cables. The key results of the study are: - By using 10 kV cables, four out of ten 110/10 kV transformer substations can be dispensed with in the inner city of Essen. - Expanding the grid using conventional 10 kV cables does not constitute a viable alternative because of the large-scale routing requirements and the high losses involved. - In contrast to the 110 kV target grid, expanding the grid using HTS cables allows a much simpler grid structure to be achieved, that requires less space for distribution cable routing and smaller areas for equipment installations. - If grid expansion is carried out using HTS cables the overall costs can be reduced in comparison with the 110 kV target grid. In summary it may be stated that expanding the grid using HTS cables is, from the current perspective, the only technically and economically appropriate option for avoiding the expansion of inner city power grids using high-voltage cables and reducing the number of high-voltage transformer substations in inner city areas. The widespread use of HTS cables depends upon the extent to which it is possible to improve the price-performance ratio of the HTS conductor material and to optimise the manufacture of both the cables and the cost and reliability of the required cooling technology. In this respect it is to be expected that relatively large technical advances will be made in future in the comparatively new HTS technology, which in turn will bring associated cost reductions. For this reason, a large-scale field trial in the inner city of Essen will be an important step on the way to achieving more widespread application of HTS technology. The trial is intended to demonstrate the suitability of a cable system - comprising superconducting 10 kV cables and superconducting fault current limiter - in practical use. The cable, designed to carry a permanent current of 2,310 A at 10 kV is one kilometre long and is expected to be in use from the end of 2013 to connect two transformer substations.},
 bibtype = {inProceedings},
 author = {Breuer, A. and Merschel, F. and Noe, M. and Goldacker, W. and Oswald, B. R. and Hofmann, L. and Schmidt, F. and Stemmle, M.},
 booktitle = {44th International Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems 2012}
}

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After several successful network trials, superconducting cables and superconducting current limiters for power systems are now worldwide on the threshold of commercialization [1], [2], [3]. The economical feasibility is a pre-requirement for a distribution system operator (DSO) to take such technologies into account for future grids. To get operating experience trials are necessary to show that the technical requirements can be met with high reliability and therefore can fulfill the technical and economical needs of a regulated asset owner. In this paper, the most important results of a collaborative feasibility study will be presented. The key purpose of this comprehensive study is to assess the technical and commercial feasibility of the use of superconducting cables, based on the example of the inner city of Essen, Germany. Superconductor technology is among the so-called \"enabling technologies\", which for the first time allows the high-voltage cables that were laid in the inner cities - including their associated high-capacity high-voltage transformer substations - to be replaced with medium-voltage cables. Furthermore, the use of superconducting cables allows the application of new and more economical grid concepts with simplified structures, and results in reduced space requirements for installations and line routings. The starting point for the technical and commercial comparison is the target grid planning for 2020. For the inner city areas this is based upon the use of conventional 110 kV cables. To provide alternatives, the study conceives and analyses target grids that employ conventional 10 kV cables and also 10 kV HTS cables. The key results of the study are: - By using 10 kV cables, four out of ten 110/10 kV transformer substations can be dispensed with in the inner city of Essen. - Expanding the grid using conventional 10 kV cables does not constitute a viable alternative because of the large-scale routing requirements and the high losses involved. - In contrast to the 110 kV target grid, expanding the grid using HTS cables allows a much simpler grid structure to be achieved, that requires less space for distribution cable routing and smaller areas for equipment installations. - If grid expansion is carried out using HTS cables the overall costs can be reduced in comparison with the 110 kV target grid. In summary it may be stated that expanding the grid using HTS cables is, from the current perspective, the only technically and economically appropriate option for avoiding the expansion of inner city power grids using high-voltage cables and reducing the number of high-voltage transformer substations in inner city areas. The widespread use of HTS cables depends upon the extent to which it is possible to improve the price-performance ratio of the HTS conductor material and to optimise the manufacture of both the cables and the cost and reliability of the required cooling technology. In this respect it is to be expected that relatively large technical advances will be made in future in the comparatively new HTS technology, which in turn will bring associated cost reductions. For this reason, a large-scale field trial in the inner city of Essen will be an important step on the way to achieving more widespread application of HTS technology. The trial is intended to demonstrate the suitability of a cable system - comprising superconducting 10 kV cables and superconducting fault current limiter - in practical use. The cable, designed to carry a permanent current of 2,310 A at 10 kV is one kilometre long and is expected to be in use from the end of 2013 to connect two transformer substations.","bibtype":"inProceedings","author":"Breuer, A. and Merschel, F. and Noe, M. and Goldacker, W. and Oswald, B. 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Superconductor technology is among the so-called \"enabling technologies\", which for the first time allows the high-voltage cables that were laid in the inner cities - including their associated high-capacity high-voltage transformer substations - to be replaced with medium-voltage cables. Furthermore, the use of superconducting cables allows the application of new and more economical grid concepts with simplified structures, and results in reduced space requirements for installations and line routings. The starting point for the technical and commercial comparison is the target grid planning for 2020. For the inner city areas this is based upon the use of conventional 110 kV cables. To provide alternatives, the study conceives and analyses target grids that employ conventional 10 kV cables and also 10 kV HTS cables. 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