@article{Bunjun2017,
abstract = {Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection substantially increases the risk of developing tuberculosis. There is extensive depletion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis–specific CD4+ T cells in blood during early HIV infection, but little is known about responses in the lungs at this stage. Given that mucosal organs are a principal target for HIV-mediated CD4+ T-cell destruction, we investigated M. tuberculosis–specific responses in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from persons with latent M. tuberculosis infection and untreated HIV coinfection with preserved CD4+ T-cell counts. M. tuberculosis–specific CD4+ T-cell cytokine (interferon $\gamma$, tumor necrosis factor $\alpha$, and interleukin 2) responses were discordant in frequency and function between BAL and blood. Responses in BAL were 15-fold lower in HIV-infected persons as compared to uninfected persons (P = .048), whereas blood responses were 2-fold lower (P = .006). However, an increase in T cells in the airways in HIV-infected persons resulted in the overall number of M. tuberculosis–specific CD4+ T cells in BAL being similar. Our study highlights the important insights gained from studying M. tuberculosis immunity at the site of disease during HIV infection.},
author = {Bunjun, Rubina and Riou, Catherine and Soares, Andreia P and Thawer, Narjis and M{\"{u}}ller, Tracey L and Kiravu, Agano and Ginbot, Zekarias and Oni, Tolu and Goliath, Ren{\'{e}} and Kalsdorf, Barbara and von Groote-Bidlingmaier, Florian and Hanekom, Willem A and Walzl, Gerhard and Wilkinson, Robert J and Burgers, Wendy A},
doi = {10.1093/infdis/jix529},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/01462563/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Bunjun et al. - 2017 - Effect of HIV on the frequency and number of Mycobacterium tuberculosis–specific CD4 T cells in blood and airways.pdf:pdf},
journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases},
keywords = {CD4+ T-cell responses,Human immunodeficiency virus,Mycobacterium tuberculosis,OA,adaptive immunity,bronchoalveolar lavage,coinfection,fund{\_}ack,lung,original},
mendeley-tags = {OA,fund{\_}ack,original},
month = {dec},
number = {12},
pages = {1550--1560},
pmid = {29029171},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
title = {{Effect of HIV on the frequency and number of Mycobacterium tuberculosis–specific CD4+ T cells in blood and airways during latent M. tuberculosis infection}},
url = {https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/216/12/1550/4348682},
volume = {216},
year = {2017}
}

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Given that mucosal organs are a principal target for HIV-mediated CD4+ T-cell destruction, we investigated M. tuberculosis–specific responses in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from persons with latent M. tuberculosis infection and untreated HIV coinfection with preserved CD4+ T-cell counts. M. tuberculosis–specific CD4+ T-cell cytokine (interferon $γ$, tumor necrosis factor $α$, and interleukin 2) responses were discordant in frequency and function between BAL and blood. Responses in BAL were 15-fold lower in HIV-infected persons as compared to uninfected persons (P = .048), whereas blood responses were 2-fold lower (P = .006). However, an increase in T cells in the airways in HIV-infected persons resulted in the overall number of M. tuberculosis–specific CD4+ T cells in BAL being similar. 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