Mycosphaerella Pini (Dothistroma Blight)

Mycosphaerella Pini (Dothistroma Blight). CABI

[Excerpt: Preferred Scientific Name] Mycosphaerella pini [Preferred Common Name] Dothistroma blight [Summary of Invasiveness] Dothistroma septospora (the anamorphic form of the fungus) has spread rapidly around the world since its identification as a serious crop pathogen in Tanzania in 1957, and is now globally widespread. The fungus is believed to be endemic to pines in Central America and Nepal (Evans, 1984; Ivory, 1994), where it is a foliar pathogen. The pathogen is particularly damaging where trees are planted out of their host range, most notably in the Southern hemisphere where large commercial monocultures of susceptible species such as Pinus radiata have been planted in New Zealand and Chile. At the same time the disease has increased in importance in the USA, where it has caused damage to shelterbelt, amenity and Christmas tree crops of P. nigra, P. ponderosa and P. contorta. Plant disease reports from Europe also suggest an increase in the prevalence in that part of the world. The pathogen has probably spread by a combination of factors: transport of infected planting material, and wind/cloud dissemination of spores between land masses (Gibson, 1974). The sexual form of the fungus, Mycosphaerella pini, does not have such a wide host range and is largely restricted to the Northern hemisphere. Moreover, since the asexual rather than the sexual spores are thought to be the primary source of inoculum, it is likely that the teleomorph is less invasive than the anamorph. [Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature Top of page] The anamorphic form of M. pini was first described in Russia as Cytosporina septospora (Doroguin, 1911). Hulbary (1941) named the fungus responsible for an outbreak of needle blight in Illinois, USA, as Dothistroma pini. Morelet (1968) considered these fungi to be identical and made a new combination Dothistroma septospora (Dorog.) Morelet, a nomenclature accepted by Sutton (1980). However, the synonym Dothistroma pini is still in common use. [] Three varieties of the conidial state are recognized on the basis of conidial length. Thyr and Shaw (1964) distinguished Dothistroma pini var. pini with conidial lengths of 15.4-28.0 (mean 22.4) µm and Dothistroma pini var. linearis with conidial lengths of 23.0-42.0 (31.9) µm. The long-spored variety linearis is reported to occur in western States of the USA and Canada whilst the short-spored variety pini is found in the central and eastern States of North America, and in England, New Zealand, Australia and Chile (Ivory, 1967; Peterson and Graham, 1974; Edwards and Walker, 1978). A third variety with intermediate conidial lengths of 13.0-47.5 (28.9) µm occurring in Africa (predominantly Kenya) was named by Ivory (1967) as Dothistroma pini var. keniensis. Sutton (1980) lists the conidial lengths of these varieties under their respective synonyms as: D. septospora var. septospora 12.5-32.5 (22) µm; D. septospora var. lineare 20.0-67.5 (37.5) µm; D. septospora var. keniense 15-47.5 (29) µm. The distinctness of these varietal divisions has been questioned (Funk and Parker, 1966; Sutton, 1980). Gadgil (1967) found large variations in conidial length and shed doubt on the value of conidial length as a diagnostic character, suggesting that separate varieties should not be recognized. Ivory (1967) found that conidia from isolates in culture were generally larger than those collected from diseased needles and noted inconsistencies in measurements of conidial lengths from the same sample depending on whether or not they were incubated in a damp chamber for 5 days. Similarly, more recent studies have shown no clear distinction between these varieties on the basis of conidial length or of internal transcribed sequence (ITS) DNA sequence analysis (Edwards and Walker, 1978; Roux, 1984; Bradshaw et al., 2000). Evans (1984), who carried out a thorough and comprehensive study on a global collection of isolates, does not support the division into varieties. [] The genus Mycosphaerella is considered by some to be polyphyletic, as more than 40 anamorph genera are associated with it (Goodwin et al., 2001). Barr (1996) separated species with Dothistroma and Lecanosticta anamorphs into a new genus, Eruptio, on the assumptions that these two anamorphs are closely related and are different from other species within Mycosphaerella. However, phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed sequence (ITS) data contradicted these assumptions and suggested that the genus Mycosphaerella is monophyletic. The teleomorph name for Dothistroma septospora should remain within Mycosphaerella (Goodwin et al., 2001).

@article{cabiMycosphaerellaPiniDothistroma2015,
  title = {Mycosphaerella Pini ({{Dothistroma}} Blight)},
  author = {{CABI}},
  date = {2015},
  url = {http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/49059},
  abstract = {[Excerpt: Preferred Scientific Name]

 Mycosphaerella pini

[Preferred Common Name]

 Dothistroma blight

[Summary of Invasiveness]

Dothistroma septospora (the anamorphic form of the fungus) has spread rapidly around the world since its identification as a serious crop pathogen in Tanzania in 1957, and is now globally widespread. The fungus is believed to be endemic to pines in Central America and Nepal (Evans, 1984; Ivory, 1994), where it is a foliar pathogen. The pathogen is particularly damaging where trees are planted out of their host range, most notably in the Southern hemisphere where large commercial monocultures of susceptible species such as Pinus radiata have been planted in New Zealand and Chile. At the same time the disease has increased in importance in the USA, where it has caused damage to shelterbelt, amenity and Christmas tree crops of P. nigra, P. ponderosa and P. contorta. Plant disease reports from Europe also suggest an increase in the prevalence in that part of the world. The pathogen has probably spread by a combination of factors: transport of infected planting material, and wind/cloud dissemination of spores between land masses (Gibson, 1974). The sexual form of the fungus, Mycosphaerella pini, does not have such a wide host range and is largely restricted to the Northern hemisphere. Moreover, since the asexual rather than the sexual spores are thought to be the primary source of inoculum, it is likely that the teleomorph is less invasive than the anamorph. 

[Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature Top of page]

The anamorphic form of M. pini was first described in Russia as Cytosporina septospora (Doroguin, 1911). Hulbary (1941) named the fungus responsible for an outbreak of needle blight in Illinois, USA, as Dothistroma pini. Morelet (1968) considered these fungi to be identical and made a new combination Dothistroma septospora (Dorog.) Morelet, a nomenclature accepted by Sutton (1980). However, the synonym Dothistroma pini is still in common use.

[] Three varieties of the conidial state are recognized on the basis of conidial length. Thyr and Shaw (1964) distinguished Dothistroma pini var. pini with conidial lengths of 15.4-28.0 (mean 22.4) µm and Dothistroma pini var. linearis with conidial lengths of 23.0-42.0 (31.9) µm. The long-spored variety linearis is reported to occur in western States of the USA and Canada whilst the short-spored variety pini is found in the central and eastern States of North America, and in England, New Zealand, Australia and Chile (Ivory, 1967; Peterson and Graham, 1974; Edwards and Walker, 1978). A third variety with intermediate conidial lengths of 13.0-47.5 (28.9) µm occurring in Africa (predominantly Kenya) was named by Ivory (1967) as Dothistroma pini var. keniensis. Sutton (1980) lists the conidial lengths of these varieties under their respective synonyms as: D. septospora var. septospora 12.5-32.5 (22) µm; D. septospora var. lineare 20.0-67.5 (37.5) µm; D. septospora var. keniense 15-47.5 (29) µm. The distinctness of these varietal divisions has been questioned (Funk and Parker, 1966; Sutton, 1980). Gadgil (1967) found large variations in conidial length and shed doubt on the value of conidial length as a diagnostic character, suggesting that separate varieties should not be recognized. Ivory (1967) found that conidia from isolates in culture were generally larger than those collected from diseased needles and noted inconsistencies in measurements of conidial lengths from the same sample depending on whether or not they were incubated in a damp chamber for 5 days. Similarly, more recent studies have shown no clear distinction between these varieties on the basis of conidial length or of internal transcribed sequence (ITS) DNA sequence analysis (Edwards and Walker, 1978; Roux, 1984; Bradshaw et al., 2000). Evans (1984), who carried out a thorough and comprehensive study on a global collection of isolates, does not support the division into varieties.

[] The genus Mycosphaerella is considered by some to be polyphyletic, as more than 40 anamorph genera are associated with it (Goodwin et al., 2001). Barr (1996) separated species with Dothistroma and Lecanosticta anamorphs into a new genus, Eruptio, on the assumptions that these two anamorphs are closely related and are different from other species within Mycosphaerella. However, phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed sequence (ITS) data contradicted these assumptions and suggested that the genus Mycosphaerella is monophyletic. The teleomorph name for Dothistroma septospora should remain within Mycosphaerella (Goodwin et al., 2001).},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13850013,cabi,dothistroma-septosporum,forest-pests,forest-resources,monography,mycosphaerella-pini}
}

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The pathogen is particularly damaging where trees are planted out of their host range, most notably in the Southern hemisphere where large commercial monocultures of susceptible species such as Pinus radiata have been planted in New Zealand and Chile. At the same time the disease has increased in importance in the USA, where it has caused damage to shelterbelt, amenity and Christmas tree crops of P. nigra, P. ponderosa and P. contorta. Plant disease reports from Europe also suggest an increase in the prevalence in that part of the world. The pathogen has probably spread by a combination of factors: transport of infected planting material, and wind/cloud dissemination of spores between land masses (Gibson, 1974). The sexual form of the fungus, Mycosphaerella pini, does not have such a wide host range and is largely restricted to the Northern hemisphere. Moreover, since the asexual rather than the sexual spores are thought to be the primary source of inoculum, it is likely that the teleomorph is less invasive than the anamorph. [Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature Top of page] The anamorphic form of M. pini was first described in Russia as Cytosporina septospora (Doroguin, 1911). Hulbary (1941) named the fungus responsible for an outbreak of needle blight in Illinois, USA, as Dothistroma pini. Morelet (1968) considered these fungi to be identical and made a new combination Dothistroma septospora (Dorog.) Morelet, a nomenclature accepted by Sutton (1980). However, the synonym Dothistroma pini is still in common use. [] Three varieties of the conidial state are recognized on the basis of conidial length. Thyr and Shaw (1964) distinguished Dothistroma pini var. pini with conidial lengths of 15.4-28.0 (mean 22.4) µm and Dothistroma pini var. linearis with conidial lengths of 23.0-42.0 (31.9) µm. The long-spored variety linearis is reported to occur in western States of the USA and Canada whilst the short-spored variety pini is found in the central and eastern States of North America, and in England, New Zealand, Australia and Chile (Ivory, 1967; Peterson and Graham, 1974; Edwards and Walker, 1978). A third variety with intermediate conidial lengths of 13.0-47.5 (28.9) µm occurring in Africa (predominantly Kenya) was named by Ivory (1967) as Dothistroma pini var. keniensis. Sutton (1980) lists the conidial lengths of these varieties under their respective synonyms as: D. septospora var. septospora 12.5-32.5 (22) µm; D. septospora var. lineare 20.0-67.5 (37.5) µm; D. septospora var. keniense 15-47.5 (29) µm. The distinctness of these varietal divisions has been questioned (Funk and Parker, 1966; Sutton, 1980). Gadgil (1967) found large variations in conidial length and shed doubt on the value of conidial length as a diagnostic character, suggesting that separate varieties should not be recognized. Ivory (1967) found that conidia from isolates in culture were generally larger than those collected from diseased needles and noted inconsistencies in measurements of conidial lengths from the same sample depending on whether or not they were incubated in a damp chamber for 5 days. Similarly, more recent studies have shown no clear distinction between these varieties on the basis of conidial length or of internal transcribed sequence (ITS) DNA sequence analysis (Edwards and Walker, 1978; Roux, 1984; Bradshaw et al., 2000). Evans (1984), who carried out a thorough and comprehensive study on a global collection of isolates, does not support the division into varieties. [] The genus Mycosphaerella is considered by some to be polyphyletic, as more than 40 anamorph genera are associated with it (Goodwin et al., 2001). Barr (1996) separated species with Dothistroma and Lecanosticta anamorphs into a new genus, Eruptio, on the assumptions that these two anamorphs are closely related and are different from other species within Mycosphaerella. However, phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed sequence (ITS) data contradicted these assumptions and suggested that the genus Mycosphaerella is monophyletic. 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The pathogen is particularly damaging where trees are planted out of their host range, most notably in the Southern hemisphere where large commercial monocultures of susceptible species such as Pinus radiata have been planted in New Zealand and Chile. At the same time the disease has increased in importance in the USA, where it has caused damage to shelterbelt, amenity and Christmas tree crops of P. nigra, P. ponderosa and P. contorta. Plant disease reports from Europe also suggest an increase in the prevalence in that part of the world. The pathogen has probably spread by a combination of factors: transport of infected planting material, and wind/cloud dissemination of spores between land masses (Gibson, 1974). The sexual form of the fungus, Mycosphaerella pini, does not have such a wide host range and is largely restricted to the Northern hemisphere. Moreover, since the asexual rather than the sexual spores are thought to be the primary source of inoculum, it is likely that the teleomorph is less invasive than the anamorph. \n\n[Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature Top of page]\n\nThe anamorphic form of M. pini was first described in Russia as Cytosporina septospora (Doroguin, 1911). Hulbary (1941) named the fungus responsible for an outbreak of needle blight in Illinois, USA, as Dothistroma pini. Morelet (1968) considered these fungi to be identical and made a new combination Dothistroma septospora (Dorog.) Morelet, a nomenclature accepted by Sutton (1980). However, the synonym Dothistroma pini is still in common use.\n\n[] Three varieties of the conidial state are recognized on the basis of conidial length. Thyr and Shaw (1964) distinguished Dothistroma pini var. pini with conidial lengths of 15.4-28.0 (mean 22.4) µm and Dothistroma pini var. linearis with conidial lengths of 23.0-42.0 (31.9) µm. The long-spored variety linearis is reported to occur in western States of the USA and Canada whilst the short-spored variety pini is found in the central and eastern States of North America, and in England, New Zealand, Australia and Chile (Ivory, 1967; Peterson and Graham, 1974; Edwards and Walker, 1978). A third variety with intermediate conidial lengths of 13.0-47.5 (28.9) µm occurring in Africa (predominantly Kenya) was named by Ivory (1967) as Dothistroma pini var. keniensis. Sutton (1980) lists the conidial lengths of these varieties under their respective synonyms as: D. septospora var. septospora 12.5-32.5 (22) µm; D. septospora var. lineare 20.0-67.5 (37.5) µm; D. septospora var. keniense 15-47.5 (29) µm. The distinctness of these varietal divisions has been questioned (Funk and Parker, 1966; Sutton, 1980). Gadgil (1967) found large variations in conidial length and shed doubt on the value of conidial length as a diagnostic character, suggesting that separate varieties should not be recognized. Ivory (1967) found that conidia from isolates in culture were generally larger than those collected from diseased needles and noted inconsistencies in measurements of conidial lengths from the same sample depending on whether or not they were incubated in a damp chamber for 5 days. Similarly, more recent studies have shown no clear distinction between these varieties on the basis of conidial length or of internal transcribed sequence (ITS) DNA sequence analysis (Edwards and Walker, 1978; Roux, 1984; Bradshaw et al., 2000). Evans (1984), who carried out a thorough and comprehensive study on a global collection of isolates, does not support the division into varieties.\n\n[] The genus Mycosphaerella is considered by some to be polyphyletic, as more than 40 anamorph genera are associated with it (Goodwin et al., 2001). Barr (1996) separated species with Dothistroma and Lecanosticta anamorphs into a new genus, Eruptio, on the assumptions that these two anamorphs are closely related and are different from other species within Mycosphaerella. However, phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed sequence (ITS) data contradicted these assumptions and suggested that the genus Mycosphaerella is monophyletic. 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