@incollection{cannonWildfirerelatedDebrisFlow2005,
  title = {Wildfire-Related Debris Flow from a Hazards Perspective},
  booktitle = {Debris-Flow {{Hazards}} and {{Related Phenomena}}},
  author = {Cannon, Susan H. and Gartner, Joseph E.},
  date = {2005},
  pages = {363--385},
  publisher = {{Springer Berlin Heidelberg}},
  doi = {10.1007/3-540-27129-5\\_15},
  url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/14110940},
  abstract = {[Excerpt: Introduction] Wildland fire can have profound effects on the hydrologic response of a watershed. Consumption of the rainfall-intercepting canopy and of the soil-mantling litter and duff, intensive drying of the soil, combustion of soil-binding organic matter, and the enhancement or formation of water-repellent soils can change the infiltration characteristics and erodibility of the soil, leading to decreased rainfall infiltration, subsequent significantly increased overland flow and runoff in channels, and movement of soil (e.g., Swanson, 1981; Spittler, 1995; Doerr et al., 2000; Martin and Moody, 2001; Moody and Martin, 2001b; Wondzell and King, 2003). Unit-area peak discharges measured following wildfire have shown between 1.45- and 870-fold increases over pre-fire rates (Moody and Martin, 2001a). Removal of obstructions by wildfire through consumption of vegetation can also enhance the erosive power of overland flow, resulting in accelerated erosion of material from hillslopes (Meyer, 2002). Increased runoff can erode significant volumes of material from channels, either by bank failure or channel bed erosion. Over longer time periods, decreased rates of evapotranspiration caused by vegetation mortality and decay of root structure may result in increased soil moisture and the loss of soil cohesion (Klock and Helvey, 1976; Swanson, 1981; Schmidt et al., 2001). Rainfall on burned watersheds thus has a high potential to transport and deposit large volumes of sediment both within and down-channel from the burned area.

[\textbackslash n] Debris flows can be one of the most hazardous consequences of rainfall on burned hillslopes (e.g., Parrett, 1987; Morton, 1989; Meyer and Wells, 1997; Cannon, 2001) (Fig. 15.1A,B). They pose a hazard distinct from other sediment-laden flows because of their unique destructive power. Debris flows can occur with little warning, can exert great impulsive loads on objects in their paths, and even small debris flows can strip vegetation, block drainage ways, damage structures by impact and erosion, and endanger human life. The deaths of sixteen people during the Christmas Day 2003 storm that impacted recently-burned hillslopes in southern California highlight the most drastic consequences of post-wildfire debris flows (Los Angeles Times, 2003). In addition to the lives lost, US\$9.5 million were spent to remove the 4.1 million cubic meters of material deposited in debris retention basins following this event. Understanding the processes that result in fire-related debris flows, the conditions under which they occur, and their size and frequency of occurrence are critical elements in effective post-fire hazard assessments.

[\textbackslash n] The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the current understanding of post-wildfire debris-flow processes and their occurrence.

[\textbackslash n] [...]

[Summary and conclusions] Data compiled from studies of debris-flow processes following wildfires throughout the western U.S. can answer some of the questions fundamental to post-fire hazard assessments - what, where, why, when, how big, and how often? Not all elements of all questions have satisfactory answers, but what follows is what can be gleaned from the preceding pages.

[::What and why?] Fire-related debris flows have been found to initiate through two primary processes: runoff-dominated erosion by surface overland flow, and infiltration-triggered failure of a discrete landslide mass. Runoff-dominated processes are by far the most prevalent (76\,\% of a sample of 210 basins), and occur in response to decreased infiltration and attendant increased runoff and erosion brought about by the immediate effects of the fires. Infiltration-triggered landslide activity is frequently attributed to both increased soil moisture brought about by vegetation-mortality-induced reduced transpiration rates, and root decay associated with decreases in soil cohesion.

[::Where?] Debris flows that initiate through runoff-dominated erosion have been documented throughout the intermountain west and southern California. Basins underlain with sedimentary and metamorphic rock types with more than about 65\,\% of their areas burned at a combination of high and moderate severities, and with areas and average gradients that fall above the threshold shown in Fig. 15.9 are those most likely to produce this type of debris flow. [\textbackslash n] [...]

[::When?] Runoff-initiated debris flows are produced in response to storms that occur up to two years after the fire, and often in response to the first significant rainfall of the storm season. They occur most frequently in response to storms with average intensities greater than about 4 mm/hr and between 30 minutes and 24 hours in duration. However, debris flows have occurred within a storm after as little as 6 minutes of rainfall at intensities of 95 mm/hr. [\textbackslash n] [...] [\textbackslash n] Debris flows generated through mobilization of landslides can occur during the first rainy season immediately after the fire, and up to about 10 years after the fire. These events generally occur in response to prolonged rainfall events, and in some cases, considerably more material is contributed to the debris flows from hillslope runoff and channel erosion than from the landslide scars. [...]

[::How big?] Reported peak discharge estimates for runoff-initiated debris-flow events vary between 2 and 240 m3/s and reported volumes range from as little as 600 m3 to 300,000 m3. [...]

[::How often?] Basins with thin colluvial covers and minimal channel-fill deposits generally produce debris flows only in response to the first significant rainfall of the season. Basins with thick channel-fill deposits, and those mantled with thick accumulations of talus, frequently produce numerous debris flows throughout the rainy season.

[\textbackslash n] In the absence of similar data in other settings throughout the world, the relations developed here may be appropriate for preliminary hazard assessments. However, we would expect that local conditions strongly affect debris-flow occurrence, and collection and analysis of site-specific data can only help but to improve such assessments.

[\textbackslash n] [...]},
  isbn = {978-3-540-27129-1},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14110940,~to-add-doi-URL,burnt-area,debris-flows,erodibility,forest-resources,hydrology,landslides,natural-hazards,postfire-impacts,precipitation,runoff,sediment-transport,soil-erosion,soil-hydrophobicity,soil-moisture,soil-resources,water-resources,wildfires},
  series = {Springer {{Praxis Books}}}
}

{"_id":"48Zjdh5ubstHXYpnC","bibbaseid":"cannon-gartner-wildfirerelateddebrisflowfromahazardsperspective","authorIDs":[],"author_short":["Cannon, S. H.","Gartner, J. E."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"incollection","type":"incollection","title":"Wildfire-Related Debris Flow from a Hazards Perspective","booktitle":"Debris-Flow Hazards and Related Phenomena","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Cannon"],"firstnames":["Susan","H."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Gartner"],"firstnames":["Joseph","E."],"suffixes":[]}],"date":"2005","pages":"363–385","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","doi":"10.1007/3-540-27129-5\\_15","url":"http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/14110940","abstract":"[Excerpt: Introduction] Wildland fire can have profound effects on the hydrologic response of a watershed. Consumption of the rainfall-intercepting canopy and of the soil-mantling litter and duff, intensive drying of the soil, combustion of soil-binding organic matter, and the enhancement or formation of water-repellent soils can change the infiltration characteristics and erodibility of the soil, leading to decreased rainfall infiltration, subsequent significantly increased overland flow and runoff in channels, and movement of soil (e.g., Swanson, 1981; Spittler, 1995; Doerr et al., 2000; Martin and Moody, 2001; Moody and Martin, 2001b; Wondzell and King, 2003). Unit-area peak discharges measured following wildfire have shown between 1.45- and 870-fold increases over pre-fire rates (Moody and Martin, 2001a). Removal of obstructions by wildfire through consumption of vegetation can also enhance the erosive power of overland flow, resulting in accelerated erosion of material from hillslopes (Meyer, 2002). Increased runoff can erode significant volumes of material from channels, either by bank failure or channel bed erosion. Over longer time periods, decreased rates of evapotranspiration caused by vegetation mortality and decay of root structure may result in increased soil moisture and the loss of soil cohesion (Klock and Helvey, 1976; Swanson, 1981; Schmidt et al., 2001). Rainfall on burned watersheds thus has a high potential to transport and deposit large volumes of sediment both within and down-channel from the burned area. [\\n] Debris flows can be one of the most hazardous consequences of rainfall on burned hillslopes (e.g., Parrett, 1987; Morton, 1989; Meyer and Wells, 1997; Cannon, 2001) (Fig. 15.1A,B). They pose a hazard distinct from other sediment-laden flows because of their unique destructive power. Debris flows can occur with little warning, can exert great impulsive loads on objects in their paths, and even small debris flows can strip vegetation, block drainage ways, damage structures by impact and erosion, and endanger human life. The deaths of sixteen people during the Christmas Day 2003 storm that impacted recently-burned hillslopes in southern California highlight the most drastic consequences of post-wildfire debris flows (Los Angeles Times, 2003). In addition to the lives lost, US\\$9.5 million were spent to remove the 4.1 million cubic meters of material deposited in debris retention basins following this event. Understanding the processes that result in fire-related debris flows, the conditions under which they occur, and their size and frequency of occurrence are critical elements in effective post-fire hazard assessments. [\\n] The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the current understanding of post-wildfire debris-flow processes and their occurrence. [\\n] [...] [Summary and conclusions] Data compiled from studies of debris-flow processes following wildfires throughout the western U.S. can answer some of the questions fundamental to post-fire hazard assessments - what, where, why, when, how big, and how often? Not all elements of all questions have satisfactory answers, but what follows is what can be gleaned from the preceding pages. [::What and why?] Fire-related debris flows have been found to initiate through two primary processes: runoff-dominated erosion by surface overland flow, and infiltration-triggered failure of a discrete landslide mass. Runoff-dominated processes are by far the most prevalent (76\\,% of a sample of 210 basins), and occur in response to decreased infiltration and attendant increased runoff and erosion brought about by the immediate effects of the fires. Infiltration-triggered landslide activity is frequently attributed to both increased soil moisture brought about by vegetation-mortality-induced reduced transpiration rates, and root decay associated with decreases in soil cohesion. [::Where?] Debris flows that initiate through runoff-dominated erosion have been documented throughout the intermountain west and southern California. Basins underlain with sedimentary and metamorphic rock types with more than about 65\\,% of their areas burned at a combination of high and moderate severities, and with areas and average gradients that fall above the threshold shown in Fig. 15.9 are those most likely to produce this type of debris flow. [\\n] [...] [::When?] Runoff-initiated debris flows are produced in response to storms that occur up to two years after the fire, and often in response to the first significant rainfall of the storm season. They occur most frequently in response to storms with average intensities greater than about 4 mm/hr and between 30 minutes and 24 hours in duration. However, debris flows have occurred within a storm after as little as 6 minutes of rainfall at intensities of 95 mm/hr. [\\n] [...] [\\n] Debris flows generated through mobilization of landslides can occur during the first rainy season immediately after the fire, and up to about 10 years after the fire. These events generally occur in response to prolonged rainfall events, and in some cases, considerably more material is contributed to the debris flows from hillslope runoff and channel erosion than from the landslide scars. [...] [::How big?] Reported peak discharge estimates for runoff-initiated debris-flow events vary between 2 and 240 m3/s and reported volumes range from as little as 600 m3 to 300,000 m3. [...] [::How often?] Basins with thin colluvial covers and minimal channel-fill deposits generally produce debris flows only in response to the first significant rainfall of the season. Basins with thick channel-fill deposits, and those mantled with thick accumulations of talus, frequently produce numerous debris flows throughout the rainy season. [\\n] In the absence of similar data in other settings throughout the world, the relations developed here may be appropriate for preliminary hazard assessments. However, we would expect that local conditions strongly affect debris-flow occurrence, and collection and analysis of site-specific data can only help but to improve such assessments. [\\n] [...]","isbn":"978-3-540-27129-1","keywords":"*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14110940,~to-add-doi-URL,burnt-area,debris-flows,erodibility,forest-resources,hydrology,landslides,natural-hazards,postfire-impacts,precipitation,runoff,sediment-transport,soil-erosion,soil-hydrophobicity,soil-moisture,soil-resources,water-resources,wildfires","series":"Springer Praxis Books","bibtex":"@incollection{cannonWildfirerelatedDebrisFlow2005,\n title = {Wildfire-Related Debris Flow from a Hazards Perspective},\n booktitle = {Debris-Flow {{Hazards}} and {{Related Phenomena}}},\n author = {Cannon, Susan H. and Gartner, Joseph E.},\n date = {2005},\n pages = {363--385},\n publisher = {{Springer Berlin Heidelberg}},\n doi = {10.1007/3-540-27129-5\\\\_15},\n url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/14110940},\n abstract = {[Excerpt: Introduction] Wildland fire can have profound effects on the hydrologic response of a watershed. Consumption of the rainfall-intercepting canopy and of the soil-mantling litter and duff, intensive drying of the soil, combustion of soil-binding organic matter, and the enhancement or formation of water-repellent soils can change the infiltration characteristics and erodibility of the soil, leading to decreased rainfall infiltration, subsequent significantly increased overland flow and runoff in channels, and movement of soil (e.g., Swanson, 1981; Spittler, 1995; Doerr et al., 2000; Martin and Moody, 2001; Moody and Martin, 2001b; Wondzell and King, 2003). Unit-area peak discharges measured following wildfire have shown between 1.45- and 870-fold increases over pre-fire rates (Moody and Martin, 2001a). Removal of obstructions by wildfire through consumption of vegetation can also enhance the erosive power of overland flow, resulting in accelerated erosion of material from hillslopes (Meyer, 2002). Increased runoff can erode significant volumes of material from channels, either by bank failure or channel bed erosion. Over longer time periods, decreased rates of evapotranspiration caused by vegetation mortality and decay of root structure may result in increased soil moisture and the loss of soil cohesion (Klock and Helvey, 1976; Swanson, 1981; Schmidt et al., 2001). Rainfall on burned watersheds thus has a high potential to transport and deposit large volumes of sediment both within and down-channel from the burned area.\n\n[\\textbackslash n] Debris flows can be one of the most hazardous consequences of rainfall on burned hillslopes (e.g., Parrett, 1987; Morton, 1989; Meyer and Wells, 1997; Cannon, 2001) (Fig. 15.1A,B). They pose a hazard distinct from other sediment-laden flows because of their unique destructive power. Debris flows can occur with little warning, can exert great impulsive loads on objects in their paths, and even small debris flows can strip vegetation, block drainage ways, damage structures by impact and erosion, and endanger human life. The deaths of sixteen people during the Christmas Day 2003 storm that impacted recently-burned hillslopes in southern California highlight the most drastic consequences of post-wildfire debris flows (Los Angeles Times, 2003). In addition to the lives lost, US\\$9.5 million were spent to remove the 4.1 million cubic meters of material deposited in debris retention basins following this event. Understanding the processes that result in fire-related debris flows, the conditions under which they occur, and their size and frequency of occurrence are critical elements in effective post-fire hazard assessments.\n\n[\\textbackslash n] The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the current understanding of post-wildfire debris-flow processes and their occurrence.\n\n[\\textbackslash n] [...]\n\n[Summary and conclusions] Data compiled from studies of debris-flow processes following wildfires throughout the western U.S. can answer some of the questions fundamental to post-fire hazard assessments - what, where, why, when, how big, and how often? Not all elements of all questions have satisfactory answers, but what follows is what can be gleaned from the preceding pages.\n\n[::What and why?] Fire-related debris flows have been found to initiate through two primary processes: runoff-dominated erosion by surface overland flow, and infiltration-triggered failure of a discrete landslide mass. Runoff-dominated processes are by far the most prevalent (76\\,\\% of a sample of 210 basins), and occur in response to decreased infiltration and attendant increased runoff and erosion brought about by the immediate effects of the fires. Infiltration-triggered landslide activity is frequently attributed to both increased soil moisture brought about by vegetation-mortality-induced reduced transpiration rates, and root decay associated with decreases in soil cohesion.\n\n[::Where?] Debris flows that initiate through runoff-dominated erosion have been documented throughout the intermountain west and southern California. Basins underlain with sedimentary and metamorphic rock types with more than about 65\\,\\% of their areas burned at a combination of high and moderate severities, and with areas and average gradients that fall above the threshold shown in Fig. 15.9 are those most likely to produce this type of debris flow. [\\textbackslash n] [...]\n\n[::When?] Runoff-initiated debris flows are produced in response to storms that occur up to two years after the fire, and often in response to the first significant rainfall of the storm season. They occur most frequently in response to storms with average intensities greater than about 4 mm/hr and between 30 minutes and 24 hours in duration. However, debris flows have occurred within a storm after as little as 6 minutes of rainfall at intensities of 95 mm/hr. [\\textbackslash n] [...] [\\textbackslash n] Debris flows generated through mobilization of landslides can occur during the first rainy season immediately after the fire, and up to about 10 years after the fire. These events generally occur in response to prolonged rainfall events, and in some cases, considerably more material is contributed to the debris flows from hillslope runoff and channel erosion than from the landslide scars. [...]\n\n[::How big?] Reported peak discharge estimates for runoff-initiated debris-flow events vary between 2 and 240 m3/s and reported volumes range from as little as 600 m3 to 300,000 m3. [...]\n\n[::How often?] Basins with thin colluvial covers and minimal channel-fill deposits generally produce debris flows only in response to the first significant rainfall of the season. Basins with thick channel-fill deposits, and those mantled with thick accumulations of talus, frequently produce numerous debris flows throughout the rainy season.\n\n[\\textbackslash n] In the absence of similar data in other settings throughout the world, the relations developed here may be appropriate for preliminary hazard assessments. However, we would expect that local conditions strongly affect debris-flow occurrence, and collection and analysis of site-specific data can only help but to improve such assessments.\n\n[\\textbackslash n] [...]},\n isbn = {978-3-540-27129-1},\n keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-14110940,~to-add-doi-URL,burnt-area,debris-flows,erodibility,forest-resources,hydrology,landslides,natural-hazards,postfire-impacts,precipitation,runoff,sediment-transport,soil-erosion,soil-hydrophobicity,soil-moisture,soil-resources,water-resources,wildfires},\n series = {Springer {{Praxis Books}}}\n}\n\n","author_short":["Cannon, S. H.","Gartner, J. 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