@article{ Carmi_Itti06vr,
  author = {R. Carmi and L. Itti},
  title = {Visual Causes versus Correlates of Attentional Selection in
Dynamic Scenes},
  journal = {Vision Research},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {46},
  number = {26},
  month = {Dec},
  pages = {4333-4345},
  abstract = {What are the visual causes, rather than mere correlates, of
attentional selection and how do they compare to each other during
natural vision? To address these questions, we first strung together
semantically unrelated dynamic scenes into MTV-style video clips, and
performed eye tracking experiments with human observers. We then
quantified predictions of saccade target selection based on 7
bottom-up models, including intensity variance, orientation contrast,
intensity contrast, color contrast, flicker contrast, motion contrast,
and integrated saliency. On average, all tested models predicted
saccade target selection well above chance. Dynamic models were
particularly predictive of a subset of saccades that were initiated
immediately after scene onsets, and led to minimal interobserver
variability. In comparison, static models showed mixed results in
these circumstances, with intensity variance and orientation contrast
achieving particularly weak prediction accuracy (lower than their own
average, and approximately 4 times lower than dynamic models). These
results indicate that dynamic visual cues play a dominant causal role
in attracting attention. In comparison, some static visual correlates
of attentional selection play a weaker causal role, while other static
correlates are not causal at all, and may instead reflect top-down
causes.},
  file = {http://ilab.usc.edu/publications/doc/Carmi_Itti06vr.pdf},
  type = {bu;sc;eye},
  if = {2005 impact factor: 2.027}
}