Core and Shell Song Systems Unique to the Parrot Brain. Chakraborty, M., Wallœ, S., Nedergaard, S., Fridel, E. E., Dabelsteen, T., Pakkenberg, B., Bertelsen, M. F., Dorrestein, G. M., Brauth, S. E., Durand, S. E., & Jarvis, E. D. PLoS One, 10(6):e0118496, 2015. doi abstract bibtex The ability to imitate complex sounds is rare, and among birds has been found only in parrots, songbirds, and hummingbirds. Parrots exhibit the most advanced vocal mimicry among non-human animals. A few studies have noted differences in connectivity, brain position and shape in the vocal learning systems of parrots relative to songbirds and hummingbirds. However, only one parrot species, the budgerigar, has been examined and no differences in the presence of song system structures were found with other avian vocal learners. Motivated by questions of whether there are important differences in the vocal systems of parrots relative to other vocal learners, we used specialized constitutive gene expression, singing-driven gene expression, and neural connectivity tracing experiments to further characterize the song system of budgerigars and/or other parrots. We found that the parrot brain uniquely contains a song system within a song system. The parrot "core" song system is similar to the song systems of songbirds and hummingbirds, whereas the "shell" song system is unique to parrots. The core with only rudimentary shell regions were found in the New Zealand kea, representing one of the only living species at a basal divergence with all other parrots, implying that parrots evolved vocal learning systems at least 29 million years ago. Relative size differences in the core and shell regions occur among species, which we suggest could be related to species differences in vocal and cognitive abilities.
@Article{Chakraborty2015,
author = {Chakraborty, Mukta and Wall\oe, Solveig and Nedergaard, Signe and Fridel, Emma E. and Dabelsteen, Torben and Pakkenberg, Bente and Bertelsen, Mads F. and Dorrestein, Gerry M. and Brauth, Steven E. and Durand, Sarah E. and Jarvis, Erich D.},
journal = {PLoS One},
title = {Core and Shell Song Systems Unique to the Parrot Brain.},
year = {2015},
number = {6},
pages = {e0118496},
volume = {10},
abstract = {The ability to imitate complex sounds is rare, and among birds has
been found only in parrots, songbirds, and hummingbirds. Parrots
exhibit the most advanced vocal mimicry among non-human animals.
A few studies have noted differences in connectivity, brain position
and shape in the vocal learning systems of parrots relative to songbirds
and hummingbirds. However, only one parrot species, the budgerigar,
has been examined and no differences in the presence of song system
structures were found with other avian vocal learners. Motivated
by questions of whether there are important differences in the vocal
systems of parrots relative to other vocal learners, we used specialized
constitutive gene expression, singing-driven gene expression, and
neural connectivity tracing experiments to further characterize the
song system of budgerigars and/or other parrots. We found that the
parrot brain uniquely contains a song system within a song system.
The parrot "core" song system is similar to the song systems of songbirds
and hummingbirds, whereas the "shell" song system is unique to parrots.
The core with only rudimentary shell regions were found in the New
Zealand kea, representing one of the only living species at a basal
divergence with all other parrots, implying that parrots evolved
vocal learning systems at least 29 million years ago. Relative size
differences in the core and shell regions occur among species, which
we suggest could be related to species differences in vocal and cognitive
abilities.},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0118496},
institution = {Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America.},
keywords = {Animals; Brain, physiology; Humans; Learning; Music; New Zealand; Parrots, physiology; Vocalization, Animal, physiology},
language = {eng},
medline-pst = {epublish},
pmid = {26107173},
timestamp = {2016.04.15},
}
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D."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Chakraborty"],"firstnames":["Mukta"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Wallœ"],"firstnames":["Solveig"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Nedergaard"],"firstnames":["Signe"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Fridel"],"firstnames":["Emma","E."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Dabelsteen"],"firstnames":["Torben"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Pakkenberg"],"firstnames":["Bente"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Bertelsen"],"firstnames":["Mads","F."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Dorrestein"],"firstnames":["Gerry","M."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Brauth"],"firstnames":["Steven","E."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Durand"],"firstnames":["Sarah","E."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Jarvis"],"firstnames":["Erich","D."],"suffixes":[]}],"journal":"PLoS One","title":"Core and Shell Song Systems Unique to the Parrot Brain.","year":"2015","number":"6","pages":"e0118496","volume":"10","abstract":"The ability to imitate complex sounds is rare, and among birds has been found only in parrots, songbirds, and hummingbirds. Parrots exhibit the most advanced vocal mimicry among non-human animals. A few studies have noted differences in connectivity, brain position and shape in the vocal learning systems of parrots relative to songbirds and hummingbirds. However, only one parrot species, the budgerigar, has been examined and no differences in the presence of song system structures were found with other avian vocal learners. Motivated by questions of whether there are important differences in the vocal systems of parrots relative to other vocal learners, we used specialized constitutive gene expression, singing-driven gene expression, and neural connectivity tracing experiments to further characterize the song system of budgerigars and/or other parrots. We found that the parrot brain uniquely contains a song system within a song system. The parrot \"core\" song system is similar to the song systems of songbirds and hummingbirds, whereas the \"shell\" song system is unique to parrots. The core with only rudimentary shell regions were found in the New Zealand kea, representing one of the only living species at a basal divergence with all other parrots, implying that parrots evolved vocal learning systems at least 29 million years ago. 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Parrots\n\texhibit the most advanced vocal mimicry among non-human animals.\n\tA few studies have noted differences in connectivity, brain position\n\tand shape in the vocal learning systems of parrots relative to songbirds\n\tand hummingbirds. However, only one parrot species, the budgerigar,\n\thas been examined and no differences in the presence of song system\n\tstructures were found with other avian vocal learners. Motivated\n\tby questions of whether there are important differences in the vocal\n\tsystems of parrots relative to other vocal learners, we used specialized\n\tconstitutive gene expression, singing-driven gene expression, and\n\tneural connectivity tracing experiments to further characterize the\n\tsong system of budgerigars and/or other parrots. 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