@article{chang_simulations_2021,
	title = {Simulations of {Switchback}, {Fragmentation} and {Sunspot} {Pair} in δ-{Sunspots} during {Magnetic} {Flux} {Emergence}},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1424-8220},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/2/586},
	doi = {10.3390/s21020586},
	abstract = {Strong flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), launched from δ-sunspots, are the most catastrophic energy-releasing events in the solar system. The formations of δ-sunspots and relevant polarity inversion lines (PILs) are crucial for the understanding of flare eruptions and CMEs. In this work, the kink-stable, spot-spot-type δ-sunspots induced by flux emergence are simulated, under different subphotospheric initial conditions of magnetic field strength, radius, twist, and depth. The time evolution of various plasma variables of the δ-sunspots are simulated and compared with the observation data, including magnetic bipolar structures, relevant PILs, and temperature. The simulation results show that magnetic polarities display switchbacks at a certain stage and then split into numerous fragments. The simulated fragmentation phenomenon in some δ-sunspots may provide leads for future observations in the field.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-07-12},
	journal = {Sensors},
	author = {Chang, Che-Jui and Kiang, Jean-Fu},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {586},
}

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