@article{chang_effects_2018,
	title = {The {Effects} of {Add}-on {Fronto}-{Temporal} {Transcranial} {Direct} {Current} {Stimulation} ({tDCS}) on {Auditory} {Verbal} {Hallucinations}, {Other} {Psychopathological} {Symptoms}, and {Insight} in {Schizophrenia}: {A} {Randomized}, {Double}-{Blind}, {Sham}-{Controlled} {Trial}},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1461-1457},
	shorttitle = {The {Effects} of {Add}-on {Fronto}-{Temporal} {Transcranial} {Direct} {Current} {Stimulation} ({tDCS}) on {Auditory} {Verbal} {Hallucinations}, {Other} {Psychopathological} {Symptoms}, and {Insight} in {Schizophrenia}},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6209860/},
	doi = {10.1093/ijnp/pyy074},
	abstract = {Background
The efficacy of fronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation in treating auditory verbal hallucinations and other psychopathological symptoms of schizophrenia patients has been examined in a small number of clinical trials with limited sample sizes, but the results are mixed. Fronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation has also been demonstrated to enhance patients’ insight into their mental illness in an open-label pilot study. The current investigation aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of fronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation on the severity of auditory verbal hallucinations, other schizophrenia symptoms, and insight in a large double blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial.

Methods
Sixty patients with medication-refractory auditory verbal hallucinations were randomized over 2 conditions: transcranial direct current stimulation with 2-mA, twice-daily sessions for 5 consecutive days, with anodal stimulation to the left prefrontal cortex and cathodal stimulation to the left temporo-parietal junction, and sham treatment.

Results
Fronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation failed to cause significant changes in the severity of auditory verbal hallucinations and other schizophrenia symptoms. The levels of insight into illness (effect size=0.511, P{\textless}.001) and positive symptoms (effect size=0.781, P{\textless}.001) were largely promoted by 5 days of transcranial direct current stimulation relative to sham treatment. The beneficial effects on the 2 insight dimensions remained 1 month after transcranial direct current stimulation.

Conclusions
Fronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation is not more effective for auditory verbal hallucinations and other schizophrenia symptoms than sham treatment. But the results of transcranial direct current stimulation-associated improvement in awareness of illness and positive symptoms show promise and provide a new direction for future research into insight promotion interventions in schizophrenia.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2021-04-10},
	journal = {International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology},
	author = {Chang, Chuan-Chia and Tzeng, Nian-Sheng and Chao, Che-Yi and Yeh, Chin-Bin and Chang, Hsin-An},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	pmid = {30107404},
	pmcid = {PMC6209860},
	note = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0] },
	pages = {979--987},
}

{"_id":"pvKpJ93AXk3hCCpW9","bibbaseid":"chang-tzeng-chao-yeh-chang-theeffectsofaddonfrontotemporaltranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationtdcsonauditoryverbalhallucinationsotherpsychopathologicalsymptomsandinsightinschizophreniaarandomizeddoubleblindshamcontrolledtrial-2018","author_short":["Chang, C.","Tzeng, N.","Chao, C.","Yeh, C.","Chang, H."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","title":"The Effects of Add-on Fronto-Temporal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Auditory Verbal Hallucinations, Other Psychopathological Symptoms, and Insight in Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Trial","volume":"21","issn":"1461-1457","shorttitle":"The Effects of Add-on Fronto-Temporal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Auditory Verbal Hallucinations, Other Psychopathological Symptoms, and Insight in Schizophrenia","url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6209860/","doi":"10.1093/ijnp/pyy074","abstract":"Background The efficacy of fronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation in treating auditory verbal hallucinations and other psychopathological symptoms of schizophrenia patients has been examined in a small number of clinical trials with limited sample sizes, but the results are mixed. Fronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation has also been demonstrated to enhance patients’ insight into their mental illness in an open-label pilot study. The current investigation aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of fronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation on the severity of auditory verbal hallucinations, other schizophrenia symptoms, and insight in a large double blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial. Methods Sixty patients with medication-refractory auditory verbal hallucinations were randomized over 2 conditions: transcranial direct current stimulation with 2-mA, twice-daily sessions for 5 consecutive days, with anodal stimulation to the left prefrontal cortex and cathodal stimulation to the left temporo-parietal junction, and sham treatment. Results Fronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation failed to cause significant changes in the severity of auditory verbal hallucinations and other schizophrenia symptoms. The levels of insight into illness (effect size=0.511, P\\textless.001) and positive symptoms (effect size=0.781, P\\textless.001) were largely promoted by 5 days of transcranial direct current stimulation relative to sham treatment. The beneficial effects on the 2 insight dimensions remained 1 month after transcranial direct current stimulation. Conclusions Fronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation is not more effective for auditory verbal hallucinations and other schizophrenia symptoms than sham treatment. But the results of transcranial direct current stimulation-associated improvement in awareness of illness and positive symptoms show promise and provide a new direction for future research into insight promotion interventions in schizophrenia.","number":"11","urldate":"2021-04-10","journal":"International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Chang"],"firstnames":["Chuan-Chia"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Tzeng"],"firstnames":["Nian-Sheng"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Chao"],"firstnames":["Che-Yi"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Yeh"],"firstnames":["Chin-Bin"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Chang"],"firstnames":["Hsin-An"],"suffixes":[]}],"month":"August","year":"2018","pmid":"30107404","pmcid":"PMC6209860","note":"ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0] ","pages":"979–987","bibtex":"@article{chang_effects_2018,\n\ttitle = {The {Effects} of {Add}-on {Fronto}-{Temporal} {Transcranial} {Direct} {Current} {Stimulation} ({tDCS}) on {Auditory} {Verbal} {Hallucinations}, {Other} {Psychopathological} {Symptoms}, and {Insight} in {Schizophrenia}: {A} {Randomized}, {Double}-{Blind}, {Sham}-{Controlled} {Trial}},\n\tvolume = {21},\n\tissn = {1461-1457},\n\tshorttitle = {The {Effects} of {Add}-on {Fronto}-{Temporal} {Transcranial} {Direct} {Current} {Stimulation} ({tDCS}) on {Auditory} {Verbal} {Hallucinations}, {Other} {Psychopathological} {Symptoms}, and {Insight} in {Schizophrenia}},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6209860/},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/ijnp/pyy074},\n\tabstract = {Background\nThe efficacy of fronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation in treating auditory verbal hallucinations and other psychopathological symptoms of schizophrenia patients has been examined in a small number of clinical trials with limited sample sizes, but the results are mixed. Fronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation has also been demonstrated to enhance patients’ insight into their mental illness in an open-label pilot study. The current investigation aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of fronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation on the severity of auditory verbal hallucinations, other schizophrenia symptoms, and insight in a large double blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial.\n\nMethods\nSixty patients with medication-refractory auditory verbal hallucinations were randomized over 2 conditions: transcranial direct current stimulation with 2-mA, twice-daily sessions for 5 consecutive days, with anodal stimulation to the left prefrontal cortex and cathodal stimulation to the left temporo-parietal junction, and sham treatment.\n\nResults\nFronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation failed to cause significant changes in the severity of auditory verbal hallucinations and other schizophrenia symptoms. The levels of insight into illness (effect size=0.511, P{\\textless}.001) and positive symptoms (effect size=0.781, P{\\textless}.001) were largely promoted by 5 days of transcranial direct current stimulation relative to sham treatment. The beneficial effects on the 2 insight dimensions remained 1 month after transcranial direct current stimulation.\n\nConclusions\nFronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation is not more effective for auditory verbal hallucinations and other schizophrenia symptoms than sham treatment. But the results of transcranial direct current stimulation-associated improvement in awareness of illness and positive symptoms show promise and provide a new direction for future research into insight promotion interventions in schizophrenia.},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\turldate = {2021-04-10},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Chang, Chuan-Chia and Tzeng, Nian-Sheng and Chao, Che-Yi and Yeh, Chin-Bin and Chang, Hsin-An},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {30107404},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6209860},\n\tnote = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0] },\n\tpages = {979--987},\n}\n\n","author_short":["Chang, C.","Tzeng, N.","Chao, C.","Yeh, C.","Chang, H."],"key":"chang_effects_2018","id":"chang_effects_2018","bibbaseid":"chang-tzeng-chao-yeh-chang-theeffectsofaddonfrontotemporaltranscranialdirectcurrentstimulationtdcsonauditoryverbalhallucinationsotherpsychopathologicalsymptomsandinsightinschizophreniaarandomizeddoubleblindshamcontrolledtrial-2018","role":"author","urls":{"Paper":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6209860/"},"metadata":{"authorlinks":{}}},"bibtype":"article","biburl":"https://bibbase.org/zotero/saracatanese","dataSources":["eTsH756eicg6vxuG3","5Q3QAaq7NKyE2QC5S"],"keywords":[],"search_terms":["effects","add","fronto","temporal","transcranial","direct","current","stimulation","tdcs","auditory","verbal","hallucinations","psychopathological","symptoms","insight","schizophrenia","randomized","double","blind","sham","controlled","trial","chang","tzeng","chao","yeh","chang"],"title":"The Effects of Add-on Fronto-Temporal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Auditory Verbal Hallucinations, Other Psychopathological Symptoms, and Insight in Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Trial","year":2018}