Risk taking in adversarial situations: Civilization differences in chess experts. Chassy, P. & Gobet, F. Cognition, 141:36--40, August, 2015.
Risk taking in adversarial situations: Civilization differences in chess experts [link]Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   
The projections of experts in politics predict that a new world order will emerge within two decades. Being multipolar, this world will inevitably lead to frictions where civilizations and states will have to decide whether to risk conflict. Very often these decisions are informed if not taken by experts. To estimate risk-taking across civilizations, we examined strategies used in 667,617 chess games played over ten years by chess experts from 12 different civilizations. We show that some civilizations are more inclined to settle for peace. Similarly, we show that once engaged in the battle, the level of risk taking varies significantly across civilizations, the boldest civilization using the riskiest strategy about 35% more than the most conservative civilization. We discuss which psychological factors might underpin these civilizational differences.
@article{chassy_risk_2015,
	title = {Risk taking in adversarial situations: {Civilization} differences in chess experts},
	volume = {141},
	issn = {0010-0277},
	shorttitle = {Risk taking in adversarial situations},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010027715000797},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2015.04.008},
	abstract = {The projections of experts in politics predict that a new world order will emerge within two decades. Being multipolar, this world will inevitably lead to frictions where civilizations and states will have to decide whether to risk conflict. Very often these decisions are informed if not taken by experts. To estimate risk-taking across civilizations, we examined strategies used in 667,617 chess games played over ten years by chess experts from 12 different civilizations. We show that some civilizations are more inclined to settle for peace. Similarly, we show that once engaged in the battle, the level of risk taking varies significantly across civilizations, the boldest civilization using the riskiest strategy about 35\% more than the most conservative civilization. We discuss which psychological factors might underpin these civilizational differences.},
	urldate = {2015-04-27},
	journal = {Cognition},
	author = {Chassy, Philippe and Gobet, Fernand},
	month = aug,
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Civilization, Decision making, Expertise, Politics, Risk taking, Strategy},
	pages = {36--40},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/51276/Chassy and Gobet - 2015 - Risk taking in adversarial situations Civilizatio.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/51277/S0010027715000797.html:text/html}
}

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