An integrated space-to-ground quantum communication network over 4,600 kilometres. Chen, Y., Zhang, Q., Chen, T., Cai, W., Liao, S., Zhang, J., Chen, K., Yin, J., Ren, J., Chen, Z., Han, S., Yu, Q., Liang, K., Zhou, F., Yuan, X., Zhao, M., Wang, T., Jiang, X., Zhang, L., Liu, W., Li, Y., Shen, Q., Cao, Y., Lu, C., Shu, R., Wang, J., Li, L., Liu, N., Xu, F., Wang, X., Peng, C., & Pan, J. Nature, 589(7841):214-219, 01, 2021.
An integrated space-to-ground quantum communication network over 4,600 kilometres [link]Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   
Quantum key distribution (QKD)1,2 has the potential to enable secure communication and information transfer3. In the laboratory, the feasibility of point-to-point QKD is evident from the early proof-of-concept demonstration in the laboratory over 32 centimetres4; this distance was later extended to the 100-kilometre scale5,6 with decoy-state QKD and more recently to the 500-kilometre scale7–10 with measurement-device-independent QKD. Several small-scale QKD networks have also been tested outside the laboratory11–14. However, a global QKD network requires a practically (not just theoretically) secure and reliable QKD network that can be used by a large number of users distributed over a wide area15. Quantum repeaters16,17 could in principle provide a viable option for such a global network, but they cannot be deployed using current technology18. Here we demonstrate an integrated space-to-ground quantum communication network that combines a large-scale fibre network of more than 700 fibre QKD links and two high-speed satellite-to-ground free-space QKD links. Using a trusted relay structure, the fibre network on the ground covers more than 2,000 kilometres, provides practical security against the imperfections of realistic devices, and maintains long-term reliability and stability. The satellite-to-ground QKD achieves an average secret-key rate of 47.8 kilobits per second for a typical satellite pass—more than 40 times higher than achieved previously. Moreover, its channel loss is comparable to that between a geostationary satellite and the ground, making the construction of more versatile and ultralong quantum links via geosynchronous satellites feasible. Finally, by integrating the fibre and free-space QKD links, the QKD network is extended to a remote node more than 2,600 kilometres away, enabling any user in the network to communicate with any other, up to a total distance of 4,600 kilometres.
@article{Chen2021,
  abstract = {Quantum key distribution (QKD)1,2 has the potential to enable secure communication and information transfer3. In the laboratory, the feasibility of point-to-point QKD is evident from the early proof-of-concept demonstration in the laboratory over 32 centimetres4; this distance was later extended to the 100-kilometre scale5,6 with decoy-state QKD and more recently to the 500-kilometre scale7--10 with measurement-device-independent QKD. Several small-scale QKD networks have also been tested outside the laboratory11--14. However, a global QKD network requires a practically (not just theoretically) secure and reliable QKD network that can be used by a large number of users distributed over a wide area15. Quantum repeaters16,17 could in principle provide a viable option for such a global network, but they cannot be deployed using current technology18. Here we demonstrate an integrated space-to-ground quantum communication network that combines a large-scale fibre network of more than 700 fibre QKD links and two high-speed satellite-to-ground free-space QKD links. Using a trusted relay structure, the fibre network on the ground covers more than 2,000 kilometres, provides practical security against the imperfections of realistic devices, and maintains long-term reliability and stability. The satellite-to-ground QKD achieves an average secret-key rate of 47.8 kilobits per second for a typical satellite pass---more than 40 times higher than achieved previously. Moreover, its channel loss is comparable to that between a geostationary satellite and the ground, making the construction of more versatile and ultralong quantum links via geosynchronous satellites feasible. Finally, by integrating the fibre and free-space QKD links, the QKD network is extended to a remote node more than 2,600 kilometres away, enabling any user in the network to communicate with any other, up to a total distance of 4,600 kilometres.},
  added-at = {2023-07-07T11:56:49.000+0200},
  author = {Chen, Yu-Ao and Zhang, Qiang and Chen, Teng-Yun and Cai, Wen-Qi and Liao, Sheng-Kai and Zhang, Jun and Chen, Kai and Yin, Juan and Ren, Ji-Gang and Chen, Zhu and Han, Sheng-Long and Yu, Qing and Liang, Ken and Zhou, Fei and Yuan, Xiao and Zhao, Mei-Sheng and Wang, Tian-Yin and Jiang, Xiao and Zhang, Liang and Liu, Wei-Yue and Li, Yang and Shen, Qi and Cao, Yuan and Lu, Chao-Yang and Shu, Rong and Wang, Jian-Yu and Li, Li and Liu, Nai-Le and Xu, Feihu and Wang, Xiang-Bin and Peng, Cheng-Zhi and Pan, Jian-Wei},
  biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2ab1ab22f6608da7d8124485b32802039/cqed},
  day = 01,
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-020-03093-8},
  interhash = {7229248d38c11618e0be3325c605ea97},
  intrahash = {ab1ab22f6608da7d8124485b32802039},
  issn = {1476-4687},
  journal = {Nature},
  keywords = {networks},
  month = {01},
  number = 7841,
  pages = {214-219},
  timestamp = {2023-07-07T11:56:49.000+0200},
  title = {An integrated space-to-ground quantum communication network over 4,600 kilometres},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03093-8},
  volume = 589,
  year = 2021
}
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