Fuel consumption and fire characteristics during understory burning in a mixed white pine-hardwood stand in the Southern Appalachians. Clinton, B. D., Vose, J., Swank, W., Berg, E. C., & Loftis, D. L. Research Paper SRS-12, 1998.
Fuel consumption and fire characteristics during understory burning in a mixed white pine-hardwood stand in the Southern Appalachians. [pdf]Paper  abstract   bibtex   
We characterized fire behavior and fuel consumption resulting from an understory prescribed burn in a mixed eastern white pine-hardwood stand in the Southern Appalachians. Three stands were used for the treatment. Flame lengths, ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 meters (m) for backing fires and from 1.2 to 4.5 m for head fires, reached maximum heights where evergreen understory was found. Rates of spread ranged from 1.8 to 3.0 m per minute for head fires and 0.3 m per minute for backing fires. Fire intensity, measured with ceramic tiles painted with heat-sensitive paint, varied across stands. Mean peak flame temperature ranged from 129 to 290

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