200 khz commercial sonar systems generate lower frequency side lobes audible to some marine mammals. Deng, undefined, Z. Daniel AND Southall, undefined, Brandon L. AND Carlson, undefined, Thomas J. AND Xu, undefined, Jinshan AND Martinez, undefined, Jayson J. AND Weiland, undefined, & Mark A. AND Ingraham, undefined PLoS ONE, 9:e95315, Public Library of Science, 2014. ![200 khz commercial sonar systems generate lower frequency side lobes audible to some marine mammals [link]](https://bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg "link")
Paper doi abstract bibtex The spectral properties of pulses transmitted by three commercially available 200 kHz echo sounders were measured to assess the possibility that marine mammals might hear sound energy below the center (carrier) frequency that may be generated by transmitting short rectangular pulses. All three sounders were found to generate sound at frequencies below the center frequency and within the hearing range of some marine mammals, e.g. killer whales, false killer whales, beluga whales, Atlantic bottlenose dolphins, harbor porpoises, and others. The frequencies of these sub-harmonic sounds ranged from 90 to 130 kHz. These sounds were likely detectable by the animals over distances up to several hundred meters but were well below potentially harmful levels. The sounds generated by the sounders could potentially affect the behavior of marine mammals within fairly close proximity to the sources and therefore the exclusion of echo sounders from environmental impact analysis based solely on the center frequency output in relation to the range of marine mammal hearing should be reconsidered.
@ARTICLE{10.1371/journal.pone.0095315,
author = {Deng, , Z. Daniel AND Southall, , Brandon L. AND Carlson, , Thomas
J. AND Xu, , Jinshan AND Martinez, , Jayson J. AND Weiland, , Mark
A. AND Ingraham, , John M.},
title = {200 khz commercial sonar systems generate lower frequency side lobes
audible to some marine mammals},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
year = {2014},
volume = {9},
pages = {e95315},
abstract = {<p>The spectral properties of pulses transmitted by three commercially
available 200 kHz echo sounders were measured to assess the possibility
that marine mammals might hear sound energy below the center (carrier)
frequency that may be generated by transmitting short rectangular
pulses. All three sounders were found to generate sound at frequencies
below the center frequency and within the hearing range of some marine
mammals, e.g. killer whales, false killer whales, beluga whales,
Atlantic bottlenose dolphins, harbor porpoises, and others. The frequencies
of these sub-harmonic sounds ranged from 90 to 130 kHz. These sounds
were likely detectable by the animals over distances up to several
hundred meters but were well below potentially harmful levels. The
sounds generated by the sounders could potentially affect the behavior
of marine mammals within fairly close proximity to the sources and
therefore the exclusion of echo sounders from environmental impact
analysis based solely on the center frequency output in relation
to the range of marine mammal hearing should be reconsidered.</p>},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0095315},
owner = {Tiago Marques},
publisher = {Public Library of Science},
timestamp = {2014.04.16},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0095315}
}
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AND Ingraham, , John M.},\r\n title = {200 khz commercial sonar systems generate lower frequency side lobes\r\n\taudible to some marine mammals},\r\n journal = {PLoS ONE},\r\n year = {2014},\r\n volume = {9},\r\n pages = {e95315},\r\n abstract = {<p>The spectral properties of pulses transmitted by three commercially\r\n\tavailable 200 kHz echo sounders were measured to assess the possibility\r\n\tthat marine mammals might hear sound energy below the center (carrier)\r\n\tfrequency that may be generated by transmitting short rectangular\r\n\tpulses. All three sounders were found to generate sound at frequencies\r\n\tbelow the center frequency and within the hearing range of some marine\r\n\tmammals, e.g. killer whales, false killer whales, beluga whales,\r\n\tAtlantic bottlenose dolphins, harbor porpoises, and others. The frequencies\r\n\tof these sub-harmonic sounds ranged from 90 to 130 kHz. 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