A five stage model of the mental activities involved in directed skill acquisition. Dreyfus, S. & Dreyfus, H. Technical Report February, 1980. 00000
A five stage model of the mental activities involved in directed skill acquisition [pdf]Paper  abstract   bibtex   
In acquiring a skill by means of instruction and experience, the student normally passes through five developmental stages which we designate novice, competence, proficiency, expertise and mastery. We argue, based on analysis of careful descriptions of skill acquisition, that as the student becomes skilled he depends less on abstract principles and more on conrete experience. We systemize and illustrate the progressive changes in a performer's ways of seeing his task environment. We conclude that any skill-training procedure must be based on some model of skill acqusition, so that it can address, at each stage of training, the appropriate issues involved in facilitating advancement.

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