You can swim but you can't hide: the global status and conservation of oceanic pelagic sharks and rays. Dulvy, N. K., Baum, J. K., Clarke, S., Compagno, L. J. V., Cortes, E., Domingo, A., Fordham, S., Fowler, S., Francis, M. P., Gibson, C., Martinez, J., Musick, J. A., Soldo, A., Stevens, J. D., & Valenti, S. AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS, 18(5):459-482, WILEY-BLACKWELL, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA, JUL-AUG, 2008.
doi  abstract   bibtex   
1. Fishing spans all oceans and the impact on ocean predators such as sharks and rays is largely unknown. A lack of data and complicated jurisdictional issues present particular challenges for assessing and conserving high seas biodiversity. It is clear, however, that pelagic sharks and rays of the open ocean are subject to high and often unrestricted levels of mortality from bycatch and targeted fisheries for their meat and valuable fins. 2. These species exhibit a wide range of life-history characteristics, but many have relatively low productivity and consequently relatively high intrinsic vulnerability to over-exploitation. The IUCN-World Conservation Union Red List criteria were used to assess the global status of 21 oceanic pelagic shark and ray species. 3. Three-quarters (16) of these species are classified as Threatened or Near Threatened. Eleven species are globally threatened with higher risk of extinction: the giant devilray is Endangered, ten sharks are Vulnerable and a further five species are Near Threatened. Threat status depends on the interaction between the demographic resilience of the species and intensity of fisheries exploitation. 4. Most threatened species, like the shortfin mako shark, have low population increase rates and suffer high fishing mortality throughout their range. Species with a lower risk of extinction have either fast, resilient life histories (e.g. pelagic stingray) or are species with slow, less resilient life histories but subject to fisheries management (e.g. salmon shark). 5. Recommendations, including implementing and enforcing firming bans and catch limits, are made to guide effective conservation and management of these sharks and rays. Copyright (c) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
@article{ ISI:000258631300002,
Author = {Dulvy, Nicholas K. and Baum, Julia K. and Clarke, Shelley and Compagno,
   Leonard J. V. and Cortes, Enric and Domingo, Andres and Fordham, Sonja
   and Fowler, Sarah and Francis, Malcolm P. and Gibson, Claudine and
   Martinez, Jimmy and Musick, John A. and Soldo, Alen and Stevens, John D.
   and Valenti, Sarah},
Title = {{You can swim but you can't hide: the global status and conservation of
   oceanic pelagic sharks and rays}},
Journal = {{AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS}},
Year = {{2008}},
Volume = {{18}},
Number = {{5}},
Pages = {{459-482}},
Month = {{JUL-AUG}},
Abstract = {{1. Fishing spans all oceans and the impact on ocean predators such as
   sharks and rays is largely unknown. A lack of data and complicated
   jurisdictional issues present particular challenges for assessing and
   conserving high seas biodiversity. It is clear, however, that pelagic
   sharks and rays of the open ocean are subject to high and often
   unrestricted levels of mortality from bycatch and targeted fisheries for
   their meat and valuable fins.
   2. These species exhibit a wide range of life-history characteristics,
   but many have relatively low productivity and consequently relatively
   high intrinsic vulnerability to over-exploitation. The IUCN-World
   Conservation Union Red List criteria were used to assess the global
   status of 21 oceanic pelagic shark and ray species.
   3. Three-quarters (16) of these species are classified as Threatened or
   Near Threatened. Eleven species are globally threatened with higher risk
   of extinction: the giant devilray is Endangered, ten sharks are
   Vulnerable and a further five species are Near Threatened. Threat status
   depends on the interaction between the demographic resilience of the
   species and intensity of fisheries exploitation.
   4. Most threatened species, like the shortfin mako shark, have low
   population increase rates and suffer high fishing mortality throughout
   their range. Species with a lower risk of extinction have either fast,
   resilient life histories (e.g. pelagic stingray) or are species with
   slow, less resilient life histories but subject to fisheries management
   (e.g. salmon shark).
   5. Recommendations, including implementing and enforcing firming bans
   and catch limits, are made to guide effective conservation and
   management of these sharks and rays. Copyright (c) 2008 John Wiley \&
   Sons, Ltd.}},
Publisher = {{WILEY-BLACKWELL}},
Address = {{111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA}},
Type = {{Review}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Dulvy, NK (Reprint Author), Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S5, Canada.
   Dulvy, Nicholas K., Ctr Environm Fisheries \& Aquaculture Sci, Lowestoft Lab, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, Suffolk, England.
   Dulvy, Nicholas K., Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S5, Canada.
   Baum, Julia K., Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Clarke, Shelley, Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol \& Med, Div Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
   Compagno, Leonard J. V., Iziko S African Museum, Shark Res Ctr, ZA-8000 Cape Town, South Africa.
   Cortes, Enric, NOAA Fisheries Serv, Panama City, FL 32408 USA.
   Domingo, Andres, Direec Nacl Recursos Acuat Recursos Pelag, Montevideo, Uruguay.
   Fordham, Sonja, Ocean Conservancy \& Shark Alliance, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.
   Fowler, Sarah; Gibson, Claudine; Valenti, Sarah, Nat Bur Int, IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Grp, Newbury RG14 5SJ, Berks, England.
   Francis, Malcolm P., Natl Inst Water \& Atmospher Res, Wellington, New Zealand.
   Musick, John A., Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA.
   Soldo, Alen, Univ Split, Ctr Marine Studies, Split 21000, Croatia.
   Stevens, John D., CSIRO Marine \& Atmospher Res, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
   Martinez, Jimmy, Escuela Pesca Pacifico Oriental EPESPO, Manta, Ecuador.}},
DOI = {{10.1002/aqc.975}},
ISSN = {{1052-7613}},
EISSN = {{1099-0755}},
Keywords = {{biodiversity conservation; demography; elasmobranch; life histories;
   blue shark; white shark; porbeagle; thresher shark; tuna; billfish}},
Keywords-Plus = {{NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; DASYATIS-VIOLACEA BONAPARTE; BIGEYE THRESHER
   SHARK; GULF-OF-MEXICO; PRIONACE-GLAUCA; ISURUS-OXYRINCHUS; SHORTFIN
   MAKO; BLUE SHARK; REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY; PACIFIC-OCEAN}},
Research-Areas = {{Environmental Sciences \& Ecology; Marine \& Freshwater Biology; Water
   Resources}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Environmental Sciences; Marine \& Freshwater Biology; Water Resources}},
Author-Email = {{nick\_dulvy@sfu.ca}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Cortes, Enric/H-2700-2013
   Soldo, Alen/C-6802-2017
   }},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Soldo, Alen/0000-0002-0748-7558
   Dulvy, Nicholas/0000-0002-4295-9725}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{Conservation International}},
Funding-Text = {{The pelagic shark workshop and the work presented in this report were
   supported by the Pew Charitable Trust/Lenfest Ocean Programme.
   Conservation International is funding the completion of the SSG's global
   chondrichthyan assessment. We also acknowledge the numerous other
   funders of the SSG's various Red List workshops over the past four
   years. Full details Eire provided on the Funding Acknowledgements page
   of the SSG's
   website(www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/organizations/ssg/ssgfunds.htm). We thank
   Fabrizio Serena, Colin Simpfendorfer and John Baxter for their
   constructive comments.}},
Number-of-Cited-References = {{158}},
Times-Cited = {{289}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{30}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{331}},
Journal-ISO = {{Aquat. Conserv.-Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{340FK}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000258631300002}},
OA = {{No}},
ESI-Highly-Cited-Paper = {{Y}},
ESI-Hot-Paper = {{N}},
DA = {{2017-08-17}},
}
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