@article{Dunfield2009,
	title = {Metaplasticity governs natural experience-driven plasticity of nascent embryonic brain circuits.},
	volume = {64},
	issn = {1097-4199},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19874791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.034},
	abstract = {During embryogenesis, brain neurons receiving the same sensory input may undergo potentiation or depression. While the origin of variable plasticity in vivo is unknown, it plays a key role in shaping dynamic neural circuit refinement. Here, we investigate effects of natural visual stimuli on neuronal firing within the intact, awake, developing brain using calcium imaging of 100 s of central neurons in the Xenopus retinotectal system. We find that specific patterns of visual stimuli shift population responses toward either potentiation or depression in an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R)-dependent manner. In agreement with Bienenstock-Cooper-Munro metaplasticity, our results show that functional potentiation or depression can be predicted by individual neurons' specific receptive field properties and historic firing rates. Interestingly, this activity-dependent metaplasticity is itself NMDA-R dependent. Furthermore, network analysis reveals increased correlated firing of neurons that undergo potentiation. These findings implicate metaplasticity as a natural property regulating experience-dependent refinement of nascent embryonic brain circuits.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2013-08-15},
	journal = {Neuron},
	author = {Dunfield, Derek and Haas, Kurt},
	month = oct,
	year = {2009},
	pmid = {19874791},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd},
	keywords = {\#nosource, 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate, 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: pharmacology, Action Potentials, Action Potentials: physiology, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Biophysics, Brain, Brain: anatomy \& histology, Brain: embryology, Calcium, Calcium: metabolism, Electric Stimulation, Electric Stimulation: methods, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists: pharmacology, Long-Term Potentiation, Long-Term Potentiation: drug effects, Long-Term Potentiation: physiology, Models, Neurological, Nerve Net, Nerve Net: cytology, Nerve Net: embryology, Neurons, Neurons: drug effects, Neurons: physiology, Photic Stimulation, Photic Stimulation: methods, Statistics as Topic, Superior Colliculi, Superior Colliculi: cytology, Superior Colliculi: embryology, Synapses, Synapses: physiology, Visual Pathways, Visual Pathways: physiology, Xenopus laevis},
	pages = {240--50},
}

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We find that specific patterns of visual stimuli shift population responses toward either potentiation or depression in an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R)-dependent manner. In agreement with Bienenstock-Cooper-Munro metaplasticity, our results show that functional potentiation or depression can be predicted by individual neurons' specific receptive field properties and historic firing rates. Interestingly, this activity-dependent metaplasticity is itself NMDA-R dependent. Furthermore, network analysis reveals increased correlated firing of neurons that undergo potentiation. These findings implicate metaplasticity as a natural property regulating experience-dependent refinement of nascent embryonic brain circuits.","number":"2","urldate":"2013-08-15","journal":"Neuron","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Dunfield"],"firstnames":["Derek"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Haas"],"firstnames":["Kurt"],"suffixes":[]}],"month":"October","year":"2009","pmid":"19874791","note":"Publisher: Elsevier Ltd","keywords":"#nosource, 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate, 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: pharmacology, Action Potentials, Action Potentials: physiology, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Biophysics, Brain, Brain: anatomy & histology, Brain: embryology, Calcium, Calcium: metabolism, Electric Stimulation, Electric Stimulation: methods, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists: pharmacology, Long-Term Potentiation, Long-Term Potentiation: drug effects, Long-Term Potentiation: physiology, Models, Neurological, Nerve Net, Nerve Net: cytology, Nerve Net: embryology, Neurons, Neurons: drug effects, Neurons: physiology, Photic Stimulation, Photic Stimulation: methods, Statistics as Topic, Superior Colliculi, Superior Colliculi: cytology, Superior Colliculi: embryology, Synapses, Synapses: physiology, Visual Pathways, Visual Pathways: physiology, Xenopus laevis","pages":"240–50","bibtex":"@article{Dunfield2009,\n\ttitle = {Metaplasticity governs natural experience-driven plasticity of nascent embryonic brain circuits.},\n\tvolume = {64},\n\tissn = {1097-4199},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19874791},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.034},\n\tabstract = {During embryogenesis, brain neurons receiving the same sensory input may undergo potentiation or depression. While the origin of variable plasticity in vivo is unknown, it plays a key role in shaping dynamic neural circuit refinement. Here, we investigate effects of natural visual stimuli on neuronal firing within the intact, awake, developing brain using calcium imaging of 100 s of central neurons in the Xenopus retinotectal system. We find that specific patterns of visual stimuli shift population responses toward either potentiation or depression in an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R)-dependent manner. In agreement with Bienenstock-Cooper-Munro metaplasticity, our results show that functional potentiation or depression can be predicted by individual neurons' specific receptive field properties and historic firing rates. Interestingly, this activity-dependent metaplasticity is itself NMDA-R dependent. Furthermore, network analysis reveals increased correlated firing of neurons that undergo potentiation. 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