@article{ Einhauser_etal08a,
  author = {Einhäuser, W. and Spain, M. and Perona, P.},
  title = {Objects predict fixations better than early saliency},
  journal = {J. Vision},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {1-26},
  number = {14},
  abstract = {Humans move their eyes while looking at scenes and pictures. Eye movements
	correlate with shifts in attention and are thought to be a consequence
	of optimal resource allocation for high-level tasks such as visual
	recognition. Models of attention, such as 'saliency maps,' are often
	built on the assumption that 'early' features (color, contrast, orientation,
	motion, and so forth) drive attention directly. We explore an alternative
	hypothesis: Observers attend to âinterestingâ objects. To test this
	hypothesis, we measure the eye position of human observers while
	they inspect photographs of common natural scenes. Our observers
	perform different tasks: artistic evaluation, analysis of content,
	and search. Immediately after each presentation, our observers are
	asked to name objects they saw. Weighted with recall frequency, these
	objects predict fixations in individual images better than early
	saliency, irrespective of task. Also, saliency combined with object
	positions predicts which objects are frequently named. This suggests
	that early saliency has only an indirect effect on attention, acting
	through recognized objects. Consequently, rather than treating attention
	as mere preprocessing step for object recognition, models of both
	need to be integrated. }
}

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