@Article{Enard2002,
  author      = {Wolfgang Enard and Molly Przeworski and Simon E Fisher and Cecilia S L Lai and Victor Wiebe and Takashi Kitano and Anthony P Monaco and Svante P\"a\"abo},
  journal     = {Nature},
  title       = {Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language.},
  year        = {2002},
  number      = {6900},
  pages       = {869--872},
  volume      = {418},
  abstract    = {Language is a uniquely human trait likely to have been a prerequisite
	for the development of human culture. The ability to develop articulate
	speech relies on capabilities, such as fine control of the larynx
	and mouth, that are absent in chimpanzees and other great apes. FOXP2
	is the first gene relevant to the human ability to develop language.
	A point mutation in FOXP2 co-segregates with a disorder in a family
	in which half of the members have severe articulation difficulties
	accompanied by linguistic and grammatical impairment. This gene is
	disrupted by translocation in an unrelated individual who has a similar
	disorder. Thus, two functional copies of FOXP2 seem to be required
	for acquisition of normal spoken language. We sequenced the complementary
	DNAs that encode the FOXP2 protein in the chimpanzee, gorilla, orang-utan,
	rhesus macaque and mouse, and compared them with the human cDNA.
	We also investigated intraspecific variation of the human FOXP2 gene.
	Here we show that human FOXP2 contains changes in amino-acid coding
	and a pattern of nucleotide polymorphism, which strongly suggest
	that this gene has been the target of selection during recent human
	evolution.},
  doi         = {10.1038/nature01025},
  groups      = {[endress]},
  keywords    = {Alleles; Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acid Substitution, genetics; Animals; Cloning, Molecular; Conserved Sequence, genetics; Evolution, Molecular; Forkhead Transcription Factors; Genetic Variation, genetics; Humans; Language; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation, genetics; Phylogeny; Primates, genetics; Selection, Genetic; Speech; Speech Disorders, genetics; Transcription Factors, chemistry/genetics/metabolism},
  language    = {eng},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  pmid        = {12192408},
  school      = {Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Inselstrasse 22, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.},
  timestamp   = {2011.12.12},
}

{"_id":"wouW6gsD4X8856Cmb","bibbaseid":"enard-przeworski-fisher-lai-wiebe-kitano-monaco-pbo-molecularevolutionoffoxp2ageneinvolvedinspeechandlanguage-2002","author_short":["Enard, W.","Przeworski, M.","Fisher, S. E","Lai, C. S L","Wiebe, V.","Kitano, T.","Monaco, A. P","Pääbo, S."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","author":[{"firstnames":["Wolfgang"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Enard"],"suffixes":[]},{"firstnames":["Molly"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Przeworski"],"suffixes":[]},{"firstnames":["Simon","E"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Fisher"],"suffixes":[]},{"firstnames":["Cecilia","S","L"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Lai"],"suffixes":[]},{"firstnames":["Victor"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Wiebe"],"suffixes":[]},{"firstnames":["Takashi"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Kitano"],"suffixes":[]},{"firstnames":["Anthony","P"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Monaco"],"suffixes":[]},{"firstnames":["Svante"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Pääbo"],"suffixes":[]}],"journal":"Nature","title":"Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language.","year":"2002","number":"6900","pages":"869–872","volume":"418","abstract":"Language is a uniquely human trait likely to have been a prerequisite for the development of human culture. The ability to develop articulate speech relies on capabilities, such as fine control of the larynx and mouth, that are absent in chimpanzees and other great apes. FOXP2 is the first gene relevant to the human ability to develop language. A point mutation in FOXP2 co-segregates with a disorder in a family in which half of the members have severe articulation difficulties accompanied by linguistic and grammatical impairment. This gene is disrupted by translocation in an unrelated individual who has a similar disorder. Thus, two functional copies of FOXP2 seem to be required for acquisition of normal spoken language. We sequenced the complementary DNAs that encode the FOXP2 protein in the chimpanzee, gorilla, orang-utan, rhesus macaque and mouse, and compared them with the human cDNA. We also investigated intraspecific variation of the human FOXP2 gene. Here we show that human FOXP2 contains changes in amino-acid coding and a pattern of nucleotide polymorphism, which strongly suggest that this gene has been the target of selection during recent human evolution.","doi":"10.1038/nature01025","groups":"[endress]","keywords":"Alleles; Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acid Substitution, genetics; Animals; Cloning, Molecular; Conserved Sequence, genetics; Evolution, Molecular; Forkhead Transcription Factors; Genetic Variation, genetics; Humans; Language; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation, genetics; Phylogeny; Primates, genetics; Selection, Genetic; Speech; Speech Disorders, genetics; Transcription Factors, chemistry/genetics/metabolism","language":"eng","medline-pst":"ppublish","pmid":"12192408","school":"Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Inselstrasse 22, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.","timestamp":"2011.12.12","bibtex":"@Article{Enard2002,\n author = {Wolfgang Enard and Molly Przeworski and Simon E Fisher and Cecilia S L Lai and Victor Wiebe and Takashi Kitano and Anthony P Monaco and Svante P\\\"a\\\"abo},\n journal = {Nature},\n title = {Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language.},\n year = {2002},\n number = {6900},\n pages = {869--872},\n volume = {418},\n abstract = {Language is a uniquely human trait likely to have been a prerequisite\n\tfor the development of human culture. The ability to develop articulate\n\tspeech relies on capabilities, such as fine control of the larynx\n\tand mouth, that are absent in chimpanzees and other great apes. FOXP2\n\tis the first gene relevant to the human ability to develop language.\n\tA point mutation in FOXP2 co-segregates with a disorder in a family\n\tin which half of the members have severe articulation difficulties\n\taccompanied by linguistic and grammatical impairment. This gene is\n\tdisrupted by translocation in an unrelated individual who has a similar\n\tdisorder. Thus, two functional copies of FOXP2 seem to be required\n\tfor acquisition of normal spoken language. We sequenced the complementary\n\tDNAs that encode the FOXP2 protein in the chimpanzee, gorilla, orang-utan,\n\trhesus macaque and mouse, and compared them with the human cDNA.\n\tWe also investigated intraspecific variation of the human FOXP2 gene.\n\tHere we show that human FOXP2 contains changes in amino-acid coding\n\tand a pattern of nucleotide polymorphism, which strongly suggest\n\tthat this gene has been the target of selection during recent human\n\tevolution.},\n doi = {10.1038/nature01025},\n groups = {[endress]},\n keywords = {Alleles; Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acid Substitution, genetics; Animals; Cloning, Molecular; Conserved Sequence, genetics; Evolution, Molecular; Forkhead Transcription Factors; Genetic Variation, genetics; Humans; Language; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation, genetics; Phylogeny; Primates, genetics; Selection, Genetic; Speech; Speech Disorders, genetics; Transcription Factors, chemistry/genetics/metabolism},\n language = {eng},\n medline-pst = {ppublish},\n pmid = {12192408},\n school = {Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Inselstrasse 22, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.},\n timestamp = {2011.12.12},\n}\n\n","author_short":["Enard, W.","Przeworski, M.","Fisher, S. E","Lai, C. S L","Wiebe, V.","Kitano, T.","Monaco, A. 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