Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems. Endsley & R, M. Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 37(1):32--64, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 1995.
doi  abstract   bibtex   
This paper presents a theoretical model of situation awareness based on its role in dynamic human decision making in a variety of domains. Situation awareness is presented as a predominant concern in system operation, based on a descriptive view of decision making. The relationship between situation awareness and numerous individual and environmental factors is explored. Among these factors, attention and working memory are presented as critical factors limiting operators from acquiring and interpreting information from the environment to form situation awareness, and mental models and goal-directed behavior are hypothesized as mechanisms for overcoming these limits. The impact of design features, workload, stress, system complexity, and automation on operator situation awareness is addressed, and a taxonomy of errors in situation awareness is introduced, based on the model presented. The model is used to generate design implications for enhancing operator situation awareness and future directions for situation awareness research.
@article{ Endsley1995a,
  abstract = {This paper presents a theoretical model of situation
                  awareness based on its role in dynamic human decision making
                  in a variety of domains. Situation awareness is presented as a
                  predominant concern in system operation, based on a
                  descriptive view of decision making. The relationship between
                  situation awareness and numerous individual and environmental
                  factors is explored. Among these factors, attention and
                  working memory are presented as critical factors limiting
                  operators from acquiring and interpreting information from the
                  environment to form situation awareness, and mental models and
                  goal-directed behavior are hypothesized as 
                  mechanisms for overcoming these limits. The impact of design
                  features, workload, stress, system complexity, and automation
                  on operator situation awareness is addressed, and a taxonomy
                  of errors in situation awareness is introduced, based on the
                  model presented. The model is used to generate design
                  implications for enhancing operator situation awareness and
                  future directions for situation awareness research.},
  author = {Endsley, Mica R},
  doi = {10.1518/001872095779049543},
  issn = {00187208},
  journal = {Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics
                  Society},
  number = {1},
  pages = {32--64},
  publisher = {Human Factors and Ergonomics Society},
  title = {{Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems}},
  volume = {37},
  year = {1995}
}

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