@article{exlineReligiousSpiritualStruggles2021,
  title = {Religious and Spiritual Struggles around the 2016 and 2020 {{U}}.{{S}}. Presidential Elections},
  author = {Exline, Julie J. and Stauner, Nick and Wilt, Joshua A. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Psychology of Religion and Spirituality},
  pages = {No Pagination Specified-No Pagination Specified},
  publisher = {{Educational Publishing Foundation}},
  address = {{US}},
  issn = {1943-1562},
  doi = {10.1037/rel0000449},
  abstract = {This project focused on religious/spiritual (r/s) struggles reported by U.S. adults around the 2016 and 2020 U.S. Presidential elections. Two separate samples of U.S. Mechanical Turk workers completed surveys about the 2016 (N = 504) and 2020 (N = 618) elections, with cross-sectional data collected between each election and the inauguration. Overall levels of r/s struggle were similar between the two elections. In 2016, Democratic voters (those voting for Clinton) struggled more than Republican voters (those voting for Trump), whereas in 2020, Trump and Biden voters struggled at similar levels. In both elections, interpersonal struggles around religion were the top-rated r/s struggle for Democratic voters, whereas Republican voters showed a more even balance of struggles (divine, demonic, interpersonal, moral, ultimate meaning, and doubt). Yet, aside from these straightforward differences in struggle based on whether one’s preferred candidate won or lost, correlations, regressions, and path models revealed similar predictors of struggle across both elections: more negative reactions to election results, greater religiousness, more demonic attributions, more divine attributions (especially negative attributions about God’s intent), more right-wing authoritarianism (specifically, authoritarian aggression/submission; clearest in 2020), and more anger at both Democrats and Republicans. Taken together, these findings suggest that major societal events such as Presidential elections have the potential to trigger r/s struggles for many individuals. Given the current level of political polarization in the U.S., along with the many ways in which politics and religion can become intertwined, the nature, causes, and consequences of politically focused r/s struggles merit more research attention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  keywords = {Anger,Attribution,Political Attitudes,Political Elections,Religion,Spirituality,Surveys},
  file = {/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/8HFYPWBW/2022-10715-001.html}
}

{"_id":"e3RoTtdsxB6JFHgDB","bibbaseid":"exline-stauner-wilt-grubbs-religiousandspiritualstrugglesaroundthe2016and2020uspresidentialelections-2021","author_short":["Exline, J. J.","Stauner, N.","Wilt, J. A.","Grubbs, J. B."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","title":"Religious and Spiritual Struggles around the 2016 and 2020 U.S. Presidential Elections","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Exline"],"firstnames":["Julie","J."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Stauner"],"firstnames":["Nick"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Wilt"],"firstnames":["Joshua","A."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Grubbs"],"firstnames":["Joshua","B."],"suffixes":[]}],"year":"2021","month":"February","journal":"Psychology of Religion and Spirituality","pages":"No Pagination Specified-No Pagination Specified","publisher":"Educational Publishing Foundation","address":"US","issn":"1943-1562","doi":"10.1037/rel0000449","abstract":"This project focused on religious/spiritual (r/s) struggles reported by U.S. adults around the 2016 and 2020 U.S. Presidential elections. Two separate samples of U.S. Mechanical Turk workers completed surveys about the 2016 (N = 504) and 2020 (N = 618) elections, with cross-sectional data collected between each election and the inauguration. Overall levels of r/s struggle were similar between the two elections. In 2016, Democratic voters (those voting for Clinton) struggled more than Republican voters (those voting for Trump), whereas in 2020, Trump and Biden voters struggled at similar levels. In both elections, interpersonal struggles around religion were the top-rated r/s struggle for Democratic voters, whereas Republican voters showed a more even balance of struggles (divine, demonic, interpersonal, moral, ultimate meaning, and doubt). Yet, aside from these straightforward differences in struggle based on whether one’s preferred candidate won or lost, correlations, regressions, and path models revealed similar predictors of struggle across both elections: more negative reactions to election results, greater religiousness, more demonic attributions, more divine attributions (especially negative attributions about God’s intent), more right-wing authoritarianism (specifically, authoritarian aggression/submission; clearest in 2020), and more anger at both Democrats and Republicans. Taken together, these findings suggest that major societal events such as Presidential elections have the potential to trigger r/s struggles for many individuals. Given the current level of political polarization in the U.S., along with the many ways in which politics and religion can become intertwined, the nature, causes, and consequences of politically focused r/s struggles merit more research attention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)","copyright":"All rights reserved","keywords":"Anger,Attribution,Political Attitudes,Political Elections,Religion,Spirituality,Surveys","file":"/Volumes/GoogleDrive/My Drive/Manuscripts/Zotero/storage/8HFYPWBW/2022-10715-001.html","bibtex":"@article{exlineReligiousSpiritualStruggles2021,\n title = {Religious and Spiritual Struggles around the 2016 and 2020 {{U}}.{{S}}. Presidential Elections},\n author = {Exline, Julie J. and Stauner, Nick and Wilt, Joshua A. and Grubbs, Joshua B.},\n year = {2021},\n month = feb,\n journal = {Psychology of Religion and Spirituality},\n pages = {No Pagination Specified-No Pagination Specified},\n publisher = {{Educational Publishing Foundation}},\n address = {{US}},\n issn = {1943-1562},\n doi = {10.1037/rel0000449},\n abstract = {This project focused on religious/spiritual (r/s) struggles reported by U.S. adults around the 2016 and 2020 U.S. Presidential elections. Two separate samples of U.S. Mechanical Turk workers completed surveys about the 2016 (N = 504) and 2020 (N = 618) elections, with cross-sectional data collected between each election and the inauguration. Overall levels of r/s struggle were similar between the two elections. In 2016, Democratic voters (those voting for Clinton) struggled more than Republican voters (those voting for Trump), whereas in 2020, Trump and Biden voters struggled at similar levels. In both elections, interpersonal struggles around religion were the top-rated r/s struggle for Democratic voters, whereas Republican voters showed a more even balance of struggles (divine, demonic, interpersonal, moral, ultimate meaning, and doubt). Yet, aside from these straightforward differences in struggle based on whether one’s preferred candidate won or lost, correlations, regressions, and path models revealed similar predictors of struggle across both elections: more negative reactions to election results, greater religiousness, more demonic attributions, more divine attributions (especially negative attributions about God’s intent), more right-wing authoritarianism (specifically, authoritarian aggression/submission; clearest in 2020), and more anger at both Democrats and Republicans. Taken together, these findings suggest that major societal events such as Presidential elections have the potential to trigger r/s struggles for many individuals. Given the current level of political polarization in the U.S., along with the many ways in which politics and religion can become intertwined, the nature, causes, and consequences of politically focused r/s struggles merit more research attention. 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