Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana - Version 2014.3. Farjon, A. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, pages 34004/0+. 2013.
abstract   bibtex   
[Excerpt] The Federal area of occupancy (AOO) is approximately 1,242 km2.\textasciitilde Historically 69\,% of the Port Orford Cedar (POC) "timber" was not on Federal lands, so it is logical to assume that the current AOO on non-Federal lands is at least as much as the Federal lands. The total AOO therefore is estimated to exceed 2,000 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) on Federal lands is 23,740 km2 and the same concept regarding non-Federal lands applies; the total EOO is in excess of 50,000 km2. There has been no reduction in AOO due to Port Orford Cedar root disease and logging has declined dramatically since 2000.\textasciitilde Planting with resistant stock (re-introduction) is now a common occurrence and active management practices to eradicate the pathogen are in the planning stages.\textasciitilde In fact, AOO is beginning to increase as localities within the EOO previously not occupied by POC are now being planted. We expect this taxon to be down listed to Least Concern within the next 10 years provided that current conservation actions are successful and maintained. Until then, it is assessed as Near Threatened on the basis that its recent decline almost meets the criterion B2ab(iii) for listing as threatened. [::Common Name(s)] [::]English - Port Orford Cedar, Ginger Pine, Oregon Cedar, Lawson's Cypress, Port-Orford Cedar, Port Orford Cypress, Port Orford White-cedar [::Taxonomic Notes] In this assessment, the acronym POC stands for the name Port Orford cedar, the common name widely used by the US Forest Service [::Range Description] Port Orford Cedar (POC) is native to a limited area along the Pacific Coast from Coos Bay, Oregon, to the mouth of the Mad River near Arcata, California, USA.\textasciitilde Its range extends from the coast to about 50 miles inland.\textasciitilde There is also a small disjunct population in the Scott Mountains of California. [::Countries] Native:United States (California, Oregon) [::Population] This species occurs in the greatest abundance within about 64 km of the Pacific coast. Further inland, its distribution is patchy, and it is mostly limited to sites with sufficient soil moisture.Current Vegetation SurveyThe Forest Service maintains a National System of Current Vegetation Survey (CVS) sample plots to acquire basic vegetative resource information tri-annually at the regional scale.\textasciitilde This information allows resource specialists and others to assess the current vegetation condition and assess changes in the ecosystem, spatially and temporally. The Bureau of Land Management in western Oregon maintains inventory plots to the same establishment and re-measurement standard as the Forest Service, in order to be able to combine data sets for landscape, provincial, and regional analysis.\textasciitilde Data are collected on nested subplot radii within a one hectare (2.47 acres) plot.\textasciitilde The plots are located on a 1.7 mile state-wide grid and each plot represents approximately 1,750 acres.\textasciitilde The plots are divided into 0.2 hectare areas that contain concentric fixed area subplots that vary for each diameter class being sampled.\textasciitilde The intensity of 1.7 miles is not usually useful for evaluating minor species such as POC within limited landscapes.\textasciitilde Similar inventory plots, forest inventory, and analysis (FIA) are maintained on private lands by the research branch of the FS.\textasciitilde Forest inventory and analysis inventory data estimate that there are a total of 54,550 acres (standard error 14 percent) of POC on Oregon's private lands with 9,820 acres (standard error 59 percent) of those lands containing dead POC.\textasciitilde This estimate is not considered as reliable as the mapping method used for determining infested acreage on Federal lands but is the only available estimate of Oregon private lands with POC.\textasciitilde The inventory plots are considered accurate for displaying individual tree mortality percentages for both Federal and private lands. Distribution Across the RangePOC can be found with a variety of species with differing ecological requirements. These species differ across the range of POC. The wide ecological range of POC is reflected in the climatic diversity of the ecoregions and subsections in which it is distributed. These ecological units are defined based on their biotic and environmental factors that directly affect ecosystem function (McNab and Avers 1994). Ecoregions and subsections are used because they directly apply to various POC/other plant relationships. Presence of POC in a stand made the stand it was contained in a POC stand and counted as POC acres. Past Harvest and Mortality of Port Orford Cedar, All Lands Historically, 31 percent of POC '' timber'' was on FS and BLM land and 69 percent on private land.\textasciitilde Most of the larger POC are assumed to have been harvested or killed by Phytophthora lateralis (PL) on the 69 percent private land; the current vegetation survey (CVS) data show 103,000 live POC over 20 inches diameter at breast height on private lands, or about 2 POC per acre. Large POC have been harvested from significant areas of Federal lands as well.\textasciitilde The CVS data show approximately 800,000 trees over 20 inches diameter at breast height in Oregon, or about 3 per acre if averaged over the 272,000 POC acres in Oregon.\textasciitilde Although original average stocking levels are not known, clearly larger or old-growth POC is a small fraction, perhaps 10 to 20 percent, of what the Oregon distribution was historically.\textasciitilde The total acreage itself is probably little changed from historic levels because POC readily reseeds, even if only smaller trees remained after harvest. Most POC in California is on Federal lands and has not been harvested at nearly the same rate. [::Habitat and Ecology] Although POC has a narrow geographic range, it occupies many different environments. The species is found at elevations from sea level to 1950 metres, in glacial basins, along streams, on terraces, and on mountain side-slopes from lower to upper one-third slope positions. POC shows adaptability to a wide range of summer evapotranspiration stress, from very high humidity along the coast to very low summer humidity inland.\textasciitilde Soils where POC is found are derived from many parent materials, including sandstone, schist, phyllite, granite, diorite, gabbro, serpentine, peridotite, and volcanics. At lower elevations it is often found on ultramafic soil types. Autecology POC has moderately high shade tolerance, and is more tolerant than Incense Cedar, Sugar Pine, Douglas Fir and Western White Pine, and less tolerant than Shasta Red Fir, Brewer Spruce, White Fir, Sitka Spruce, Grand Fir, Western Red Cedar, and Western Hemlock.\textasciitilde Other studies show POC able to reproduce well in all but the darkest microsites, including late-successional stands.\textasciitilde Zobel and Hawk (1980) found POC to survive under shade as well or better than all its competitors except Western Hemlock. In addition to being shade tolerant, POC is tolerant of repeated fire (Hawk 1977).\textasciitilde Even as pole-sized trees, POC has a good chance of surviving fires (Zobel et al. 1985). Fire resistance is less than that of Douglas Fir, but greater than that of the true firs or Western Hemlock.\textasciitilde POC is often the first species to reinvade after fire. POC is characterized as having fairly low drought resistance (Zobel et al. 1985), and its requirements for moisture during the growing season may limit its natural distribution. POC is considered more drought tolerant than Western Hemlock and Sitka Spruce, but is less tolerant than Douglas Fir, Jeffrey Pine, Incense Cedar, Sugar Pine, and most other trees found in its range (Zobel et al. 1985). Geomorphic Position POC occurs in all physiographic locations from sea level to 6,400 feet elevation on the seaward slopes of the Coast Range and Klamath Mountains (Hayes 1958).~POC forests occur most frequently on northwestern aspects; 82 percent of plots collected by Hawk (1977) were on aspects 200 to 45 degrees azimuth (Zobel et al. 1985). Most of the POC communities identified by Hawk (1977) were in midslope landscape positions. Moisture Regime Much of the range of POC usually has wet winters, dry summers, relatively uniform temperatures, high relative humidity, and frequent summer fog. Away from the coastal influences, in the south and east portion of its range, rainfall, relative humidity, and summer fog are decreased, while the temperature fluctuations in both the summer and winter are greater (USDA-FS 1965). Moisture regime strongly influences plant community development within the range of POC. To most populations of POC, a consistent abundance of water seems a critical necessity (Zobel et al. 1985). Where Douglas Fir is present it out-competes POC for water.\textasciitilde Only in the northern part of the range does the ratio of available water to evapotranspiration compensate for this competition (Zobel et al. 1985). POC may out-compete Douglas Fir in areas with low macronutrients, or cold or saturated soils.\textasciitilde [::Use and Trade] Culturally Significant Products for American Indian Tribes The current range of POC falls within the traditional territories of numerous American Indian Tribes along the west coast of North America.\textasciitilde Included is the 5,400-acre forest of the Coquille Indian Tribe in west-central Oregon which is managed according to many of the Standards and Guidelines of adjacent Federal land.\textasciitilde POC continues to play a significant role in the cultural and religious life of many Tribes living within the POC range from west-central Oregon south through northwest California.\textasciitilde Specific information concerning where, how, what time of year, and by whom POC is harvested and used is restricted from distribution. Cedars of all types are considered the most used wood by native cultures of the Pacific Northwest.\textasciitilde Despite declining availability, the cultural importance of POC remains high given its physical and structural characteristics, distinctive appearance, and aroma.\textasciitilde The smells of POC also enhance the meaning of cultural rituals.\textasciitilde Known for its durability, POC has straight grain properties allowing it to be split evenly.\textasciitilde POC is sought as a source of planks for building traditional structures and for arrows or lances that support bone or stone projectile points.\textasciitilde However, shortages and diminishing accessibility to mature trees sometimes relegates POC to parts of a plank house or sweat lodge, such as benches or sidewalls.\textasciitilde This is also true for construction of canoes. POC has other traditional uses.\textasciitilde Boughs are used as brooms, and the bark and roots are peeled and finely shredded for use in making traditional clothing, basketry, nets, twine, mats, and other items.\textasciitilde Limbs may be twisted into rope. Unlike Western Red Cedar and Incense Cedar, POC has limited medicinal value due to its highly toxic character as a diuretic.\textasciitilde Similarly, POC is less effective than Incense Cedar for preserving and storing perishable materials such as feathers, hides, and other materials.\textasciitilde POC typically does not have the cedar-closet aroma of other cedars. The declining availability of healthy, mature POC trees through the 20th century has increased the importance of remaining POC stands to Tribes.\textasciitilde Although the region has experienced an economic and cultural rejuvenation by the Tribes, a declining availability of POC due to several factors, including past timber cutting, disease, endangered species protection, fish protection, and land use allocations, hinders Tribal initiatives to restore and revive cultural traditions. Agencies issue permits for collection of special forest products including non-POC boughs, beargrass, and cones, but seldom issue permits for POC product collections.\textasciitilde Therefore, quantitative data concerning modern-day cultural uses of POC is highly variable among the Tribes and generally not readily available outside Tribal communities.\textasciitilde In general, however, use of POC is at modest levels.\textasciitilde Maintenance of POC stands on Federal lands as a culturally-important species is important to Tribes and fulfills Federal policies and goals for accommodating traditional Tribal uses.\textasciitilde These uses are also consistent with the '' American Indian Religious Act,'' and other statutes that highlight the importance of traditional cultural uses of plants on Federal lands.\textasciitilde There are no effects to the exercise of those rights, because there are no off-reservation treaty reserved rights within POC range. Special Forest Products POC shares the same decay-resistant properties as other cedars, such as Western Red Cedar and Incense Cedar, and is used for posts, rails, and shakes. ~Western Red Cedar and Incense Cedar~are more sought after because they have a wider range and are more easily accessible. POC is in greatest demand for boughs during Christmas and to a lesser degree, for year-long floral arrangements.\textasciitilde Boughs have a graceful, flat, beaded-lace appearance that makes them ideal for tying continuous strands to a wire backing for garlands or for layering into Christmas wreaths.\textasciitilde The foliage also combines beauty with durability and needle retention that allows it to be preserved with glycerin mixtures for long-lasting floral displays.\textasciitilde These attributes make POC a desirable commodity for personal use and commercial harvest.\textasciitilde Commercial buying sheds in southwest Oregon purchased more than 400,000 pounds of POC boughs during 2002, yet less than four percent came from Federal land.\textasciitilde The existing market for POC boughs could accommodate an increase in Federal bough supply either through expansion of demand or substituting POC boughs for western red cedar boughs.\textasciitilde The price paid by the sheds ranged from \$0.25 to \$0.35 per pound, making POC economically desirable to harvest during a time of year when other agricultural work is diminishing. Timber Harvest Timber harvest occurs for a variety of reasons on the BLM and FS units within the range of POC.\textasciitilde An understanding of timber harvest activity and the lands involved is illustrative about the amount and nature of harvest activity on public lands, acknowledged to be a factor in POC root disease spread. Probable Sale Quantity Within the Oregon portion of the range of POC, long-term sustained-volume production is a Northwest Forest Plan goal on about 11 percent of the Federal forestlands. These lands which comprise the harvest landbase, the Matrix and Adaptive Management Area land allocations, are managed for regularly-scheduled timber harvest while meeting a non-declining yield policy objective. The annual timber harvest volume expected to come from these lands is called probable sale quantity, or PSQ. On most of the Federal land management units in Oregon, POC is concentrated within the riparian areas and therefore contributes little towards the PSQ. The exceptions to this are on the Coos Bay BLM lands and the Powers Ranger District of the Rogue River - Siskiyou NF.\textasciitilde Within this area, POC is more well-distributed across the landscape resulting in about 5 percent of the volume in any given harvest unit being POC.\textasciitilde Disease-related POC mortality does not necessarily affect attainment of the PSQ.\textasciitilde In addition to generally being only a minor stand component, the dead trees remain salvageable for long periods of time, and their growing space, if not readily captured by existing competitors, will be naturally restocked with other tree species.Harvest Activity Annual volume of timber harvested on Federal lands in the Oregon portion of the POC range is about 49 million board feet (PSQ plus reserve thinning and salvage volume).\textasciitilde This results in harvest on approximately 2,500 acres per year.\textasciitilde With 20 percent of the range actually having POC, and 13 percent of that being infested with Phytophthora lateralis (PL), about 65 acres of harvest are likely to occur on PL-infested soils in any given year.\textasciitilde Timber Harvest on Private Lands within the Range of Port Orford Cedar Silvicultural practices on private lands within the range of POC include commercial thinning and regeneration harvesting and their related treatments of burning, planting, spraying of herbicides, pre-commercial thinning, pruning, and fertilization.\textasciitilde Recent declines in Federal harvests, economic conditions, and the increase in mills specializing in smaller material has led to shorter rotations and more regeneration harvesting.\textasciitilde Rotation ages average 45 years on the coast, and 60 to 90 years in the interior. However, annual harvest of POC on private lands varies widely depending upon market conditions. The harvest levels shown in Table 3 are probably unusually high, based on a peak in demand that drove the price to a high of \$12,000 per thousand board feet for top quality logs in the early 1990s as compared to \$2,500 per thousand board feet today. Most POC harvested in California is transported to mills in Oregon or export facilities in Oregon or Washington. This amounts to about 840 truckloads from Humboldt and Del Norte Counties, based on 4.2 million board feet per year (Waddell and Bassett 1996). During Fiscal Year 2000 approximately 0.8 million board feet of POC was exported from the northwest to Japan, China, Korea, and Taiwan from the ports of Longview, Coos Bay, Portland, and Seattle.\textasciitilde There are no POC export ports in California; all POC harvested for export in California is shipped through Oregon.\textasciitilde Recently, POC logs shipped from the Port of Coos Bay in Fiscal Year 2000 averaged 257 thousand board feet (Warren 2002).\textasciitilde By 2002, this had dropped to 200 thousand board feet (Green 2003).\textasciitilde Overall export trends for POC continue to decline as the overseas demand continues to drop due to economic conditions and the increased production of Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), which is used in Japanese temples. Several mills in Oregon saw about 4.5 million board feet of POC annually for lumber, paneling, and decking.\textasciitilde These mills are located in Bandon, Glide, Myrtle Point, Riddle, and Roseburg.\textasciitilde Since the overall export prices for POC have dropped, these mills have been able to purchase more POC.\textasciitilde Sources of POC logs include both Oregon and northern California.\textasciitilde Approximately 100 to 200 thousand board feet of California POC logs are shipped to Oregon mills annually representing 20 to 40 truckloads of logs.\textasciitilde Mill production is limited by the supply of POC logs, as their product demand is strong. From 2000 to 2011, total harvest of POC on the Rogue River - Siskiyou National Forest was 293,000 board feet or between five and six log truck loads annually [::Major Threat(s)] International trade in the timber has previously put enormous pressure on the remaining old growth stands. The spread of the introduced pathogen Phytophthora lateralis continues and limits successful regeneration in many areas, especially those accessible by road.
@incollection{farjonChamaecyparisLawsonianaVersion2013,
  title = {Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana - {{Version}} 2014.3},
  booktitle = {The {{IUCN Red List}} of {{Threatened Species}}},
  author = {Farjon, A.},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {34004/0+},
  abstract = {[Excerpt] The Federal area of occupancy (AOO) is approximately 1,242 km2.\textasciitilde{} Historically 69\,\% of the Port Orford Cedar (POC) "timber" was not on Federal lands, so it is logical to assume that the current AOO on non-Federal lands is at least as much as the Federal lands. The total AOO therefore is estimated to exceed 2,000 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) on Federal lands is 23,740 km2 and the same concept regarding non-Federal lands applies; the total EOO is in excess of 50,000 km2. There has been no reduction in AOO due to Port Orford Cedar root disease and logging has declined dramatically since 2000.\textasciitilde{} Planting with resistant stock (re-introduction) is now a common occurrence and active management practices to eradicate the pathogen are in the planning stages.\textasciitilde{} In fact, AOO is beginning to increase as localities within the EOO previously not occupied by POC are now being planted. We expect this taxon to be down listed to Least Concern within the next 10 years provided that current conservation actions are successful and maintained. Until then, it is assessed as Near Threatened on the basis that its recent decline almost meets the criterion B2ab(iii) for listing as threatened.  [::Common Name(s)]  [::]English - Port Orford Cedar, Ginger Pine, Oregon Cedar, Lawson's Cypress, Port-Orford Cedar, Port Orford Cypress, Port Orford White-cedar  [::Taxonomic Notes] In this assessment, the acronym POC stands for the name Port Orford cedar, the common name widely used by the US Forest Service  [::Range Description] Port Orford Cedar (POC) is native to a limited area along the Pacific Coast from Coos Bay, Oregon, to the mouth of the Mad River near Arcata, California, USA.\textasciitilde{} Its range extends from the coast to about 50 miles inland.\textasciitilde{} There is also a small disjunct population in the Scott Mountains of California.  [::Countries]  Native:United States (California, Oregon)  [::Population]  This species occurs in the greatest abundance within about 64 km of the Pacific coast. Further inland, its distribution is patchy, and it is mostly limited to sites with sufficient soil moisture.Current Vegetation SurveyThe Forest Service maintains a National System of Current Vegetation Survey (CVS) sample plots to acquire basic vegetative resource information tri-annually at the regional scale.\textasciitilde{} This information allows resource specialists and others to assess the current vegetation condition and assess changes in the ecosystem, spatially and temporally. The Bureau of Land Management in western Oregon maintains inventory plots to the same establishment and re-measurement standard as the Forest Service, in order to be able to combine data sets for landscape, provincial, and regional analysis.\textasciitilde{} Data are collected on nested subplot radii within a one hectare (2.47 acres) plot.\textasciitilde{} The plots are located on a 1.7 mile state-wide grid and each plot represents approximately 1,750 acres.\textasciitilde{} The plots are divided into 0.2 hectare areas that contain concentric fixed area subplots that vary for each diameter class being sampled.\textasciitilde{} The intensity of 1.7 miles is not usually useful for evaluating minor species such as POC within limited landscapes.\textasciitilde{} Similar inventory plots, forest inventory, and analysis (FIA) are maintained on private lands by the research branch of the FS.\textasciitilde{} Forest inventory and analysis inventory data estimate that there are a total of 54,550 acres (standard error 14 percent) of POC on Oregon's private lands with 9,820 acres (standard error 59 percent) of those lands containing dead POC.\textasciitilde{} This estimate is not considered as reliable as the mapping method used for determining infested acreage on Federal lands but is the only available estimate of Oregon private lands with POC.\textasciitilde{} The inventory plots are considered accurate for displaying individual tree mortality percentages for both Federal and private lands. Distribution Across the RangePOC can be found with a variety of species with differing ecological requirements. These species differ across the range of POC. The wide ecological range of POC is reflected in the climatic diversity of the ecoregions and subsections in which it is distributed. These ecological units are defined based on their biotic and environmental factors that directly affect ecosystem function (McNab and Avers 1994). Ecoregions and subsections are used because they directly apply to various POC/other plant relationships. Presence of POC in a stand made the stand it was contained in a POC stand and counted as POC acres. Past Harvest and Mortality of Port Orford Cedar, All Lands Historically, 31 percent of POC '' timber'' was on FS and BLM land and 69 percent on private land.\textasciitilde{} Most of the larger POC are assumed to have been harvested or killed by Phytophthora lateralis (PL) on the 69 percent private land; the current vegetation survey (CVS) data show 103,000 live POC over 20 inches diameter at breast height on private lands, or about 2 POC per acre. Large POC have been harvested from significant areas of Federal lands as well.\textasciitilde{} The CVS data show approximately 800,000 trees over 20 inches diameter at breast height in Oregon, or about 3 per acre if averaged over the 272,000 POC acres in Oregon.\textasciitilde{} Although original average stocking levels are not known, clearly larger or old-growth POC is a small fraction, perhaps 10 to 20 percent, of what the Oregon distribution was historically.\textasciitilde{} The total acreage itself is probably little changed from historic levels because POC readily reseeds, even if only smaller trees remained after harvest. Most POC in California is on Federal lands and has not been harvested at nearly the same rate.  [::Habitat and Ecology]  Although POC has a narrow geographic range, it occupies many different environments. The species is found at elevations from sea level to 1950 metres, in glacial basins, along streams, on terraces, and on mountain side-slopes from lower to upper one-third slope positions. POC shows adaptability to a wide range of summer evapotranspiration stress, from very high humidity along the coast to very low summer humidity inland.\textasciitilde{} Soils where POC is found are derived from many parent materials, including sandstone, schist, phyllite, granite, diorite, gabbro, serpentine, peridotite, and volcanics. At lower elevations it is often found on ultramafic soil types. Autecology POC has moderately high shade tolerance, and is more tolerant than Incense Cedar, Sugar Pine, Douglas Fir and Western White Pine, and less tolerant than Shasta Red Fir, Brewer Spruce, White Fir, Sitka Spruce, Grand Fir, Western Red Cedar, and Western Hemlock.\textasciitilde{} Other studies show POC able to reproduce well in all but the darkest microsites, including late-successional stands.\textasciitilde{} Zobel and Hawk (1980) found POC to survive under shade as well or better than all its competitors except Western Hemlock. In addition to being shade tolerant, POC is tolerant of repeated fire (Hawk 1977).\textasciitilde{} Even as pole-sized trees, POC has a good chance of surviving fires (Zobel et al. 1985). Fire resistance is less than that of Douglas Fir, but greater than that of the true firs or Western Hemlock.\textasciitilde{} POC is often the first species to reinvade after fire. POC is characterized as having fairly low drought resistance (Zobel et al. 1985), and its requirements for moisture during the growing season may limit its natural distribution. POC is considered more drought tolerant than Western Hemlock and Sitka Spruce, but is less tolerant than Douglas Fir, Jeffrey Pine, Incense Cedar, Sugar Pine, and most other trees found in its range (Zobel et al. 1985). Geomorphic Position POC occurs in all physiographic locations from sea level to 6,400 feet elevation on the seaward slopes of the Coast Range and Klamath Mountains (Hayes 1958).~POC forests occur most frequently on northwestern aspects; 82 percent of plots collected by Hawk (1977) were on aspects 200 to 45 degrees azimuth (Zobel et al. 1985). Most of the POC communities identified by Hawk (1977) were in midslope landscape positions. Moisture Regime Much of the range of POC usually has wet winters, dry summers, relatively uniform temperatures, high relative humidity, and frequent summer fog. Away from the coastal influences, in the south and east portion of its range, rainfall, relative humidity, and summer fog are decreased, while the temperature fluctuations in both the summer and winter are greater (USDA-FS 1965). Moisture regime strongly influences plant community development within the range of POC. To most populations of POC, a consistent abundance of water seems a critical necessity (Zobel et al. 1985). Where Douglas Fir is present it out-competes POC for water.\textasciitilde{} Only in the northern part of the range does the ratio of available water to evapotranspiration compensate for this competition (Zobel et al. 1985). POC may out-compete Douglas Fir in areas with low macronutrients, or cold or saturated soils.\textasciitilde{}   [::Use and Trade]  Culturally Significant Products for American Indian Tribes The current range of POC falls within the traditional territories of numerous American Indian Tribes along the west coast of North America.\textasciitilde{} Included is the 5,400-acre forest of the Coquille Indian Tribe in west-central Oregon which is managed according to many of the Standards and Guidelines of adjacent Federal land.\textasciitilde{} POC continues to play a significant role in the cultural and religious life of many Tribes living within the POC range from west-central Oregon south through northwest California.\textasciitilde{} Specific information concerning where, how, what time of year, and by whom POC is harvested and used is restricted from distribution. Cedars of all types are considered the most used wood by native cultures of the Pacific Northwest.\textasciitilde{} Despite declining availability, the cultural importance of POC remains high given its physical and structural characteristics, distinctive appearance, and aroma.\textasciitilde{} The smells of POC also enhance the meaning of cultural rituals.\textasciitilde{} Known for its durability, POC has straight grain properties allowing it to be split evenly.\textasciitilde{} POC is sought as a source of planks for building traditional structures and for arrows or lances that support bone or stone projectile points.\textasciitilde{} However, shortages and diminishing accessibility to mature trees sometimes relegates POC to parts of a plank house or sweat lodge, such as benches or sidewalls.\textasciitilde{} This is also true for construction of canoes. POC has other traditional uses.\textasciitilde{} Boughs are used as brooms, and the bark and roots are peeled and finely shredded for use in making traditional clothing, basketry, nets, twine, mats, and other items.\textasciitilde{} Limbs may be twisted into rope. Unlike Western Red Cedar and Incense Cedar, POC has limited medicinal value due to its highly toxic character as a diuretic.\textasciitilde{} Similarly, POC is less effective than Incense Cedar for preserving and storing perishable materials such as feathers, hides, and other materials.\textasciitilde{} POC typically does not have the cedar-closet aroma of other cedars. The declining availability of healthy, mature POC trees through the 20th century has increased the importance of remaining POC stands to Tribes.\textasciitilde{} Although the region has experienced an economic and cultural rejuvenation by the Tribes, a declining availability of POC due to several factors, including past timber cutting, disease, endangered species protection, fish protection, and land use allocations, hinders Tribal initiatives to restore and revive cultural traditions. Agencies issue permits for collection of special forest products including non-POC boughs, beargrass, and cones, but seldom issue permits for POC product collections.\textasciitilde{} Therefore, quantitative data concerning modern-day cultural uses of POC is highly variable among the Tribes and generally not readily available outside Tribal communities.\textasciitilde{} In general, however, use of POC is at modest levels.\textasciitilde{} Maintenance of POC stands on Federal lands as a culturally-important species is important to Tribes and fulfills Federal policies and goals for accommodating traditional Tribal uses.\textasciitilde{} These uses are also consistent with the '' American Indian Religious Act,'' and other statutes that highlight the importance of traditional cultural uses of plants on Federal lands.\textasciitilde{} There are no effects to the exercise of those rights, because there are no off-reservation treaty reserved rights within POC range. Special Forest Products POC shares the same decay-resistant properties as other cedars, such as Western Red Cedar and Incense Cedar, and is used for posts, rails, and shakes. \textasciitilde Western Red Cedar and Incense Cedar~are more sought after because they have a wider range and are more easily accessible. POC is in greatest demand for boughs during Christmas and to a lesser degree, for year-long floral arrangements.\textasciitilde{} Boughs have a graceful, flat, beaded-lace appearance that makes them ideal for tying continuous strands to a wire backing for garlands or for layering into Christmas wreaths.\textasciitilde{} The foliage also combines beauty with durability and needle retention that allows it to be preserved with glycerin mixtures for long-lasting floral displays.\textasciitilde{} These attributes make POC a desirable commodity for personal use and commercial harvest.\textasciitilde{} Commercial buying sheds in southwest Oregon purchased more than 400,000 pounds of POC boughs during 2002, yet less than four percent came from Federal land.\textasciitilde{} The existing market for POC boughs could accommodate an increase in Federal bough supply either through expansion of demand or substituting POC boughs for western red cedar boughs.\textasciitilde{} The price paid by the sheds ranged from \$0.25 to \$0.35 per pound, making POC economically desirable to harvest during a time of year when other agricultural work is diminishing. Timber Harvest Timber harvest occurs for a variety of reasons on the BLM and FS units within the range of POC.\textasciitilde{} An understanding of timber harvest activity and the lands involved is illustrative about the amount and nature of harvest activity on public lands, acknowledged to be a factor in POC root disease spread. Probable Sale Quantity Within the Oregon portion of the range of POC, long-term sustained-volume production is a Northwest Forest Plan goal on about 11 percent of the Federal forestlands. These lands which comprise the harvest landbase, the Matrix and Adaptive Management Area land allocations, are managed for regularly-scheduled timber harvest while meeting a non-declining yield policy objective. The annual timber harvest volume expected to come from these lands is called probable sale quantity, or PSQ. On most of the Federal land management units in Oregon, POC is concentrated within the riparian areas and therefore contributes little towards the PSQ. The exceptions to this are on the Coos Bay BLM lands and the Powers Ranger District of the Rogue River - Siskiyou NF.\textasciitilde{} Within this area, POC is more well-distributed across the landscape resulting in about 5 percent of the volume in any given harvest unit being POC.\textasciitilde{} Disease-related POC mortality does not necessarily affect attainment of the PSQ.\textasciitilde{} In addition to generally being only a minor stand component, the dead trees remain salvageable for long periods of time, and their growing space, if not readily captured by existing competitors, will be naturally restocked with other tree species.Harvest Activity Annual volume of timber harvested on Federal lands in the Oregon portion of the POC range is about 49 million board feet (PSQ plus reserve thinning and salvage volume).\textasciitilde{} This results in harvest on approximately 2,500 acres per year.\textasciitilde{} With 20 percent of the range actually having POC, and 13 percent of that being infested with Phytophthora lateralis (PL), about 65 acres of harvest are likely to occur on PL-infested soils in any given year.\textasciitilde{} Timber Harvest on Private Lands within the Range of Port Orford Cedar Silvicultural practices on private lands within the range of POC include commercial thinning and regeneration harvesting and their related treatments of burning, planting, spraying of herbicides, pre-commercial thinning, pruning, and fertilization.\textasciitilde{} Recent declines in Federal harvests, economic conditions, and the increase in mills specializing in smaller material has led to shorter rotations and more regeneration harvesting.\textasciitilde{} Rotation ages average 45 years on the coast, and 60 to 90 years in the interior. However, annual harvest of POC on private lands varies widely depending upon market conditions. The harvest levels shown in Table 3 are probably unusually high, based on a peak in demand that drove the price to a high of \$12,000 per thousand board feet for top quality logs in the early 1990s as compared to \$2,500 per thousand board feet today. Most POC harvested in California is transported to mills in Oregon or export facilities in Oregon or Washington. This amounts to about 840 truckloads from Humboldt and Del Norte Counties, based on 4.2 million board feet per year (Waddell and Bassett 1996). During Fiscal Year 2000 approximately 0.8 million board feet of POC was exported from the northwest to Japan, China, Korea, and Taiwan from the ports of Longview, Coos Bay, Portland, and Seattle.\textasciitilde{} There are no POC export ports in California; all POC harvested for export in California is shipped through Oregon.\textasciitilde{} Recently, POC logs shipped from the Port of Coos Bay in Fiscal Year 2000 averaged 257 thousand board feet (Warren 2002).\textasciitilde{} By 2002, this had dropped to 200 thousand board feet (Green 2003).\textasciitilde{} Overall export trends for POC continue to decline as the overseas demand continues to drop due to economic conditions and the increased production of Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), which is used in Japanese temples. Several mills in Oregon saw about 4.5 million board feet of POC annually for lumber, paneling, and decking.\textasciitilde{} These mills are located in Bandon, Glide, Myrtle Point, Riddle, and Roseburg.\textasciitilde{} Since the overall export prices for POC have dropped, these mills have been able to purchase more POC.\textasciitilde{} Sources of POC logs include both Oregon and northern California.\textasciitilde{} Approximately 100 to 200 thousand board feet of California POC logs are shipped to Oregon mills annually representing 20 to 40 truckloads of logs.\textasciitilde{} Mill production is limited by the supply of POC logs, as their product demand is strong. From 2000 to 2011, total harvest of POC on the Rogue River - Siskiyou National Forest was 293,000 board feet or between five and six log truck loads annually  [::Major Threat(s)]  International trade in the timber has previously put enormous pressure on the remaining old growth stands. The spread of the introduced pathogen Phytophthora lateralis continues and limits successful regeneration in many areas, especially those accessible by road.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13621293,chamaecyparis-lawsoniana,conservation,forest-resources,iucn,iucn-near-threatened-nt},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13621293}
}
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