@InProceedings{Rainhard_2019_iwann,
author={Rainhard Dieter Findling and Le Ngu Nguyen and Stephan Sigg},
title={Closed-Eye Gaze Gestures: Detection and Recognition of Closed-Eye Movements with Cameras in Smart Glasses},
booktitle={International Work-Conference on Artificial Neural Networks},
year={2019},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-20521-8_27},
abstract ={Gaze gestures bear potential for user input with mobile devices, especially smart glasses, due to being always available and hands-free. So far, gaze gesture recognition approaches have utilized open-eye movements only and disregarded closed-eye movements. This paper is a first investigation of the feasibility of detecting and recognizing closed-eye gaze gestures from close-up optical sources, e.g. eye-facing cameras embedded in smart glasses. We propose four different closed-eye gaze gesture protocols, which extend the alphabet of existing open-eye gaze gesture approaches. We further propose a methodology for detecting and extracting the corresponding closed-eye movements with full optical flow, time series processing, and machine learning. In the evaluation of the four protocols we find closed-eye gaze gestures to be detected 82.8%-91.6% of the time, and extracted gestures to be recognized correctly with an accuracy of 92.9%-99.2%.},
url_Paper = {http://ambientintelligence.aalto.fi/findling/pdfs/publications/Findling_19_ClosedEyeGaze.pdf},
  project = {hidemygaze},
group = {ambience}}

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