@article{franzmeier_resting-state_2017-1,
	title = {Resting-state global functional connectivity as a biomarker of cognitive reserve in mild cognitive impairment},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1931-7565 (Electronic) 1931-7557 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1007/s11682-016-9599-1},
	abstract = {Cognitive reserve (CR) shows protective effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and reduces the risk of dementia. Despite the clinical significance of CR, a clinically useful diagnostic biomarker of brain changes underlying CR in AD is not available yet. Our aim was to develop a fully-automated approach applied to fMRI to produce a biomarker associated with CR in subjects at increased risk of AD. We computed resting-state global functional connectivity (GFC), i.e. the average connectivity strength, for each voxel within the cognitive control network, which may sustain CR due to its central role in higher cognitive function. In a training sample including 43 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects and 24 healthy controls (HC), we found that MCI subjects with high CR ({\textgreater} median of years of education, CR+) showed increased frequency of high GFC values compared to MCI-CR- and HC. A summary index capturing such a surplus frequency of high GFC was computed (called GFC reserve (GFC-R) index). GFC-R discriminated MCI-CR+ vs. MCI-CR-, with the area under the ROC = 0.84. Cross-validation in an independently recruited test sample of 23 MCI subjects showed that higher levels of the GFC-R index predicted higher years of education and an alternative questionnaire-based proxy of CR, controlled for memory performance, gray matter of the cognitive control network, white matter hyperintensities, age, and gender. In conclusion, the GFC-R index that captures GFC changes within the cognitive control network provides a biomarker candidate of functional brain changes of CR in patients at increased risk of AD.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Brain Imaging Behav},
	author = {Franzmeier, N. and Caballero, M. A. A. and Taylor, A. N. W. and Simon-Vermot, L. and Buerger, K. and Ertl-Wagner, B. and Mueller, C. and Catak, C. and Janowitz, D. and Baykara, E. and Gesierich, B. and Duering, M. and Ewers, M. and Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging, Initiative},
	month = apr,
	year = {2017},
	pmid = {27709513},
	keywords = {Aged, Female, Humans, Male, *Alzheimer's disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Biomarkers, Reproducibility of Results, *Cognitive Reserve, Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods, Sensitivity and Specificity, Brain Mapping/methods, Brain Mapping, *Biomarker, *Global functional connectivity, *Mild cognitive impairment, *Resting-state fMRI, Cerebral Cortex/*physiopathology, Cognitive Dysfunction/*diagnostic imaging/*physiopathology, Connectome/*methods, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/*methods, Nerve Net/physiopathology, Neural Pathways/physiopathology, Reference Values, Rest, Resting-state fMRI, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Alzheimer’s disease, Cerebral Cortex, Cognitive Dysfunction, Neural Pathways, Biomarker, Mild cognitive impairment, Nerve Net, Cognitive Reserve, Cognitive reserve, Connectome, Global functional connectivity},
	pages = {368--382},
}

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Despite the clinical significance of CR, a clinically useful diagnostic biomarker of brain changes underlying CR in AD is not available yet. Our aim was to develop a fully-automated approach applied to fMRI to produce a biomarker associated with CR in subjects at increased risk of AD. We computed resting-state global functional connectivity (GFC), i.e. the average connectivity strength, for each voxel within the cognitive control network, which may sustain CR due to its central role in higher cognitive function. In a training sample including 43 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects and 24 healthy controls (HC), we found that MCI subjects with high CR (\\textgreater median of years of education, CR+) showed increased frequency of high GFC values compared to MCI-CR- and HC. A summary index capturing such a surplus frequency of high GFC was computed (called GFC reserve (GFC-R) index). GFC-R discriminated MCI-CR+ vs. MCI-CR-, with the area under the ROC = 0.84. Cross-validation in an independently recruited test sample of 23 MCI subjects showed that higher levels of the GFC-R index predicted higher years of education and an alternative questionnaire-based proxy of CR, controlled for memory performance, gray matter of the cognitive control network, white matter hyperintensities, age, and gender. In conclusion, the GFC-R index that captures GFC changes within the cognitive control network provides a biomarker candidate of functional brain changes of CR in patients at increased risk of AD.","number":"2","journal":"Brain Imaging Behav","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Franzmeier"],"firstnames":["N."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Caballero"],"firstnames":["M.","A.","A."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Taylor"],"firstnames":["A.","N.","W."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Simon-Vermot"],"firstnames":["L."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Buerger"],"firstnames":["K."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Ertl-Wagner"],"firstnames":["B."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Mueller"],"firstnames":["C."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Catak"],"firstnames":["C."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Janowitz"],"firstnames":["D."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Baykara"],"firstnames":["E."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Gesierich"],"firstnames":["B."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Duering"],"firstnames":["M."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Ewers"],"firstnames":["M."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Alzheimer's","Disease","Neuroimaging"],"firstnames":["Initiative"],"suffixes":[]}],"month":"April","year":"2017","pmid":"27709513","keywords":"Aged, Female, Humans, Male, *Alzheimer's disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Biomarkers, Reproducibility of Results, *Cognitive Reserve, Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods, Sensitivity and Specificity, Brain Mapping/methods, Brain Mapping, *Biomarker, *Global functional connectivity, *Mild cognitive impairment, *Resting-state fMRI, Cerebral Cortex/*physiopathology, Cognitive Dysfunction/*diagnostic imaging/*physiopathology, Connectome/*methods, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/*methods, Nerve Net/physiopathology, Neural Pathways/physiopathology, Reference Values, Rest, Resting-state fMRI, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Alzheimer’s disease, Cerebral Cortex, Cognitive Dysfunction, Neural Pathways, Biomarker, Mild cognitive impairment, Nerve Net, Cognitive Reserve, Cognitive reserve, Connectome, Global functional connectivity","pages":"368–382","bibtex":"@article{franzmeier_resting-state_2017-1,\n\ttitle = {Resting-state global functional connectivity as a biomarker of cognitive reserve in mild cognitive impairment},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1931-7565 (Electronic) 1931-7557 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11682-016-9599-1},\n\tabstract = {Cognitive reserve (CR) shows protective effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and reduces the risk of dementia. Despite the clinical significance of CR, a clinically useful diagnostic biomarker of brain changes underlying CR in AD is not available yet. Our aim was to develop a fully-automated approach applied to fMRI to produce a biomarker associated with CR in subjects at increased risk of AD. We computed resting-state global functional connectivity (GFC), i.e. the average connectivity strength, for each voxel within the cognitive control network, which may sustain CR due to its central role in higher cognitive function. In a training sample including 43 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects and 24 healthy controls (HC), we found that MCI subjects with high CR ({\\textgreater} median of years of education, CR+) showed increased frequency of high GFC values compared to MCI-CR- and HC. A summary index capturing such a surplus frequency of high GFC was computed (called GFC reserve (GFC-R) index). GFC-R discriminated MCI-CR+ vs. MCI-CR-, with the area under the ROC = 0.84. Cross-validation in an independently recruited test sample of 23 MCI subjects showed that higher levels of the GFC-R index predicted higher years of education and an alternative questionnaire-based proxy of CR, controlled for memory performance, gray matter of the cognitive control network, white matter hyperintensities, age, and gender. In conclusion, the GFC-R index that captures GFC changes within the cognitive control network provides a biomarker candidate of functional brain changes of CR in patients at increased risk of AD.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Brain Imaging Behav},\n\tauthor = {Franzmeier, N. and Caballero, M. A. A. and Taylor, A. N. 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