@article{freeman_field_1992,
	title = {A field test for competitive interactions among foraging stream fishes.},
	volume = {3},
	url = {http://cwt33.ecology.uga.edu/publications/198.pdf},
	abstract = {We tested for competitive interactions among midwater stream fishes inhabiting small southern Appalachian streams.  We directly observed fish foraging activity by snorkeling, and tested for significant differences in arrival, departure and feeding rates for the rosyside dace Clinostomus funduloides foraging in single-species groups compared to multi-species groups with the same numbers of dace. Observations lasted for 25-40 min and were made from August through November, 1988 and 1989, and in April and May 1989.  Dace departure rates were significantly higher and feeding rates were significantly lower in foraging groups when a rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mkiss was present (9 observations); dace arrival rates to foraging groups were not affected by presence of a trout.  In contrast, presence of other species of cyprinids (Luxilus coccogenis, Semotilus atromaculatus, Notropis leuciodus) did not significantly affect dace arrival or departure rates to foraging groups (6 observations).  We observed only infrequent aggressive interactions between dace and trout or between dace and other cyprinids.  Our results suggested that trout, but not co-occurring cyprinids, lowered the value of a foraging site for dace, most likely by exploitative competition for drifting prey.  The approach of examining foraging group dynamics in relation to species composition provided a method of directly testing for significant interspecific interactions in the field.},
	journal = {Copeia},
	author = {Freeman, Mary C. and Grossman, Gary D.},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {CWT}
}

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