Global Carbon Budget 2024. Friedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landschützer, P., Le Quéré, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., Gürses, Ö., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarníková, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., Nützel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., Rödenbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Séférian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., & Zeng, J. Earth System Science Data, 17(3):965–1039, March, 2025. Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
Global Carbon Budget 2024 [link]Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize datasets and methodologies to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC) are based on land-use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The global net uptake of CO2 by the ocean (SOCEAN, called the ocean sink) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based fCO2 products (fCO2 is the fugacity of CO2). The global net uptake of CO2 by the land (SLAND, called the land sink) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. Additional lines of evidence on land and ocean sinks are provided by atmospheric inversions, atmospheric oxygen measurements, and Earth system models. The sum of all sources and sinks results in the carbon budget imbalance (BIM), a measure of imperfect data and incomplete understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the year 2023, EFOS increased by 1.3 % relative to 2022, with fossil emissions at 10.1 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 (10.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 when the cement carbonation sink is not included), and ELUC was 1.0 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission (including the cement carbonation sink) of 11.1 ± 0.9 GtC yr−1 (40.6 ± 3.2 GtCO2 yr−1). Also, for 2023, GATM was 5.9 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1 (2.79 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1; ppm denotes parts per million), SOCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.4 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 2.3 ± 1.0 GtC yr−1, with a near-zero BIM (−0.02 GtC yr−1). The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2023 reached 419.31 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2024 suggest an increase in EFOS relative to 2023 of +0.8 % (−0.2 % to 1.7 %) globally and an atmospheric CO2 concentration increase by 2.87 ppm, reaching 422.45 ppm, 52 % above the pre-industrial level (around 278 ppm in 1750). Overall, the mean of and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2023, with a near-zero overall budget imbalance, although discrepancies of up to around 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows the following: (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use change emissions, (2) low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the mean ocean sink. This living-data update documents changes in methods and datasets applied to this most recent global carbon budget as well as evolving community understanding of the global carbon cycle. The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2024 (Friedlingstein et al., 2024).
@article{friedlingstein_global_2025,
	title = {Global {Carbon} {Budget} 2024},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1866-3508},
	url = {https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/17/965/2025/},
	doi = {10.5194/essd-17-965-2025},
	abstract = {Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize datasets and methodologies to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC) are based on land-use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The global net uptake of CO2 by the ocean (SOCEAN, called the ocean sink) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based fCO2 products (fCO2 is the fugacity of CO2). The global net uptake of CO2 by the land (SLAND, called the land sink) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. Additional lines of evidence on land and ocean sinks are provided by atmospheric inversions, atmospheric oxygen measurements, and Earth system models. The sum of all sources and sinks results in the carbon budget imbalance (BIM), a measure of imperfect data and incomplete understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ.

 For the year 2023, EFOS increased by 1.3 \% relative to 2022, with fossil emissions at 10.1 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 (10.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 when the cement carbonation sink is not included), and ELUC was 1.0 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission (including the cement carbonation sink) of 11.1 ± 0.9 GtC yr−1 (40.6 ± 3.2 GtCO2 yr−1). Also, for 2023, GATM was 5.9 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1 (2.79 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1; ppm denotes parts per million), SOCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.4 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 2.3 ± 1.0 GtC yr−1, with a near-zero BIM (−0.02 GtC yr−1). The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2023 reached 419.31 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2024 suggest an increase in EFOS relative to 2023 of +0.8 \% (−0.2 \% to 1.7 \%) globally and an atmospheric CO2 concentration increase by 2.87 ppm, reaching 422.45 ppm, 52 \% above the pre-industrial level (around 278 ppm in 1750). Overall, the mean of and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2023, with a near-zero overall budget imbalance, although discrepancies of up to around 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows the following: (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use change emissions, (2) low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the mean ocean sink.

 This living-data update documents changes in methods and datasets applied to this most recent global carbon budget as well as evolving community understanding of the global carbon cycle. The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2024 (Friedlingstein et al., 2024).},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2025-05-20},
	journal = {Earth System Science Data},
	author = {Friedlingstein, Pierre and O'Sullivan, Michael and Jones, Matthew W. and Andrew, Robbie M. and Hauck, Judith and Landschützer, Peter and Le Quéré, Corinne and Li, Hongmei and Luijkx, Ingrid T. and Olsen, Are and Peters, Glen P. and Peters, Wouter and Pongratz, Julia and Schwingshackl, Clemens and Sitch, Stephen and Canadell, Josep G. and Ciais, Philippe and Jackson, Robert B. and Alin, Simone R. and Arneth, Almut and Arora, Vivek and Bates, Nicholas R. and Becker, Meike and Bellouin, Nicolas and Berghoff, Carla F. and Bittig, Henry C. and Bopp, Laurent and Cadule, Patricia and Campbell, Katie and Chamberlain, Matthew A. and Chandra, Naveen and Chevallier, Frédéric and Chini, Louise P. and Colligan, Thomas and Decayeux, Jeanne and Djeutchouang, Laique M. and Dou, Xinyu and Duran Rojas, Carolina and Enyo, Kazutaka and Evans, Wiley and Fay, Amanda R. and Feely, Richard A. and Ford, Daniel J. and Foster, Adrianna and Gasser, Thomas and Gehlen, Marion and Gkritzalis, Thanos and Grassi, Giacomo and Gregor, Luke and Gruber, Nicolas and Gürses, Özgür and Harris, Ian and Hefner, Matthew and Heinke, Jens and Hurtt, George C. and Iida, Yosuke and Ilyina, Tatiana and Jacobson, Andrew R. and Jain, Atul K. and Jarníková, Tereza and Jersild, Annika and Jiang, Fei and Jin, Zhe and Kato, Etsushi and Keeling, Ralph F. and Klein Goldewijk, Kees and Knauer, Jürgen and Korsbakken, Jan Ivar and Lan, Xin and Lauvset, Siv K. and Lefèvre, Nathalie and Liu, Zhu and Liu, Junjie and Ma, Lei and Maksyutov, Shamil and Marland, Gregg and Mayot, Nicolas and McGuire, Patrick C. and Metzl, Nicolas and Monacci, Natalie M. and Morgan, Eric J. and Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro and Neill, Craig and Niwa, Yosuke and Nützel, Tobias and Olivier, Lea and Ono, Tsuneo and Palmer, Paul I. and Pierrot, Denis and Qin, Zhangcai and Resplandy, Laure and Roobaert, Alizée and Rosan, Thais M. and Rödenbeck, Christian and Schwinger, Jörg and Smallman, T. Luke and Smith, Stephen M. and Sospedra-Alfonso, Reinel and Steinhoff, Tobias and Sun, Qing and Sutton, Adrienne J. and Séférian, Roland and Takao, Shintaro and Tatebe, Hiroaki and Tian, Hanqin and Tilbrook, Bronte and Torres, Olivier and Tourigny, Etienne and Tsujino, Hiroyuki and Tubiello, Francesco and van der Werf, Guido and Wanninkhof, Rik and Wang, Xuhui and Yang, Dongxu and Yang, Xiaojuan and Yu, Zhen and Yuan, Wenping and Yue, Xu and Zaehle, Sönke and Zeng, Ning and Zeng, Jiye},
	month = mar,
	year = {2025},
	note = {Publisher: Copernicus GmbH},
	pages = {965--1039},
}
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