@InProceedings{Fristroem_19_FreeFormGaze,
  author    = {Eira Fristr\"om and Elias Lius and Niki Ulmanen and Paavo Hietala and Pauliina K\"arkk\"ainen and Tommi M\"akinen and Stephan Sigg and Rainhard Dieter Findling},
  booktitle = {17th International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing and Multimedia},
  title     = {Free-Form Gaze Passwords from Cameras Embedded in Smart Glasses},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Contemporary personal mobile devices support a variety of authentication approaches, featuring different levels of security and usability. With cameras embedded in smart glasses, seamless, hands-free mobile authentication based on gaze is possible. Gaze authentication relies on knowledge as a secret, and gaze passwords are composed from a series of gaze points or gaze gestures. This paper investigates the concept of free-form mobile gaze passwords. Instead of relying on gaze gestures or points, free-form gaze gestures exploit the trajectory of the gaze over time. We collect and investigate a set of 29 different free-form gaze passwords from 19 subjects. In addition, the practical security of the approach is investigated in a study with 6 attackers observing eye movements during password input to subsequently perform spoofing. Our investigation indicates that most free-form gaze passwords can be expressed as a set of common geometrical shapes. Further, our free-form gaze authentication yields a true positive rate of 81\% and a false positive rate with other gaze passwords of 12\%, while targeted observation and spoofing is successful in 17.5\% of all cases. Our usability study reveals that further work on the usability of gaze input is required as subjects reported that they felt uncomfortable creating and performing free-form passwords.},
    url_Paper = {http://ambientintelligence.aalto.fi/paper/momm19_freeformgaze.pdf},
  project = {hidemygaze},
group = {ambience}
}

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D."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"inproceedings","type":"inproceedings","author":[{"firstnames":["Eira"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Friström"],"suffixes":[]},{"firstnames":["Elias"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Lius"],"suffixes":[]},{"firstnames":["Niki"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Ulmanen"],"suffixes":[]},{"firstnames":["Paavo"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Hietala"],"suffixes":[]},{"firstnames":["Pauliina"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Kärkkäinen"],"suffixes":[]},{"firstnames":["Tommi"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Mäkinen"],"suffixes":[]},{"firstnames":["Stephan"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Sigg"],"suffixes":[]},{"firstnames":["Rainhard","Dieter"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Findling"],"suffixes":[]}],"booktitle":"17th International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing and Multimedia","title":"Free-Form Gaze Passwords from Cameras Embedded in Smart Glasses","year":"2019","abstract":"Contemporary personal mobile devices support a variety of authentication approaches, featuring different levels of security and usability. With cameras embedded in smart glasses, seamless, hands-free mobile authentication based on gaze is possible. Gaze authentication relies on knowledge as a secret, and gaze passwords are composed from a series of gaze points or gaze gestures. This paper investigates the concept of free-form mobile gaze passwords. Instead of relying on gaze gestures or points, free-form gaze gestures exploit the trajectory of the gaze over time. We collect and investigate a set of 29 different free-form gaze passwords from 19 subjects. In addition, the practical security of the approach is investigated in a study with 6 attackers observing eye movements during password input to subsequently perform spoofing. Our investigation indicates that most free-form gaze passwords can be expressed as a set of common geometrical shapes. Further, our free-form gaze authentication yields a true positive rate of 81% and a false positive rate with other gaze passwords of 12%, while targeted observation and spoofing is successful in 17.5% of all cases. Our usability study reveals that further work on the usability of gaze input is required as subjects reported that they felt uncomfortable creating and performing free-form passwords.","url_paper":"http://ambientintelligence.aalto.fi/paper/momm19_freeformgaze.pdf","project":"hidemygaze","group":"ambience","bibtex":"@InProceedings{Fristroem_19_FreeFormGaze,\n author = {Eira Fristr\\\"om and Elias Lius and Niki Ulmanen and Paavo Hietala and Pauliina K\\\"arkk\\\"ainen and Tommi M\\\"akinen and Stephan Sigg and Rainhard Dieter Findling},\n booktitle = {17th International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing and Multimedia},\n title = {Free-Form Gaze Passwords from Cameras Embedded in Smart Glasses},\n year = {2019},\n abstract = {Contemporary personal mobile devices support a variety of authentication approaches, featuring different levels of security and usability. With cameras embedded in smart glasses, seamless, hands-free mobile authentication based on gaze is possible. Gaze authentication relies on knowledge as a secret, and gaze passwords are composed from a series of gaze points or gaze gestures. This paper investigates the concept of free-form mobile gaze passwords. Instead of relying on gaze gestures or points, free-form gaze gestures exploit the trajectory of the gaze over time. We collect and investigate a set of 29 different free-form gaze passwords from 19 subjects. In addition, the practical security of the approach is investigated in a study with 6 attackers observing eye movements during password input to subsequently perform spoofing. Our investigation indicates that most free-form gaze passwords can be expressed as a set of common geometrical shapes. Further, our free-form gaze authentication yields a true positive rate of 81\\% and a false positive rate with other gaze passwords of 12\\%, while targeted observation and spoofing is successful in 17.5\\% of all cases. Our usability study reveals that further work on the usability of gaze input is required as subjects reported that they felt uncomfortable creating and performing free-form passwords.},\n url_Paper = {http://ambientintelligence.aalto.fi/paper/momm19_freeformgaze.pdf},\n project = {hidemygaze},\ngroup = {ambience}\n}\n\n","author_short":["Friström, E.","Lius, E.","Ulmanen, N.","Hietala, P.","Kärkkäinen, P.","Mäkinen, T.","Sigg, S.","Findling, R. 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