@Article{Gabbiani-Multiply,
  author   = {Fabrizio Gabbiani and Holger G Krapp and Christof Koch and Gilles Laurent},
  journal  = {Nature},
  title    = {Multiplicative computation in a visual neuron sensitive to looming.},
  year     = {2002},
  number   = {6913},
  pages    = {320-4},
  volume   = {420},
  abstract = {Multiplicative operations are important in sensory processing, but
	their biophysical implementation remains largely unknown. We investigated
	an identified neuron (the lobula giant movement detector, LGMD, of
	locusts) whose output firing rate in response to looming visual stimuli
	has been described by two models, one of which involves a multiplication.
	In this model, the LGMD multiplies postsynaptically two inputs (one
	excitatory, one inhibitory) that converge onto its dendritic tree;
	in the other model, inhibition is presynaptic to the LGMD. By using
	selective activation and inactivation of pre- and postsynaptic inhibition,
	we show that postsynaptic inhibition has a predominant role, suggesting
	that multiplication is implemented within the neuron itself. Our
	pharmacological experiments and measurements of firing rate versus
	membrane potential also reveal that sodium channels act both to advance
	the response of the LGMD in time and to map membrane potential to
	firing rate in a nearly exponential manner. These results are consistent
	with an implementation of multiplication based on dendritic subtraction
	of two converging inputs encoded logarithmically, followed by exponentiation
	through active membrane conductances.},
  doi      = {10.1038/nature01190},
  keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, 12447440},
}

{"_id":"9jcri75WCzDQFFQGM","bibbaseid":"gabbiani-krapp-koch-laurent-multiplicativecomputationinavisualneuronsensitivetolooming-2002","author_short":["Gabbiani, F.","Krapp, H. G","Koch, C.","Laurent, G."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","author":[{"firstnames":["Fabrizio"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Gabbiani"],"suffixes":[]},{"firstnames":["Holger","G"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Krapp"],"suffixes":[]},{"firstnames":["Christof"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Koch"],"suffixes":[]},{"firstnames":["Gilles"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Laurent"],"suffixes":[]}],"journal":"Nature","title":"Multiplicative computation in a visual neuron sensitive to looming.","year":"2002","number":"6913","pages":"320-4","volume":"420","abstract":"Multiplicative operations are important in sensory processing, but their biophysical implementation remains largely unknown. We investigated an identified neuron (the lobula giant movement detector, LGMD, of locusts) whose output firing rate in response to looming visual stimuli has been described by two models, one of which involves a multiplication. In this model, the LGMD multiplies postsynaptically two inputs (one excitatory, one inhibitory) that converge onto its dendritic tree; in the other model, inhibition is presynaptic to the LGMD. By using selective activation and inactivation of pre- and postsynaptic inhibition, we show that postsynaptic inhibition has a predominant role, suggesting that multiplication is implemented within the neuron itself. Our pharmacological experiments and measurements of firing rate versus membrane potential also reveal that sodium channels act both to advance the response of the LGMD in time and to map membrane potential to firing rate in a nearly exponential manner. These results are consistent with an implementation of multiplication based on dendritic subtraction of two converging inputs encoded logarithmically, followed by exponentiation through active membrane conductances.","doi":"10.1038/nature01190","keywords":"Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, 12447440","bibtex":"@Article{Gabbiani-Multiply,\n author = {Fabrizio Gabbiani and Holger G Krapp and Christof Koch and Gilles Laurent},\n journal = {Nature},\n title = {Multiplicative computation in a visual neuron sensitive to looming.},\n year = {2002},\n number = {6913},\n pages = {320-4},\n volume = {420},\n abstract = {Multiplicative operations are important in sensory processing, but\n\ttheir biophysical implementation remains largely unknown. We investigated\n\tan identified neuron (the lobula giant movement detector, LGMD, of\n\tlocusts) whose output firing rate in response to looming visual stimuli\n\thas been described by two models, one of which involves a multiplication.\n\tIn this model, the LGMD multiplies postsynaptically two inputs (one\n\texcitatory, one inhibitory) that converge onto its dendritic tree;\n\tin the other model, inhibition is presynaptic to the LGMD. By using\n\tselective activation and inactivation of pre- and postsynaptic inhibition,\n\twe show that postsynaptic inhibition has a predominant role, suggesting\n\tthat multiplication is implemented within the neuron itself. Our\n\tpharmacological experiments and measurements of firing rate versus\n\tmembrane potential also reveal that sodium channels act both to advance\n\tthe response of the LGMD in time and to map membrane potential to\n\tfiring rate in a nearly exponential manner. These results are consistent\n\twith an implementation of multiplication based on dendritic subtraction\n\tof two converging inputs encoded logarithmically, followed by exponentiation\n\tthrough active membrane conductances.},\n doi = {10.1038/nature01190},\n keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, 12447440},\n}\n\n","author_short":["Gabbiani, F.","Krapp, H. 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